IDS 3496 exam 2

define, explain, and discuss the development of professional sport

- Professional sport can be traced to the Olympics in ancient Greece. - Outside of the Olympics, boxers, jockeys, and runners were some of the first athletes to receive compensation for their athletic prowess during the early and mid-19th century. Baseball was the first team sport to employ professionals.

document the significance of the relationship between media, including new and social media, and professional sport

- Social media can be an invaluable tool for driving the popularity of a professional sport team. It is used to connect directly with fans and actively engage them by providing player information, team announcements, and ticket promotions. - Most notably, satellite television and the Internet have greatly increased sport fans' access to a full menu of sport events - Satellite technology and satellite television providers such as DirectTV have worked with the leagues to create packages whereby the average sport fan can access any game during the season either by paying an up-front fee for season-long access or by subscribing (paying a one-time fee) on a game-by-game basis.

identify the historical and governance foundations of interscholastic athletics

-The first state to establish a high school athletic association was Georgia in 1904 -in 1921 Midwest Federation of State High School Athletic Association (MFSHS) was created, by 1923 the name had been changed to National Federation of State High School Association(NFSHS) - (UIL) The University Interscholastic League governs the largest number of high school athletes in the nation. It provides oversight to the states high school extracurricular activities associated with academics, athletics, and music.

explain the unique and similar issues that face athletic directors at private schools and public schools

1. Finding qualified coaches 2. Reduced school funding 3. Athlete specialization 4. Additional responsibilities 5. Finding staff/volunteers

distinguish among the three types of sport tourism

1. active sport tourism: a trip in which the tourist takes part in a sport such as golf 2. event sport tourism: a trip in which the tourist watches a sport event such as the super bowl 3. nostalgia sport tourism: a trip in which the tourist visits a sport-themed attraction such as the baseball hall of fame in cooperstown, ny

In which state was an Interscholastic Football Association formed in 1888?

Massachusetts

describe the major revenue sources for a professional sport team

Media Contracts: - One major distinction is found with respect to media revenues in professional sport. Namely, MLB, the NBA, the WNBA, MLS and the NHL all permit their member teams to negotiate local television contracts for regular season games, but the NFL does not. This arrangement results in great revenue disparities among teams. Gate Receipts: - As late as 1950, gate receipts and concessions accounted for more than 92 percent of the revenue of professional teams (Gorman & Calhoun, 1994). With the increasing importance of media revenue, professional sport teams have become less reliant on gate receipts, although they remain the major source of revenue for NHL and MLS teams as well as minor league teams. In addition, gate receipts have historically been the most important source of revenue for newer professional leagues such as the WNBA. The home team retains most of the gate receipts, but to varying degrees depending on the league, a portion of the gate receipts is given to the league (to cover their operating expenses) and a portion of the proceeds may be given to the visiting team. Licensing and Merchandising revenues: - Licensing revenues are generated when leagues and teams grant merchandise and apparel manufacturers the right to use their names and logos. In return for that right, the leagues and teams receive a royalty (i.e., a percentage of the selling price) for each item sold by the manufacturers. These agreements have been an increasingly lucrative source of revenue for professional teams. Sponsorship: - Corporate sponsorships have become one of the main sources of revenue for professional sport teams and leagues. - Most leagues and teams have more than 100 sponsorship agreements in place, and they are always looking for more. However, as aforementioned, revenue per agreement has dropped in recent years, which puts more pressure on teams and leagues to find additional sponsors to make up the revenue shortfall.

Destination Marketing Organization (DMO)

A community agency funded by "bed taxes," which are the local taxes paid for stays in commercial lodging facilities such as hotels. A DMO promotes tourism in a community and acts as a centralized source of information about events, accommodations, and other visitor-related information.

hallmark event

A major sporting event associated with a certain time each year (e.g., Super Bowl) or a specific geographical location (e.g., Wimbledon).

mega event

An event, such as the Olympic Games or the FIFA World Cup, that garners international participation and attention and is of international significance and scale.

discuss the associations related to interscholastic athletics at the national and state levels

NIAAA - liaison between individual state high schools and athletic administration associations NFHS - governing body provides leadership for the administration of education based interscholastic sport and non sport activities

identify careers available in interscholastic sports at the national, state, district, and local levels

Athletic Director, Athletic business manager, Coach, Athletic trainer, Officials

apply ethical reasoning and critical thinking skills to issues in professional sport

Critical Thinking: - Expand your knowledge of concussions and traumatic brain injuries in the NFL and other professional sport leagues. Ethical Reasoning: - Professional athletes' use of performance-enhancing drugs (commonly referred to as doping) has been a topic of conversations since at least the 1960s. Interestingly, the collective bargaining process has played an important role in this issue.

explain the differing critical views of the role that interscholastic athletics play in society

Do athletics support the school's mission? -Athletics are inherently educational -Athletics foster success later in life Conflicting views: -athletics = distraction -athletics distort educational values -injuries -athletics don't foster education -athletics takes resources from education -too much pressure on student athletes -student-athletes get too many privileges

explain tourism and the tourism industry

Enormous size of tourism industry is partly attributed to range of services and products associated with it 4 components of tourism: 1. tourists 2. businesses that provide goods and services for tourists 3. the government in a tourist destination 4. the host community or the people who live in the tourist destination

identify the types of employment opportunities available in this segment of the sport industry

Executive Positions: - Typically several executives in professional sports. These people usually have many years of experience within or outside the sport industry. • Chief executive or operating officer (CEO/ COO)—responsible for the day-to-day functioning of the entire organization, both on the field (performance) and off the field (revenue generation) •Chief financial officer (CFO)—responsible for the organization's accounting and financial planning •Chief marketing officer (CMO)—responsible for coordinating the marketing mix among communications, ticket sales, and corporate sponsorship and partnership sales •General counsel—responsible for overseeing all legal matters associated with the team including player contracts, liability issues, and marketing contracts •General manager—typically responsible for acquiring, developing, trading, and releasing talent and creating a development system for young players Player Personnel Positions: • Player personnel. This department is involved in identifying, evaluating, and developing potential and current players. • Medical, training, and team support. People employed in these positions aid in the physical (and sometimes mental) preparation and readiness of the players. Responsibilities include medical care, treatment of injuries, rehabilitation, dental care, nutrition, strength training and conditioning, career counseling, and after-care programs. • Coaching staff. These professionals are primarily concerned with coaching, managing, and training the players on their rosters. • Player education and relations. People in these positions are, in general, obligated with educating players on issues such as financial management, substance abuse, nutrition, image management, and additional higher education. • Video support staff. Responsibilities of the video support staff include producing and editing videos, purchasing and maintaining video hardware and software products, supervising and coordinating satellite feeds, and coordinating all broadcasting that originates at the home facility. Business Positions: • Ticket sales. This is one of two types of sales representatives within the organization. Ticket salespeople typically focus on selling season tickets, partial season tickets, and group tickets. • Corporate sales. In contrast to those who primarily sell individual tickets, corporate salespeople exclusively target corporations. • Game experience. Responsibilities for these positions focus on enhancing the experience of people who attend games. Specific tasks may include overseeing the music, video boards, and public-address messaging during a game. • Advertising. Responsibilities in advertising include designing and writing advertising copy and strategically placing advertisements in a variety of media. • Promotions. Like the game experience area, the field of promotions offers increasing opportunities as organizations focus on providing an optimal experience to spectators. • Community relations. This department may be part of the public relations or marketing department. The community relations staff is responsible for creating and administering grassroots functions such as clinics and other charitable events that the team sponsors. • Media relations. This department is involved in assisting and working with the media by providing information necessary for game coverage and publicity. • Database marketing coordinator. People in this area focus on building databases of information about the team's customers so the team can more effectively serve its customers and better meet their needs. • Hospitality coordinators. Hospitality coordinators are responsible for the game-related needs of corporate clients, club seat holders, and luxury box owners. • Ticketing. This department may or may not include the ticket sales staff. Ticketing personnel manage the ticket inventory.

labor

a collection group of athletes in team sports who unionize so they can bargain collectively with the league owners (i.e., management); labor is typically represented by a union head in negotiations with management

uniform player contract (UPC)

a common contract shared among players that allows for differences in base salary, bonuses, and incentives

luxury

a device used to tax the teams that spend the most (or spend too much as defined by the CBA) on player payroll; those taxes are then shared with teams that do not have high payrolls

athletic director

a high school senior administrator in charge of providing leadership and management of the school's interscholastic athletic programs

athletic administrator

a person who provides administrative support to the school's various athletic programs

salary cap

a system that limits spending on player salaries for the sake of parity and competition across a league

regional telecast

a telecast that is only televised in a particular regional television market

national telecast

a telecast that is televised to every television across the country

salary caps

agreements collectively bargained between labor and management that establish a league wide team payroll (i.e., salaries, bonuses, and incentive clauses) threshold that cannot be exceeded in most cases; the salary cap is typically set using a percentage of league gross revenue as a starting point

local television contracts

agreements made between pro teams and local tv stations and regional sport networks. these agreements provide teams with additional media revenue beyond what they receive from the national television contract

A sport tourist who plays the Old Course at St. Andrews would be considered

an active sport tourist

centralized organizational structure

an operational model whereby all decisions are controlled by a central administration unit and carried down through the chain of command within an organization

decentralized organizational structure

an operational model whereby respective units of an organization are given autonomy to control and carry out decisions, although each unit is expected to operate within the organization's guiding principles

displacement effect

When potential tourists are discouraged from visiting a destination because of perceptions of hassles such as crowding and construction or fear of terrorism.

virtual reality

computer technology that generates realistic, 3D images and environments that people can interact with using special equipment

collective bargaining

Process used to negotiate work terms between labor and management; all active league players are in a bargaining unit and thus form a collective (i.e., labor) for negotiating and bargaining with the owners (i.e., management)

Discuss the operational differences between public and private schools.

Public - funding from district property tax revenues Private - rely on donations, tuition allocations, participation fees Public schools have to follow all the eligibility and recruiting rules set by the FHSAA but private schools do not. They can basically do whatever they want

describe the unique facets of professional sport including its governance and the labor-management relationship on which professional team sports depend

Interdependence: - The need of the teams to compete and cooperate simultaneously - League think: teams must recognize the importance of their competition and share revenues to ensure that their competition remains strong - Revenue sharing: All pro sports leagues pool their revenues to an extentStructure and governance: - League commissioner -Board of governors or committee structure composed of the team owners - A central administrative unit: negotiates contracts and agreements for the league, responsible for all other aspects of the industry Labor-management relations:Baseball's antitrust exemption: - Created to stop companies from dominating their respective markets in interstate commercial activity Collective bargaining: - Workers involved in interstate commerce are covered by NLRA (3 rights: labor unions, collectively bargain, act to in personal interests) Free agency: - Ability for players to sell their services to a team after playing for a team for a certain amount of timeSalary caps: - Collectively bargained league-wide team payroll threshold that cannot be exceededPlayer draft: - Team that drafts a player has rights to that player, get to determine their location and their salary

small-scale sport event

Local or regional level event that attracts active sport tourists, such as marathon or triathlon participants, or event sport tourists, such as spectators of a NCAA regular-season sporting competition.

LED (light-emitting diode) signage

Signage located in the arena bowl and primarily found on the fascia between the lower and upper bowl. This signage is computer generated and has the capability to add sound, animation, and other visual effects to present a colorful, eye-catching message. LED signage is usually sold in 30-second increments with a predetermined number of rotations per game.

identify critical issues facing athletic administrators in their day-to-day duties

The explosion of club sports and outside coaching has had a major impact on high school sports. This has caused a change in culture of having multisport high school athletes and [we have] seen a spike in specialization. The issue of specialization has caused an increase in injuries caused by overuse and extended hours on fields, courts, and tracks. This will be a future challenge moving forward as many young student-athletes are looking for the next scholarship and working to be the next superstar in their sport.

detail issues in sport tourism that involve critical thinking, ethical decision making, and technological application

critical thinking: How do we balance the growing popularity of sport tourism and its potential to generate greater economic profit with the need to protect the natural and sociocultural environments?How can the sport and tourism industries adapt to changing global climates and conditions?-a unified policy between sport and tourism agencies might be one way of balancing sustainability with profitability ethics: bidding for mega events has become highly competitive-bidding for and hosting a mega event consumes a lot of time, energy, and tax payer money- many people may not support public resources being spent on an event-some countries withdraw their bids because of lack of public support-bidding for and hosting these mega events is a double edged sword technology: 2012 Olympic Summer Games were first Social Media Games-people consumed information from official Olympic sources, the press, athletes, and spectators-spectators could share experiences, pictures, and event updates with others-people at home had unprecedented access to real time information-challenge for event organizers is social media provides opportunities for the distribution and reception of negative information-2016 Rio Olympics - many people exposed to negative stories that may have changed their perception/ intentions to travel to Rio or future Olympics

Which of the following employees in a professional association would most likely be accountable for the daily operations of the organization and supervise the staff?

executive director

Private schools and schools in smaller districts often have decentralized structures for interscholastic athletics

false

the credentials required for coaching are the same at public and private schools

false

when conducting economic impact studies, communities do not need to take casuals and time switchers into account

false

state athletic or activity associations

governing bodies that set rules and policies for high school sport eligibility, competitions, and state championship tournaments

interscholastic sport governance

high school athletic competition that is governed by state athletic or activity associations

sports commission

local or state agency responsible for attracting and organizing sport events to help communities capitalize on the potential benefits of sport tourism

collective bargaining

negotiation of wages and other conditions of employment by a league and its players

broadcast networks

networks that use airwaves to transmit signal to any individual that has television with an antenna, these are NBC, ABC, Fox, and CBS

cable networks

networks that use airwaves to transmit signal to paid subscribers, some examples are ESPN, ESPN 2, Fox Sports 1, NBC Sports, TNT, TBS

casuals

people who happened to be visiting the destination and chose to attend the event instead of doing something else. Their attendance at the event was not their prime reason for visiting the destination

league think

pioneered and most effectively implemented by the NFL, this term represents the notion that teams must recognize the importance of their competition and share revenues to ensure that their competitors remain strong

public schools

schools that operate on moneys received largely through local property tax

private schools

schools that operate on moneys received through various forms of funding and giving

virtual signage

signage that is generated by digital technology and placed into a sport event telecast so that it appears as though the sign is part of the playing surface or adjacent to the playing surface

when a community's residents feel a sense of pride and excitement as a result of hosting a sport tourism event, this is an example of which dimension of sustainability?

social

discuss the sociocultural, economic, and environmental effects of sport tourism

social: positive: improved political relations; improved cultural relations; enhanced community pride, attachment, excitement; open societies to new ideas; can bring about more liberalization of values in more rigid or closed cultures; may provide funding and the impetus to pressure historic buildings, traditional practices, and natural settings-growing emphasis on social benefits of event sport tourism for communities- negative: major events affect segments of host community unequally-low income residents often suffer because displaced form homes due to redevelopment plans or price increases precipitated by major events-not only event sport tourism: crowding and congestion in ski towns or golf resort areas-most tourism regions have love/hate relationship with tourists: they realize their economic well being depends on tourists but traffic and crime lead to resistance or even hostility among community members economic: community leaders often point to potential economic benefits when trying to raise money-research has shown that economic benefits of sporting events are difficult to accurately measure and often overstated-several common mistakes can occur when communities estimate economic impact such as: using the wrong multiplier, measuring time switchers and casuals, and not taking into account the displacement effect-the lure of sport tourism economic benefits continues to grow as countries around the world rely more heavily on tourism to boost their GNP-event organizers, the tourism industry, and host communities should focus less on post event impact assessment and more on pre event strategic leveraging to maximize positive event legacies, minimize negative impacts, and improve the sustainability of the event environmental: push to extending sustainable development practices to all segments of the tourism industry-growing popularity of scuba diving has lead to increased pressure on the environment -many parts of it destroy the natural resource base-global warming, increased temps causes health of coral reefs to decline so long term viability of many reefs around globe coming into question-coral bleaching of Great Barrier Reef because algae leave-environmental disasters but also effect hundreds of million of dollars and effect the livelihoods of the locals and future potential of tourism

interscholastic athletics

sport offerings whereby boys and girls can participate in athletics at the high school level

describe the intersection between sport and tourism

sport tourism describes sport-related travel and is now a specialized sector of the sport and tourism industries

leverage

strategic planning to optimize the benefits or outcomes associated with an event

understand the basic premises of sustainability and how sustainable development relates to sport tourism

sustainability is taking the approach of balancing the needs of today with those of the future environmental, economic, social well-being-triple-bottom line = the interrelationship among the three prongs of sustainability-if attention not given to long term sustainability of a tourism destination, the effects of a large number of visitors can quickly destroy the attractiveness of a destination and its facilities-with sports, less attention has been given to sustainability (beginning to change), yet some sports (skiing and golf) rely heavily on certain climate conditions and can also have negative effects on the environment and local communities both socially and economically

which state has the largest percentage of participants in interscholastic athletics?

texas

sponsorship

the acquisition of rights to affiliate or associate directly with a product or event for the purpose of deriving benefits related to that affiliation or association

destination image

the impression that people (especially potential tourists) have of a certain location

synergy

the interaction between two components, such as tourism and sport

governance

the league structure that exists to oversee the competitive and business elements of the sport

blackout

the non-airing of a live event in a particular media market

management

the owners, managers, and coaches in professional sports

scouting

the process of identifying and evaluating player talent

seasonality

the variable patterns of tourist visitation throughout the year at a destination. Most destinations have three seasons: a peak season, a shoulder season (which occurs just before and just after the peak), and an off-season

National Federation of State High School (NFHS) Associations

this national governing body provides leadership for the administration of education-based interscholastic sport and nonsport activities

National Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Association (NIAAA)

this organization is a national governing body that serves as a liason between individual state high school athletic associations and state athletic administrator associations

low-income residents often suffer the most when a city hosts a mega event

true

the concept of sustainability considers the needs of today and those of the future

true

streaming services

video content sent over the internet, being played immediately instead of needing to be downloaded. Ex: MLB.tv, NBA.tv, Facebook Live, Netflix, HBOgo, YouTube, Yahoo Streaming

time switchers

visitors who had been planning to visit the destination and then switched their visit to coincide with the event; their spending cannot be attributed to the event

free agency

when a player is not re-signed by the team at the end of their contract, and the unsigned player becomes able to seek out employment from any team