ID 253 Test 2

Circulation Flow

*Lecture 7 slide 16* Diagram A depicting single- loaded circulation flow, where rooms or areas flow in a single direction. Diagram B depicting double- loaded circulation flow and the efficiency thereof. Here rooms or areas flow in more than one direction using the same circulation space to access far more square footage. Diagram C depicting single- loaded circulation flow that is enhanced visually through the creation of views or emphasis, illustrating that in some cases the experience of space is improved by less efficient approach to circulation.

How to figure Stairs

*Step 1- Find Total Rise* Take floor to floor height and change to inches *Step 2- figure how many risers* Divide floor to floor height by 7" since risers are to be 7" tall maximum per the IBC (or 7 3/4" per the IRC) -since you cannot be left with a partial riser, round the number up (no matter how small the decimal) *Step 3-Find exact Height of Risers* Take the floor to floor height and divide that number in inches by the actual number of risers This gives you the exact height of the risers Remember, you cannot have an answer that gives you over 7" in IBC and 7.75 in IRC. *Step 4- Number of Treads* You will always have one less tread than riser *Step 5- Size of Treads* Tread lengthens as rise decreases Tread shortens as rise increases Therefore use the riser/tread formula -IBC Tread depths 11 inches minimum. IRC Tread depths 10 inches minimum *Step 6- Total Run of Stairs* Total run is total length of staircase not counting landings # of Treads x Size of each Tread = Total Run

Budget Items

*look at Lecture 6 slides 27-29* Minor remodel is primarily cosmetic, with new cabinet fronts/drawers, new countertops, midpriced sink and faucets. and new wall finishes. Major remodel includes new layout, new wood cabinets, new appliances, and new ventilation system. Upscale version has higher-end appliances and cabinets, etc.

Project Budget

-A project budget should be based upon funds on hand and funding sources including: - Homeowner's cash or liquid savings (cash on hand). -The value of the home and owner's equity in the home. -The monthly payment the homeowner can afford (in the case of a new or additional loan). -The owner's comfort level with added debt or use of savings. -The appraisal of the property by the loan issuer, typically a bank or credit union.

Hallway Circulation clearance required for wheelchair use

-Clear width of a wheelchair accessible route: 36" -Required space for one wheelchair and one ambulatory person: 48" this is a minimum and not ideal. -Minimum required space for two wheelchairs: 60:

Construction Phase

-Prepare design drawings for bidding and construction. -Prepare for construction with bid review, obtaining required permits and possible construction financing. -Begin construction and complete construction.

Stair Codes

-Stair width: 36 inches minimum (Section R311.7.1). -36-inch landing (in this case stair width and the code minimum) required at top and bottom (Section R311.7.6), or match the stair width if wider than 36 inches -Terminate handrail at newel post or return to wall, at a point directly above lowest and highest riser (Section R311.7.8.2). -One handrail (minimum) is required in any stair with four or more risers (Section R311.7.8). In addition, a railing (guard) is required on open side of stairs measuring more than 30 inches from the floor below. -The IRC requires that railings at balconies and open landings be 36 inches high (Section R312.1.2). -Railing at wall. Optional in this case (given the railing on the other side); cannot project more than 41⁄2 inches into the required minimum width of stair (3 feet) and must clear the wall by 11⁄2 inches (Section R311.7.8.2). -Handrail height. Minimum 34 inches, maximum 38 inches, measured vertically from a typical nose (Section R311.7.8.1). -Stair headroom. 6 feet 8 inches (minimum); measured vertically from the plane of the nosings or any landing (Section R311.7.2). -Hallways. 36 inches wide minimum (Section R311.6).

Code Regulations at Landings

-The number of steps will vary -Required 3-foot (providing 32 inches minimum clearance) residential entrance/exit door -Screen/storm door is a climatic requirement only -Landing or floor on each side of each exterior door. 3 by 3 feet minimum (Section R311.3). -Extra width (beyond minimum) is desirable; it serves as a place for the user to stand while opening an out-swinging door. -A floor or landing is at the top and bottom of each stairway, and the landing must have a minimum dimension of 36 inches running in the direction of the path of travel with a required width not less than the stairway served by the landing (Section R311.7.6). Do not swing a door into a stair at the top of a flight of stairs. The IRC requires that porches, balconies, or raised floor surfaces located more than 30 inches above the floor or grade below must have guards that are not less than 36 inches in height. In addition, open sides of stairs with a total rise of more than 30 inches are required to have guards not less than 34 inches in height (Section R312). Railing not required in this case (stoop is approximately 24 inches above grade), but good practice would call for installation of a railing—especially in this case where the stoop is code minimum width. Door threshold.

Assessment phase

-consider long-range plans. -assess and document existing conditions -determine wants and needs -Review resources and limitation constraints (these include budgetary constraints of the property/existing structure -develop a project timeline

Standard Reach & Work Counter Information

1. High shelf. Adult reach: back 4 feet, 11 inches plus; this dimension refers to the need to reach the back portion of a shelf. 2. Adult reach radius. 1 foot, 11 inches to 2 feet, 3 inches plus. 3. Work counter clearance. 1 foot, 3 inches to 1 foot, 8 inches; 1 foot, 6 inches recommended minimum. 4. Depth of work counters. 1 foot, 9 inches to 2 feet; 2 feet is standard. 5. Low comfortable reach. 9 inches; it is best to store frequently used items above this height. 6. Work counter height. 3 feet is standard. 7. High counter. 8. Standard depth of wall cabinets is 1 foot to allow for access to counter surface.

Range & Cooktop Sizes

1. Standard versions can include five or more burners, as well as grills, steamers, and other options. 2. Larger versions can include six to eight burners, and/or grills, steamers, and other options; versions often have two ovens. 3. Smaller compact cooktops come in two- burner and modular configurations.

Required Clearances and Reach heights for closets

1. Two-row (-rod) hanging clothing storage. Depths shown (1a) offer the greatest efficiency of storage for area used. 2. Single rod for long coats, dresses, and pants. Depths shown (2a) offer the greatest efficiency of storage for area used. 3. Closets deeper than 24 inches offer limited benefits as shown. Note that the extra space shown (3a) does not provide useful storage space. 4. Very deep closets may offer additional shelving storage behind hanging clothes; this can be awkward to access (4a) and useful only for storage of items that are seldom accessed. 5. 9-foot ceiling height (dashed line). 6. 8-foot ceiling height (solid line).

Clearances at Cabinets & Counters

1. Work zone minimum between cabinets with no additional through- traffic circulation. 2. This clearance is also useful between counter/cabinet and nearest physical obstruction. In cases where there is only a wall (no cabinets or appliances) and no through circulation, 4 feet is required for a two-cook kitchen and 3 feet, 6 inches is required for a single-cook kitchen. 3. Total clearance of 5 feet minimum is required between cabinets when the work zone is combined with (required) through circulation. 4. When possible, "clip" or round corners of countertops for safety, especially in high contact and/or island areas. Human contact with a clipped or rounded corner is less painful than contact with a sharp corner.

Standard dishwasher clearances

1. allow clear space for access to dishwasher; this space is often directly in front of sink 2. placement of dishwasher immediately adjacent to sink is helpful. This keeps drips within a close range of sink and dishwasher and allows one to rinse dishes and place them immediately into dishwasher. The absolute maximum distance from dishwasher to edge of sink is 36 inches but closer, as shown, is better. 3. Plan for open floor space at door location. Location of door should not conflict with doors of opposite appliance (when open). 4. Clear floor space of 21 inches is helpful between the edge of the dishwasher and a corner (this allows another person access to the corner).

Fixtures in order of use

1. sink 2.toilet 3.bath/shower Placing these fixtures so that the most commonly used fixtures (sink and toilet) are most easily accessed upon entering the room is ideal. There are many good plan options for doing this; the plan shown is just an illustration of the concept.

Remodeling, Renovation, Restoration Project Phases:

1.Assessment Phase 2.Design Phase 3.Selection Phase 4.Construction Phase

Medium Size bathroom

10'x12'

Codes for Ramps

1:12 slope maximum -for every 1" rise-must have a 1' run For every 30" rise, must have landing

Powder Rooms

3' 0"x 7' 0" or 4' 11"x 5' 6" Pocket door is shown at 2 feet; door could swing out or in if overall width of room is increased. A 3-foot vanity is shown; a wall-hung or pedestal lavatory, 1 foot, 6 inches deep, could serve as an alternate, and room width could be decreased to some extent. Medicinecabinetwithmirroris shown; other options are possible. Absolute minimum IRC dimension is 2 feet, 6 inches (IRC R307.1). Absolute minimum clear space in front of is 21 inches. • Note: With the use of a wall-hung lavatory (sink) and round bowl toilet, the room could be reduced to 2 feet, 6 inches by 5 feet or 13.75 square feet.

Vanity Accessibility Note

40 inches is the maximum mirror height when mirror is not tilted (tilted mirrors are preferred by many wheelchair users). When tilted as shown, mirror mounting height is 48 inches maximum. Controls and outlets should be 15 to 48 inches above the floor. Required clear area under the sink is a minimum of 27 inches above the floor; 29 inches is recommended. Top of sink/counter surface: 32 to 34 inches 30 inches minimum of clear approach space required under sink; when possible, provide 32 inches or more.

Small size bathroom

5' 0"-8' 4" or 5' 0"- 8' 8"

Wheelchair accessible shower (not a transfer)

A 2-foot, 8-inch opening with no or very low accessible threshold. Site-built shower accommodating a 5-foot diameter turning space. A 2-foot, 8-inch pocket door. D.Medicine cabinet to side with mirror above sink is shown; other options are possible.

Smaller wheelchair accessible Powder room

A 32-inch pocket door allows for access into room. A clear space measuring 30 by 48 inches in front of sink. Clearance of 30 by 48 inches in front of toilet (parallel access). A T-shaped turning area (shaded) is used to save space (36-inch and 42- inch grab bars mounted 33 to 36 inches above floor. A 32-inch pocket door allows for access into room. A clear space measuring 30 by 48 inches in front of sink. Clearance of 30 by 48 inches in front of toilet (parallel access). A T-shaped turning area (shaded) is used to save space (36-inch and 42- inch grab bars mounted 33 to 36 inches above floor.

Standard Refrigerator Clear spaces & wheelchair-accessible clearances

A minimum of 15 inches of clear counter space should be provided on the latch side of single-door refrigerators or at an alternate location that is not more than 48 inches from the refrigerator. Side-by-side models require this clear counter space to be convenient to the fresh food section or in an alternate location as shown. Wheelchair-accessible refrigerator clearances are shown at right. Side-by-side models are recommended for wheelchair users.

Additional Wheelchair Clearances

A minimum of 30" x 48"of clear floor space should be provided at areas intended for use by wheelchair users. Note that this is not a minimum hallway space; it is the space taken up by the wheelchair and the user and can be considered a landing space for the chair and user Turning space must be provided in the form of a 60-inch diameter circle or a T-shaped turning area

Kitchen Lighting Concepts

A person working at a counter can block light cast by a single/centrally located downlight. Downlights can create dark areas under cabinets. Undercabinet lighting washes the counter and backsplash with light. Multiple pendants combined with undercabinet lights provide ambient lighting and some task lighting at counters.

Ranges

A range is an appliance that combines a cooking surface and an oven in one unit A freestanding range sits independently and is finished on both sides A slip-in range rests on the floor and is unfinished on both sides; it typically has no dash A drop-in range rests on a cabinet, base, or drawer; it typically has no dash

Bathrooms

A room combining a bathtub/shower, toilet and sink started in the Victorian era As indoor plumbing has evolved, these functions became prominent in American homes as bathrooms The number of bathrooms in a home has increased over time Initially 1 or 1 1⁄2 With the economic downturn and increasing interest in sustainability homeowners are now looking into economy over quantity

Personal Space

A term introduced by Robert Sommer -Refers to "an area with an invisible boundary surrounding the person's body into which intruders may not come"

Getting started with the Kitchen

A thorough review of a client's requirements, lifestyle, and budget, as well as the project's architectural parameters and related building codes, is required in order to provide a new kitchen or major kitchen remodeling design that meets the client's aesthetic and functional needs. Part of understanding a client's functional needs can be accomplished with a review of his or her lifestyle as it relates to his or her cooking and dining requirements.

Major Preparation Area

Adding a major preparation work area can create a more functional kitchen The preparation/ work area should be provided in a single contiguous counter space of minimally36 inches Ideally between the sink and refrigerator The preparation area may be part of a counter adjacent to either the refrigerator or sink and need not be angled

Organizational Flow- Fixture Placement

Advantages of this plan: it provides a compact and economical use of space and plumbing lines. Disadvantages: Awkward access to tub/shower controls and the primary possible window area would be in the tub/shower area. In addition, making the room fully accessible would require enlarging the room to allow for greater fixture clearances, a wider doorway, and a wider turning radius A bathroom plan with two plumbed walls and the fixtures used most often placed conveniently in relation to the entry. This plan uses the same square footage as plan a; however, in this plan, the larger and least often used fixture (the bathtub) is not placed in the farthest position relative to the entry. Advantages: This plan demonstrates the fact that two plumbed walls can provide good access to everything in a room of limited square footage and also can provide a good window location. In addition, while the door is shown as hinged and at 2 feet, 8 inches, it could easily be replaced by a pocket door of the same size or a standard 3-foot door to allow for accessibility/visitability; this room arrangement could also be expanded in terms of width if desired. Disadvantages: The cost of plumbing two walls and the use of a smaller vanity in order to keep to 40 square feet, in direct comparison to plan a.

Counter Accessibility Note

An adjustable counter can be attached by means of wood support strips or an apron, supported by heavy-duty shelf brackets or supported by tracks mounted to walls. Floor and wall finishes continued under counter. An adjustable counter. Swinging or retractable doors allow for wheelchair access. Optional hinged/fold-up cabinet bottom allows for wheelchair access.

Where does the main entrance belong?

An understanding of the issues of privacy can shape the design of a building entrance or entrances -Cultural, geographic, and site related issues impact the design and location of the main entrance Some homes have guests and neighbors enter through the back door -Specifically true when the residence has an alley or driveway servicing the back of the house Others wish to have guests only enter through the front door -This is attained by the layout of spaces and screening of alternate entrances

Dining room example

Any required through circulation is straight across the short dimension of the room. At 10 feet, 6 inches wide, there is insufficient room for auxiliary furniture on either side of the table. Table shown is 5 feet long by 3 feet, 6 inches wide but could be longer (6 to 7 feet). A pendant fixture centered in the ceiling could work well in this room, as the layout dictates a centrally placed table.

Other Sink Options

Apron-front sinks tend to be shorter in length and are placed forward on the counter, with faucets placed on counter rather than within sink Options such as integrated cutting boards and drain grids are available for most of the sinks The interior width of the sink base cabinet is a key constraint for sink size; a 36-inch kitchen sink base cabinet will accept a standard 33-inch sink.

Bedrooms

Aside from a room to sleep, bedrooms are also a private sanctuary or retreat • Serves a variety of purposes Placement within the home is key and must be considered as it relates to circulation pattern and outside noise

Refrigerator

Available in a variety of styles and arrangements Freestanding: Can be surrounded by cabinetry to make them look more upscale Built In: can be fitted with custom panels to mimic surrounding cabinetry Counter depth: free standing refrigerators that are slightly deeper than counters but look more like built ins Under counter

Bathtubs

Available in many shapes and installation types Built in (most commonly used in the US) Alcove Drop in Free standing Soaking/whirlpool tubs

Beside the Stairs

Balusters-Open Both Sides Balusters of one side-Full Wall on other side Partial Wall-Both Sides Full Wall-Both Sides Partial Wall- one side- full wall the other side

Bathtub accessibility note

Bathtub accessibility is highly dependent on the specific needs of the individual client An understanding of the current and future needs of the given client is essential, rather than simply meeting or ANSI standards as a default position for creating an accessible bath Standard bathtubs present a series of obstacles to anyone except the average adult in possession of a good range of motion and strength Many people benefit from tub designs that include integral handles or rails for entering and exiting the tub, whereas others require more extensive solutions to problems of balance, strength, and mobility If wall-mounted grab bars are required, an alcove-type setting is often best, as it offers walls for bar placement.

Counters & Cabinets

Because of the specialized nature of kitchens, designers must consider ergonomics and required fixture clearances in order to design useful, comfortable kitchens Counters and cabinets must be laid out properly for proper ergonomics, workflow, and clearance requirements

Accessibility Note

Bedroom Accessibility Guidelines Checklist: Provide a minimum clear space of 32 inches at doors— use 36-inch doors to accomplish this. Provide a minimum clear circulation space of 32 inches for access to bed and closet/storage. Provide a clear turning space (5 feet in diameter) or room for a T-shaped-turn conveniently located within the room. Provide clear space to access doors (clear area on latch side of door). Provide clear space to access drawers and other storage areas. Adjust mounting heights of clothing rods and shelves • Consideration of mounting heights for clothing rods, shelves, and additional storage elements is also important . Major circulation areas require 36 inches minimum for wheelchairs. B. For wheelchair users, all circulation space is best kept at 36 inches or more, with 32 inches clear the minimum required for wheelchairs. C. A clearance of 36 inches around beds is required for wheelchairs, with a clear space 48 by 36 inches (next to the closet (not drawn).D. The minimum turning radius for wheelchairs is 60"D1. T-shaped turns may be used in place of the 60-inch turning radius in cases where there is not adequate room to provide the full radius.E. Clear space is required on the latch side of doors opening inward for wheelchair access to the door when opening and closing the door (minimum of 18 by 48 inches, as shown with dashed lines at E).

Bedroom Entrance & Closets

Bubble diagram depicting the entrance and its ideal relationship to closet space. Closets placed adjacent to the room entrance allow for easy retrieval of clothing and accessories, which may occur several times per day.

Smoke and Fire Protection per the IRC

Carbon monoxide detector. Smoke detector; the IRC calls for compliance with National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code (NFPA 72). Sprinkler head (required effective January 1, 2011).

Electrical and Mechanical

Ceiling fan exhausts to exterior with a nearby switch; not required by code where there is an operable window. Undercounter/toe space electric heater for extremely cold climates. Ceiling light; not necessarily required with adequate light at other locations, shown on a dimmer switch (also not a requirement). Heat lamp shown; can be combined with a fan in some locations; not required by code. GFIs for all outlets in order to protect from electrical shock at potentially wet locations are required by the IRC (and one must be located within 36 inches of the outside edge of each lavatory basin. Mirror area luminaires on separate switches.

Organizational Flow

Circulation and flow is dependent how the locations of doors and passageways influence the flow through a leisure space and how the furniture is arranged

Accessibility Note

Compared to kitchens and bathrooms, leisure spaces do not have much information regarding accessibility Leisure spaces have fewer built-in cabinets and other elements that can create barriers If there are built-ins, they are typically placed at walls• Careful planning of circulation routes is required for accessibility to these spaces Locations of switches, controls, and arrangement of furniture Making sure that access to the leisure space requires no steps is a major factor in making the space wheelchair accessible as well as visitable Furniture selection must be made with special attention to the ease of sitting in and getting out of chairs and sofas, which can be an issue for a range of individuals of various heights and those with mobility limitations Very specific to your clients needs!

Five Kitchen Zones (Blum)

Consumables Zone: Food items should be stored together; this includes refrigerated as well as nonperishable items. Non-Consumables Zone: Dishes, cutlery, glasses, and storage containers should be stored together, and ideally the dishwasher is close by. Cleaning Zone: The sink and dishwasher are the foundation of this zone, and cleaning utensils and supplies should be stored here. Preparation Zone: Items needed for food preparation are kept here. This zone has overlap with the non-consumable zone in that some items are required for dining and for preparation. Cooking Zone: Pots, pans, lids, and cooking utensils should be kept here. Again there may be some overlap with preparation in that some utensils are used for both preparation and cooking.

Cooktops & wall ovens

Cooktops do not include an oven Can be built into islands and countertops Wall ovens are places within wall cabinets and allows double ovens if wanted

Half bath accessibility note

Creating an accessible half-bath is one means of making a home visitable While creating a full bath is the ideal, it is not always possible Doorways that provide an opening of at least 32 inches and a clear turning area within the room must be provided.

Dimensional Information for Dining/Eating

Depth for eating area varies based on the nature of the meal being consumed; the narrow dimension shown is for snacking, while the deeper dimensions may be appropriate for dining with plate/placemats. All depth dimensions shown can vary as needed (from 12 to 19 inches for the range of bar heights shown). Width per person should be a minimum of 2 feet; 2 feet, 2 inches is recommended. 10 to 12 inches distance between stool and countertop is the comfortable range for most seated users.

Accessibility note

Designing accessible spaces requires that adequate circulation be seriously considered and provided. Circulation Accessibility Checklist 32 inches clear space at doors. Hallways and/or paths of travel must be a minimum of 36 inches wide For wheelchair users, provide clear turning space (5 feet minimum diameter) or room for T-shaped turn Stairs are problematic for wheelchair users and others with mobility limitations, requiring that ramps or elevators be provided in place of stairs. Well-designed handrails are required in areas of vertical circulation (stairs and ramps).

Work Triangle Dimensions

Each leg should be more than 4 feet Each leg no longer than 9 feet Measurement of triangle legs combined no more than 26 feet NKBA: work triangle leg should not intersect an island or peninsula by more than 12" Measurements are from the center of the sink, stove, refrigerator

Design Phase

Explore design solutions

Accessibility Note

For most wheelchair users, the kitchen has the most issues Designing a kitchen that accommodates the different cooking and clean up tasks needs careful consideration ANSI and Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards provide standards for creating wheelchair accessible residential kitchens Do not suit specific needs of multiple users Might affect resale Utilize a range of counter heights, adjustable kitchen components, and wheelchair clearance spaces

Furniture arrangement

Furniture can be arranged into separate groups or clusters within the larger space Actual furniture sizes and ergonomics must be considered Furniture sizes have grown with the growth of American home sizes

Electrical

General rules for locating electrical switches and convenience outlets (does not include kitchens, bathrooms, and utility spaces) Switches for overhead lights are best located close to the room entry door on the latch side when possible Where possible, a second switch (3-way) for convenience IRC requires at least one wall switch-controlled lighting outlet shall be installed in every habitable room and bathroom exceptions being spaces other than bathrooms and kitchens, they can have a switch controlled electrical outlet IRC also requires additional locations for wall-switch-controlled lighting outlet in hallways, stairways, and attached/detached garages (that have electrical power A wall-switch-controlled light outlet is required to be installed on the exterior of egress doors with grade level access Most rooms require receptacles be installed so that no point measured along the floor line is more than 6' from a receptacle IRC also requires additional locations for wall- switch-controlled lighting outlet in hallways, stairways, and attached/detached garages (that have electrical power A wall-switch-controlled light outlet is required to be installed on the exterior of egress doors with grade level access

Clearances for hoods and windows at range/cooktop

Hood distance above range/cooktop: 24 inches minimum to 36 inches in most cases. Increasing the height within this range is helpful for capturing steam/odors. Verify height requirements with manufacturer's guidelines. Hood should extend at least as far as the middle of the first burner (dashed line), often 17 to 21 inches. Manufacturer-suggested clearances for protected surfaces such as microwave/hood combinations may be less than 24 inches as shown in the first drawing; access to oven/rear burners must be considered. Cooking surfaces should not be located below an operable window unless these minimum dimensions are met. Hood should be 3 to 6 inches wider than cooktop.

Related code constraints

IRC includes living rooms as habitable spaces (code requirements for all habitable spaces - a space in a building for living, sleeping, eating, or cooking) Habitable rooms should be provided with natural ventilation "through windows, doors, louvers, or other approved openings to the outdoor air" Certain quantity/size of windows - no less than 8% of the floor area Rooms are "no less than 70 sf of gross floor area Ceilings no lower than 7'-0" Ceiling beams can be as low as 6'-4"

Ascending and Descending Stairs

In ascending a stair, heels are not necessarily placed on the entire tread surface Descending requires room on the tread surface for the heel to rest fully, requiring that the tread size not be too small and that the stair nose will not easily catch a user's heel Too small a tread will put the toe too far out beyond the nosing and compromise the footing.

Accessibility Note for bathroom

Individuals using wheelchairs or with other mobility issues can be kept from using bathrooms designed with standard fixtures and standard clearances. Standards such as American National Standards Institute (ANSI) A117.1 and Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards (UFAS), as well as Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 (FHAA) legislation, govern privately owned multifamily housing units. Although the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) covers public restroom design in detail, this legislation does not create guidelines for private residences Some designers and students use the ADA guidelines as a default design standard for residential bathroom design, but doing this does not necessarily result in the best solution for a given client or situation This is because the ADA guidelines are meant to serve as a standard for a wide range of individuals, whereas the design of private residences often requires special customized features designed for a particular client.

Lighting

Key aspect in planning lighting for leisure spaces is to properly identify activities within the space Space for conversation and occasional reading Use ambient lighting to support conversation Task lighting for reading Flexibility in the use of space can be provided with dimmers and adjustable recessed luminaires that can accommodate in furniture changes Layering lighting within leisure spaces is extremely important Ambient lighting, task lighting, and focal lighting all provided together • Ceiling height is also a major factor in light fixture selection Standard 8' ceilings are low for pendant fixtures because of clearance limitations What might be an exception to this statement? A combination of sconces and torcheres can be an option to create even ambient lighting Rooms with higher ceilings allow for more options 9' or higher allow for pendants Ambient - general illumination Task - aids in performing specific tasks like reading or preparing food Accent - illuminates features, objects, and specific areas Decorative - ornamental in nature and provides interest Luminaire is a term used to describe a complete lighting unit. Luminaires may be portable, pendant mounted (also known as suspended),surface mounted on walls or ceilings (decorative luminaires mounted on walls are often called sconces), or track mounted (the track can be mounted on the ceiling or suspended and can include track heads or pendants). Lamps are divided into broad categories: incandescent, fluorescent, light-emitting diode (LED), and high-intensity discharge (not shown).

Fixture & Appliances

Kitchen design is based on the functional relationship of design elements and appliances The relationship between the placement of primary fixtures and appliances is key Understanding the work triangle and its importance Highly functional kitchens include providing clear areas adjacent to fixtures and appliances for dishes, foods, etc. as needed

Conversation clusters

Large groups tend to break into smaller groups of four to six people - conversation clusters The outer dashed circle depicts the outer limits of furniture arrangement that will support successful interaction - 12 to 13 feet in diameter Limits for "face-to-face" interaction are indicated by the inner dashed circle roughly 6 to 10 feet 1. room for standing interaction or for seating to be pulled up on occasion 2. could be a seating location or a focal point

social and leisure spaces

Living room, great room, family room - terms to describe where people gather to interact Reading Video games Movies Formal living room is not longer desired by most Formal dining is also not used much anymore Do need to provide separate spaces, one for adults and one for children Family room or den

The foyer

Location must allow it to function as a transition from the outside to the inside -Has direct adjacencies to the most public parts of the home -living room, coat closets, stairs, office, guest bathroom, etc. • Air Locks -A small entry vestibule located between the exterior door and foyer to serve as a buffer between air temperatures -Typically used in areas with extreme climates (especially in cold climates)

Standard Circulation Space & Bed Access

Major circulation occurs at the entrance and most-traveled areas; major circulation areas require 36 to 48 inches of clear floor space (minus door swings). B. Minor circulation areas—those less traveled—are most comfortable designed at 24 inches. However, they can function at 22 inches and can be tightly sized at 18 inches; see B1. C. The area required to make the bed is a minimum of 18 inches and is more comfortably designed at 24 inches.

Selection Phase

Make decisions about design direction. -Refine design direction/solution; this includes all elements of the design, such as materials and design details. Typically, the design is delineated in drawings and specifications as it is refined.

Mechanical

Most leisure spaces are not regulated by plumbing or unusual electrical requirements Mechanical is an umbrella term for heating, ventilation, air-conditioning (HVAC) and plumbing IRC requires heating to a minimum of 68 degrees when winter temperatures are below 60 degrees - most leisure spaces within the US are required to have some source of heat Portable heaters do not count Most common heating solution is a furnace that burns a fossil fuel (natural gas, liquid propane, oil) Less common fuels are wood, charcoal, or coal Some furnaces derive heat from electric resistance coils or a heat pump In most systems, a fan moves the air by ducts Can also be equipped to clean (filters) and humidify Other sources Boiler - heated water with pump to push hot water • Consumers are seeking alternative sources for heating and cooling Geothermal heat pumps - use relatively constant temperature of soil, ground water, or surface water as a heat source Higher cost, offset by energy savings and tax incentive programs Solar energy - used for years While designers are not responsible for the design of HVAC systems, we need to understand the types of systems and how they impact the interior space Return air grills Supply registers/diffusers

Movement

Movement within a structure such as a residence can be horizontal (hallways/corridors), entirely vertical (elevators, firehouse pole), mostly vertical (ladders and circular stairs), or a combination (most stairs). Any of these can become strong design elements, facilitating the drama of movement.

Mudrooms

Mudrooms are used as an excellent transition space between the garage or exterior and the interior -Used as storage for outerwear, sports equipment, school bags, etc. -Good for use in areas with extreme climate conditions

Shower Types

Multipiece shower module These work very well in remodeling situations, as they easily move through existing doors and other obstacles. Available in a range of sizes and styles A prefabricated shower/tub module - all one unit This type is also available in a range of sizes and finishes Site-built shower• A range of receptor bases

Codes for Stair Landings & Treads/Risers

Must have a landing every 12' vertically Length must equal width Riser and Tread Measurements IBC -Riser heights shall be 7 inches maximum and 4 inches minimum. -Tread depths shall be 11 inches minimum. IRC *** The maximum riser height shall be73⁄4 inches The minimum tread depth shall be 10 inches

Ergonomics & required clearances

Planning leisure spaces requires providing adequate space for each individual to sit and conduct the desired activity

The Kitchen Sink

Primary work area in the kitchen Typically includes a dishwasher, garbage disposal and garbage bins According to NKBA standard double bowl kitchen sink is 33" and standard single bowl sink is 24" wide Multiple sizes and configurations available

Required Clearances and reach heights for closets for wheelchair users

Provide a clear space 30 by 48 inches adjacent to closet for parallel access. Bifold doors can allow for greater clear space at closet. Pull-down rods are accessible through the use of a wand; pull-down shelves are also available. Average wheelchair reach dimension is 1 foot 10 inches therefore placing rod no more than 1 foot 9 inches from chair location is useful. Note: the height reach range for children using a wheelchair is 36 to 44 inches.

Wheelchair-accessible Storage, Reach, & Work dimensions

Provide minimum clear space 1 foot, 7 inches deep by 2 feet, 6 inches wide for knee space. Counter height for seated (including wheelchair) users varies from 2 feet, 4 inches to 2 feet, 10 inches and in rare cases is as high as 3 feet; this range allows for variations in user/armrest height and for a 1-1/2-inch counter thickness. (The ADAAG calls for kitchen counters at 2 feet, 4 inches except in cases where the counter is adjustable.) For front approach, provide toe clearance 9 inches high by 6 inches deep (maximum). Clear knee space at this location may be used as part of maneuvering clearance/turning space. Lowering a continuous counter area with an open clear space underneath (see shaded, angle dashed area) for a forward approach creates a work and prep area. Lowered counters like this must be balanced with higher counter areas to accommodate dishwashers and other kitchen elements. The 5-foot (1524-mm) open area shown is helpful, but, at minimum, the open area should accommodate the wheelchair forward approach zone as indicated. Note: Appendix C gives dimensional information for wheelchairs, including seated height information

Range Types

Range Types Some homeowners prefer the more precise heat control of gas burners, while others prefer electric coil There are also glass and ceramic cooktop options The designer must keep in mind that ranges require adequate ventilation

Ranges Accessibility Note

Ranges are not considered ideal for use by individuals in wheelchairs because the cooking surface is too high for many seated users and because ranges require a parallel approach rather than allowing open knee space below the cooking surface; open space below the cooking surface is ideal. Oven height and placement for use by people using wheelchairs requires careful thought. Optimum wall-mounted oven height for universal use allows for ease of use by those in wheelchairs. Side- hinged and double swinging oven doors can be helpful for seated users; these require a pullout shelf underneath the oven for placement of hot objects (and to protect from hot spills) or a permanent ledge.

Remodel vs. Renovation vs. Restoration

Renovate means to make new again, or to make repairs to a building that bring it back to a good condition. -Renovate may also refer to making a space new without changing its use, for example by replacing windows or updating finishes in an older kitchen. -Restore refers to returning something to an earlier condition by repairing, cleaning, or refinishing. - For example, bringing an old building back to its original condition is considered historic restoration rather than renovation.

Required clearances for circulation around dining areas

Required clearance from table edge to wall or obstacle to allow access to chair and clearance for chair movement Required clearance for through circulation and seating This shows the minimum required for seating space (18 inches) and the minimum required for chair movement and body placement (18 inches), which allows for seated individuals to pull away from the table to relax or stand at their chair Note: Using the minimum spacing does not allow for through traffic in the area behind seated user. See item 4. 24 inches is required for forward movement/through traffic circulation in addition to the minimum clearance required for seating (18 inches minimum). Minimum room width for activities shown. Minimum clearance for standing activity, such as a buffet line. Minimum casual or breakfast room dimensions— round table.

Stair Vocabulary

Riser - the vertical portion between the treads Tread -the horizontal portion of a stair on which one steps when ascending or descending Nosing - a 1-1/8" max. projection of the tread over the riser at their intersection Handrail - a member that parallels the angle of the stairs and allows a person to grasp it by the hand to aid in going up or down. Landing - the floor at the beginning or end of a flight (run) of stairs Platform - an intermediated landing between floors Baluster - the member that holds up the handrail and any other rails attached to the handrail; the structural component of this system. Newel - the large terminating post at the bottom of a stair or a landing Rise - the total of all the risers or the total vertical distance traveled; the distance between floors; measured perpendicularly to, not diagonally with, the floor. Run-the total of all the treads of the total horizontal distance traveled when ascending or descending a flight of stairs.

Sinks

Self-rimming sink. Undercounter sink. Pedestal sink. Wall-mounted sink. See the different typical sink sizes in the book.

Refrigerator Accessibility Note

Side by side models are often recommended for wheel chair accessibility because of the narrow door swings and relatively easy access to a large portion of the units Drawer refrigerators are also beneficial

Recommended Work Triangle Locations

Sink should be in between refrigerator and cook top Traffic through the spaces should avoid running through the center of he triangle Taller cabinets and wall ovens should be places outside of the work triangle Built-in wall ovens and microwaves are not considered part of the work triangle

spacing example

Space requirement for adults utilizing upholstered seating

Lighting at Stairs

Stair lighting requires a switch (S3, a three-way switch) at both the head and the foot of every stair. Hallway lighting should also be switched at each end of any hall. Light distribution is important. Wall sconces are shown providing up- and down light (in this case, mounted at 6 feet, 8 inches AFF). If the HVAC system requires a ceiling fan, a high ceiling in a stairwell can be an unobtrusive location.

Toilets Accessibility Note

Standard toilet height is roughly 15 to 16 inches above the floor. However, there are toilets with higher seats available, allowing for greater ease of movement onto and off of the seat Devices are available that boost standard seat height by 5 inches or more for those users who have significant difficulty sitting or bending In order to allow for wheelchair transfers and to provide stability, grab bars are required when toilet areas are designed for use by those with physical limitations and disabilities A range of grab bars made by Hewi, including a swing- away or pivoting grab bar (foreground) as well as a collection of horizontal bars and one rather short vertical bar (not for use at the toilet). Photograph courtesy of Häfele America.

Large Bedroom Floor Plan

Substantial room around a king-size bed, a study/library area, a sitting area with fireplace, and a large bathroom with a full range of plumbing fixtures and an additional fireplace, as well as a large closet with an island adjacent to a laundry

Light switches & wall outlets

Switch placement is to the latch side of the door and centered at 4Ft above the floor. wall outlet placement is one outlet for each 12 lineal feet or wall in general living space- -wheelchair users, switches are best located centered 3 feet 6 inches to 3 feet and 8 inches above the floor and never higher than 4 feet for wheelchair users wall outlets should be places 1 foot 3 inches to 1 foot 5 inches above the floor and never lower than 1 foot 3 inches above the floor

The Main Entrance

Symbolic transition between public and private domains -Key buffer between the most public portions and most private portions of the home

Headroom

The Code minimum for clear headroom heights is 6 feet 8 inches Handrails are called for at 34 to 38 inches

Sample Kitchen Electrical & Lighting Plan

The IRC requires a receptacle outlet at each counter wall space 12 inches or wider and that no point along the wall line be more than 24 inches measured horizontally from a receptacle outlet. The IRC states, "All 125-volt, single-phase, 15- and 20- ampere receptacles that serve countertop surfaces shall have ground fault interrupter protection." Switched outlet for garbage disposal inside base cabinet in this example; not required if disposal is wired directly. Separate 15-amp circuit for refrigerator/freezer is a good practice (not required by IRC or many other codes). Downdraft exhaust fan with switch. Duplex convenience outlet set horizontally to fit in between the two counter heights. The IRC requires a minimum of one receptacle outlet at each island counter "with a long dimension of 24 inches and a short dimension of 12 inches or greater." The code also requires a duplex receptacle at peninsula counters. Referred to by some as puck lights. Dishwasher, fan, and oven are wired directly. A switched, split-wired duplex outlet placed on wall above cabinets for a variety of possible uses (such as lighting or decorative elements).

Kitchen Outlet & Control Placement

The IRC requires that at kitchen counters: "no point along the wall line is more than 24 inches measured horizontally from a receptacle outlet." The areas behind the range and sink are the exception to that rule; for those areas, placing outlets to the side of the appliance and roughly 48 inches apart is a good rule of thumb. Local codes may vary. The best height for wheelchair users (or those with limited mobility) is 24 to 48 inches above the floor. However, counters may obstruct the reach of wheelchair users. Note: Wall-mounted outlets and switches should be 15 to 48 inches above the floor (to the center of the actual controls, not the bottom of the plates).

Universal Access Stock Cabinets

The Passport Series from KraftMaid Cabinetry is an example of universal access stock cabinetry that allows wheelchair access. A raised dishwasher base cabinet with adjacent plate rack and lowered wall cabinets creates convenient storage near dishwasher/sink. Sink, open underneath for forward approach. Lowered countertop heights. Open area under cooktop allows for forward approach. A tambour door is shown in the base cabinet next to the cooktop. Oven cabinet puts oven within convenient seated reach range. High, deep toe kicks.

Medium Bedroom Floor Plan

The addition of a walk-in closet and bathroom increases a room's square footage considerably Bathrooms and large closets necessarily add to the room (suite) area and should not decrease the quality or function of the actual bedroom When considering the options, the designer should keep in mind that all bedrooms require some form of closet and bathrooms can be seen as optional/located elsewhere

What is Circulation?

The areas provided for horizontal and vertical movement within and along spaces It is essential to provide adequate space for movement and requires careful consideration of ergonomics, scale, and organizational flow Also provides a psychological transition from one type of space or territory to the next (public vs. private)

Hallway Circulation Clearance

The average adult requires a clear space 22 inches wide minimum for movement The hallway width code requirement is 36 inches for a hallway or stair As indicated in the illustration, at 36 inches the hallway does not grant passage to two adults moving forward; typically one will have to move sideways

Typical Furniture Sizes

The book gives ample furniture size examples• Includes sofa beds with circulation requirements for use in home offices• Children's furniture sizes *lecture 10 slide 14*

Christopher Alexander said

The experience of entering a building influences the way you feel inside the building. If the transition is too abrupt there is no feeling of arrival, and the inside of the building fails to be an inner sanctum.

Budget Items

The following are some rule-of-thumb construction percentages for addition-type remodeling projects: -Foundation and concrete slabs: 8-12% -Framing (floor systems, walls, windows, roof): 45-55% -Finishes: 10-15% -Mechanical and Electrical: 15-22% -Cabinets and equipment: 8-12% -Site work, landscaping, and financing costs are not included.

Zoning and HOA Regulations

The following is a list of the type of zoning regulations that might impact a project: Maximum or minimum area density: - This may require a minimum lot size or control the type of occupancy (for example, not allow rental residences). This may also control the minimum or maximum allowable floor area. Required setbacks: -Minimum setback dimensions may be required for front, back, and sides of a residence and can greatly constrain the size and shape of additions. Front setbacks can vary widely, with 20 to 40 feet (6096 to 12,192 mm) the most common. Side setbacks are often 6 feet (1829 mm). Rear setbacks can be a percentage of lot depth or a percentage of green space. Easements: -Other parties may have a right of access (such as a utility easement), which would control the shape and location of an addition. Parking requirements: This may require parking spaces that could limit a garage conversion project. Lot coverage: -May control the maximum percentage of lot area that can be covered by the house, which could limit the size of an addition and may be more restrictive than setbacks. Maximum height: -May control the height of an additional story addition. In some cases, portions of a structure (such as pitched roofs) can extend beyond the allowable height. Design restrictions -Some communities have design review boards, and projects are subject to review. When project is part of a homeowner's association, there may be covenants or design restrictions. Variances: A variance request claiming hardship or special exceptions can be made to local officials. *setbacks & easemnets are in Chapter 8 figure 8-3*

The front door

The primary entrance conveys a meaning related to the overall exterior/interior design and to the building's inhabitants Physical qualities of the door are worthy of careful consideration -Will contribute to the overall design of the structure -Should not appear as an afterthought -Should be easily identifiable as the primary entrance

Conventional Kitchen Work Triangle & Layouts

The work triangle linking the sink center, refrigerator center, and cooking center, resulting in the following shapes: corridor or galley, L- shaped, U-shaped, and G- shaped The highly functional nature of the kitchen makes its layout paramount to making it efficient.

Sustainability in Residential Design

There are not currently many mandatory green codes regulating private residences -Still, we should not overlook the use of sustainable residential design in terms of environmental impact and indoor air quality -The EPA ranks indoor air pollution among the top five environmental risks to public health -Certain studies have found that pollutants from products like paint and wood preservatives have 10 times higher levels inside of homes Energy consumption and depleting the grid

Standard Vanity Bases

These are available in depths of 18 to 21 inches and in widths of 12 to 72 inches. Standard base heights vary from 29 to 34 inches, with the countertop material adding to this height. Additionally, some vanities with more than one sink range in height to accommodate users of varying heights (not shown). A. While12-inchcabinetsareavailable,thesearenotwideenoughtoallow space for a sink. This single-door type is available in 3-inch increments from 12 to 24 inches and larger; however, single doors on units larger than 24 inches can become unwieldy. B. Cabinets should be a minimum of 24 inches to allow for sink installation, which requires that top drawers be eliminated for at least a 24-inch width. C. Drawer locations (as shown in the middle of this cabinet) do not allow space for a sink; sinks would be installed at either side of this cabinet.

Small Bedroom Floor Plan

This floor plan represents a minimum bedroom space and includes minimal functional elements required for a bedroom At 70 square feet, it meets the absolute minimum code requirements of square footage for habitable rooms

Required seated dimensions and clearances in dining areas

This shows the minimum required for seating space and the minimum required for chair movement and body placement (36 inches ), which allows for seated individuals to pull away from the table to relax or stand at their Note: Using the minimum spacing does not allow for through traffic in the area behind seated user. Providing room for through traffic requires a minimum of 18 inches for the chair and 24 inches for circulation minimum, with more than the minimum space required for ease of movement. Eye level varies greatly; 27 inches is at the low range and 34 inches is at the high range; hanging luminaires should be placed above this height or be adjustable (30 inches above table height is a good average standard). Seat height varies; height of seat back also varies. A minimum space of 71⁄2 inches must be provided between seat top and table bottom; 10 to 12 inches is a more comfortable range for most seated users. Standard table height varies from 28 to 30 inches

Door and passageway placement has an impact upon furniture arrangements and conversation clusters

Through traffic originating from two adjacent walls allows for a range of options in seating arrangements. A desk for working on a computer/writing/reading in a corner that is not suited for much more. A game table corner for study/games/ projects Seating cluster for six; as shown, there is no focal point; to allow for a focal point, seating could be rearranged. Although traffic to French or sliding doors leading to a patio or deck may be sporadic, it is necessary to locate furniture in a manner that will leave an access route open. A1. Access to house entry, dining/kitchen and, secondarily, to utility spaces. A2. Access to bedrooms. The larger of two seating clusters could be turned 180 degrees and allow for a focal point (B1); cluster B2 is quite tight and limited in terms of arrangement possibilities. Many examples found in your book - utilize these as inspiration for your projects

Fixtures: Toilets, Urinals, & Bidets

Toilets are made with flush tanks or flush valves Flush valves typically institutional Urinals are most commonly found in commercial applications, but are used residentially as well Convenience Use less water Bidets are washbasins used for partial bathing More common in Europe than in North America

Code Requirements for handrails

Type a handrail requirements are relatively straightforward: minimum perimeter is 4 inches , maximum is 61⁄4 inches Type b has much more varied possible profiles; two of many possible profiles are shown with dashed lines. This figure delineates only a very limited interpretation of the code requirements described in the IRC.

Wheelchair accessible residential full bathrooms

Use of a pocket door allows for a smaller door to create a 2'-8" open space. Controls should be accessible from outside and inside the fixture (controls may be turned on from outside the fixture and off from inside the fixture). 36 inch by 36 inch transfer shower. While a tub may use less space overall, showers are most useful as a bathing fixture for many wheelchair users. Use of a pocket door allows for a smaller door to create a 2 foot, 8 inch open space. If a standard door is used, it must be 3 feet wide to create a 2, feet, 8 inch inside of stop and frame. Controls should be accessible from outside and inside the fixture (controls may be turned on from outside the fixture and off from inside the fixture). Note that a seat and vertical grab bar are provided 36 by 36 inch transfer shower. While a tub may use less space overall, showers are most useful as a bathing fixture for many wheelchair users. Transfer tub (with seat, as shown), while not ideal for all wheelchair users, can be accessible

Under the Stairs

Wall to bottom of stair structure Storage to bottom of stair structure Open to below

Sink accessibility Note

Wall-mounted sinks are a good choice for use by those in wheelchairs, as they allow for chair clearance directly under the sink, easing access to the sink bowl, faucet, and controls. This type of sink is also excellent for use by small children because of the ease of access to the sink bowl and the flexible mounting height. Other types of sinks can also work well for those in wheelchairs, but the sinks must be set into countertops that allow the chair clear access to roll under the sink. Burns and scrapes may be caused when individuals with limited feeling in their legs come in contact with supply pipes and drainpipe The pipes must be wrapped with insulating material, or be concealed by an angled panel or apron

Bathroom supply pipes

Water supply pipes can be fed from below or above. Each fixture requires a shutoff valve for each line (hot and cold). Pipe sizes (branch lines to individual fixtures). C1. Toilet (WC)—3∕8 inch to 1⁄2 inch C2. Lavatories—3∕8 inch C3. Tub/shower—1⁄2 inch • Water supply pipes fabricated of copper will meet most codes. Certain plastics will also meet some codes. Check local codes for clarification.

Wheelchair Accessible Bedroom Suite

Wheelchair-accessible bedroom with queen-size bed with direct access to closet (C) and outdoor deck and patio. Doors 3 feet (914 mm) throughout. Walk-in closet. Master bath with knee space at sink, vanity height of 32 inches, elongated toilet bowl, and grab bars as shown Bathtub and shower area with turning area 5 feet in diameter, grab bars as shown

Accessibility Note

Wheelchair-accessible sinks require open space under the sink, as well as some form of protection from hot pipes, usually in the form of an angled protective panel or insulation-wrapped pipes. In addition, accessible sinks are mounted lower than the standard countertop height. Some users prefer shallow sinks for better access as well. Faucet options available for universal accessibility include faucets with single-control levers, faucets with easy-to-control flow rate and/or temperature, pedal- operated options; hands free faucets; and side-mounted options. Standard dishwashers require bending for loading and unloading. A higher-than- standard mounting location is required for wheelchair use or for individuals with mobility limitations. In some instances, using a compact dishwasher in a wheelchair-accessible kitchen allows for more open knee space for access to work counters. Drawer-style dishwashers can be useful for some individuals with limited mobility. Additional issues to consider in terms of universal design include location of the detergent containers and simplicity and ease of reading/using controls.

Client Needs

When planning a kitchen understanding the needs of the client for this space is extremely important

Screen size and viewing distance

When planning seating in relationship to screen viewing, the following rules of thumb can be helpful: screen size-40 inches-sofa 5-8ft away screen size-46 inches- sofa 6-10ft away screen size-52 inches-sofa 7-11ft away

Foyer & Entry Areas

When planning the primary entrance to a home, you need to balance the interior with the exterior An entryway or foyer can be used as an indentation or projection from the façade Size will vary but should be at least as wide as it is deep, or wider if possible for movement Entrances should be sheltered from the elements Foyer/entry must allow it to function as a transition from the outside to the inside having direct adjacencies to the most public parts of the home

Clare Cooper

divides house into two components; intimate interior and public exterior

Accessibility

environments that do not present physical barriers for people with physical limitations Typically in the design of single-family homes, there are not many accessibility regulations -Yet many homeowners seek residences that are accessible due to "aging in place" or because a current family member have the current needs for accessible design

Edward T. Hall

expressed a different concept of personal distance, proxemics -study of the nature, degree, and effect of the spatial separation individuals naturally maintain and of how this separation relates to environmental and cultural factors Includes 4 distinct-intimate, personal, social, public

IRC requires...

habitable rooms to have a ceiling height of "not less than 7 feet (2134 mm)." It also states that not more than 50 percent of the required floor area of spaces may have sloped ceilings less than 7 feet (2134 mm) in height and requires that no portion of the required floor area be less than 5 feet (1524 mm) in height.

Oscar Newman

included the divisions of public, semi-public, and private territories

Intimate- public distance

intimate-0-18in personal-1-1/2 to 4 feet social- 4-12 feet public 12 feet and beyond

What is remodeling?

refers to projects that change the structure, shape, or appearance remodeling may be used to describe a change to the character of a building, or a change to a portion of a house or building it can include combining rooms and removing walls creating an addition to the existing structure is also considered remodeling

Locating Switches and Convenience Outlets in Bedrooms

• The on/off switches for overhead or general lights are best located close to the room entry door on the latch side of the doorway when possible. In larger suites with more than one entrance, a second on/off switch, known as a three-way switch, can be employed in another convenient location. Where a number of light fixtures are used for ambient lighting, a single switch can be used to control a number of fixtures and outlets. Vertical switch placement for bedrooms follows those described in Chapter 1.

Outlet and switching location

• In this room, switching is included at the multiple room entry points for convenience and safety.

The Shape of Stairs

•Straight Run Stair -No change in direction •L- shaped stair -90 degree change in direction •U-shaped Stair -180 degree change in direction Curved Stair -15 to 90 degree changed in direction in curve Spiral Stairs -Can only be used as egress stairs in residences