Psychology Chapter 2
Representative
A __________________ sample of a group is one that includes all the different types of people that are the members of that group
Weak
A correlation coefficient with the relationship close to 0
Variable
Any factor that is capable of change
Frequency
Arranges data to indicate how often soemthing occurs
APA
Ethical standards for the conduct of psychological test have been set by ______
Cues
How do people unconsciously make their expectations known to others through their behavior
Statistical Significant
If the likelihood that results are due to chance is very low, the results are considered __________________
Naturalistic Observation
Research method in which the pyschologists observes the subject in a natural setting without interfering
Permission
To start a new research project on subjects, a psychologist must obtain _______ from an ethics committee
Negative
What type of correlation occurs if A increases and B decreases
Positive
What type of correlation occurs when A increases then more B increases
Quantitative
________ study examines a large number of subjects for a limited purpose
Placebo Effect
a change in a participant's illness or behavior that results from a belief that the treatment will have an effect, rather than the actual treatment
Double-Blind Experiment
an experiment in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know which participants received which treatment
Inferential Statistics
numerical methods used to determine whether research data support a hypothesis or whether results were due to chance
Longitudinal Study
research method in which data are collected about a group of participants over a number of years to assess how certain characteristics change or remain the same during development
Cross-Sectional Study
research method in which data are collected from groups of participants of different ages and compared so that conclusions can be drawn about differences due to age
Case study
research method that involves an intensive investigation of one or more participants
Random
A __________ sample consists of choosing people by chance, like drawing names from a hat
Inferential Statistics
-determining whether or not results are due to chance -used to determine if the findings from the experiment support the hypothesis -results showing statistical significance
Descriptive Statistics
-listing and summarizing data in a logical way -frequency distributions -a positive correlation showing that both variables are changing in the same direction -the mean, medium, and mode -the normal curve
Qualitive
A _______ study focuses in depth on a small number of subjects
Survey
A ________ is a common method of gathering data that often consists on interviews and questionnaires
Dépendant
A ________ variable is one that an experimenter changes to observe its effect on subjects
Indépendant
A __________ variable is one that an experimenter doesn't change, but changes as a result of the effect of the other variable
Normal Curve
A graph of frequency distribution shaped like a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve; a graph of normally distributed data
Nonrepresentative
A large number of people that isn't typical of the members of a group is a _________________ sample
Standard Deviation
A measure of variability that describes an average distance of every score from the mean
Variance
A measure of variability that is the mean of the squares of the deviations from the mean of the set of data
Central Tendency
A number that describes something about the "average" score of distribution variance
Stratified
A sample of a group that consists of deliberately selected members of various types of subgroups is a ___________ sample
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
A situation in which a researchers expectations influence that person's own behavior, and thereby influence the participants behavior
Frequency Distribution
An arrangement of data that indicates how often a particular score or observation occurs
Hypothesis
An educated guess about the relationship between variables
Single-Blind Experiment
An experiment in which the participants are unaware of who received the treatment
Correlation Coefficient
Describes the direction and strength of the relationship between two sets of variables
Frequency Polygon
Is a type of graph in which data are arranged by means of dots connected by lines
Histogram
Is a type of graph in which data are arranged by means of rectangles
Probability
Is how likely results are due to chance
5
Many researchers consider ut unlikely the results of a test are due to chance if only ____ percent occur by chance, while other researchers use a stricter level of 1 percent
Strong
On a corrélation coefficient (r) scale, an r near +1 or -1
Central Tendency
On a test, the mean is the average score; the median is the middle score; and the mode is the score that occurs most often
Variability
The commonly used measures are range, variance, and standard deviation
Control Group
The group that is treated in the same way as the experimental group except that the experimental treatment (the indépendant variable) is not applied
Experimental Group
The group to which an independent variable is applied
Descriptive Statistics
The listing and summarizing of data in a practical, efficient way
Correlation
The measure of a relationship between two variables or sets of data
Statistics
the branch of mathematics concerned with summarizing and making meaningful inferences from collections of data
