Immune System

Leukocytes divided into 2 categories based on appearance of granules. __________________: Contain large granules that are easilly seen and multilobed nuclei. ___________________: Contain small granules that are not easilly seen.

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What is the mnemonic for remembering the types of leukocytes in order of abundance?

"NEVER LET MONKEYS EAT BANANAS"

Both basophils and mast cells bind to ______________ which when activated cause these cells to release histamine.

IgE antibodies

Unencapsulated diffuse lymphoid tissues are aggregations of _____________ cells associated with organs where pathogens could enter from the _____ and ______________.

Immune Skin, mucous membranes

Suppressor T cells prevent excessive ______________________ which might be detrimental to the body. May also prevent immune system from ????????????

Immune response

Vaccines contain microoganisms that have been altered so they will produce an ______________ but will not be able to induce full-blown ________________.

Immune response Disease

____________: The body's ability to resist or eliminate potentially harmful foreign materials or abnormal cells.

Immunity

Lack of response: _______________________ diseases arise when some component of the immune system fails.

Immunodeficiency

__________________: Nonspecific response to tissue injury. Caused by pathogens, trauma, chemicals, and extreme temperatures. Goal is to bring ________________ and plasma proteins to injured area to remove cellular debris or in the case of a pathogen, to destroy the invaders.

Inflammation Phagocytes

Basophils circulate in the blood and intensify _____________ response. ___________ cells that are found in the connective tissue of skin, lungs, and the gastrointestinal tract have a similar function.

Inflammatory Mast Cells

____________ immunity defenses include the following: Inflammation Interferon Natural Killer Cells Complement system

Innate

Two types of immune responses: ___________ and ______________

Innate Acquired (adaptive)

____________ immune response: Nonspecific. Nonselectively defends against foreign invaders. Inherited as part of the structure of each organism.

Innate (built-in)

________________ inhibits multiplication of viruses in most cells and occurs by the following process.

Interferon

Steps in the inflammatory process: 4. Neutrophils phagocytose pathogens/cellular debris and secrete the protein _______________, which binds with iron, making it unavailable for use by invading bacteria. Monocytes enlarge and become ______________________________ and add to the phagocytic activity of the fixed macrophages.

Lactoferrin Wandering Macrophages

_________________________: Defend the body against pathogens and remove toxins and damaged cells. Have a nucleus, mitochondria, but do NOT contain ________________.

Leukocytes Hemoglobin

________________: An elevated leukocyte count. ________________: Low leukocyte count.

Leukocytosis Leukopenia

_____________: Contain immune cells that attack pathogens that have been swept into the lymph fluid of the lymphatic system

Lymph nodes

Each receptor is created even though the epitope it recognizes may never have been present in the body. If an antigen with that epitope should enter the body, those few __________________ able to bind with it will do so.

Lymphocytes

___________________: ~30% of WBC count, can live for months, memory cells can live for years. Large round purple nucleus with no visible granules. 3 main types- __________________ ___________________ ___________________

Lymphocytes T lymphocytes B lymphocytes Natural Killer Cells

B and T cells then migrate to peripheral _________________ tissue where they can undergo cell division to produce new generations of B and T cells.

Lymphoid

_________________________: Tissues that produce, store, or process lymphocytes. Include: A whole bunch of stuff. Bone Marrow, Thymus, Lymph Nodes, Thymus, Tonsils, Adenoids, Appendix, Peyer's Patches (GAIT): Gut-associated lymphoid tissue

Lymphoid tissues

Two types of MHC molecules: ______________ and ______________

MHC Class I MHC class II

Steps in the Process of Cytotoxic T cells destroying a virus: 1. Virus invades host cell and breaks down its viral coat of proteins 2. A fragment of this viral protein coat (antigen) is attached to a newly synthesized _______________________. This complex is inserted into the host cell's surface membrane where it serves as a red flag indicating the cell is harboring a virus invader.

MHC proteins

Steps in the inflammatory response 1. ______________________ activation, first line of defense. They engulf pathogens and release chemotoxins, Cytokines, chemotoxins, endogenous pyrogens

Macrophages

___________ are able to phagocytose a great deal more than neutrophils.

Macrophages

Helper T cells: "activation" requires __________________________ which presents foreign antigen in combination with MHC. Helper T cells secrete ______________ that "help" or augment nearly all aspects of the immune response.

Macrophages Cytokines

T cells respond to antigens only when they are bound to specific molecules called _________________________________________

Major histocampatability complex proteins (MHC)

Steps in the inflammatory process: 2. ___________ cells release histamine which binds to histamine (H1) receptors in the smooth muscle of bronchioles to stimulate bronchiolar constriction (as in asthma), but produces relaxation of the smooth msucles in blood vessels causing localized ________________.

Mast Cells Vasodilation

The end product is a cylinder called a ________________________________ that punctures the target cell membrane and allows fluids to flow into the cell by osmosis causing ________ of the invader.

Membrane attack complex (MAC) Lyses

____________ Form the basis for long term immunity.

Memory Cells

A pool of ______________ cells are created due to clonal selection. these are B lymphocytes with receptors of the ??????????????

Memory cells

Other B cells become ______________________ and remain dormant until a person is again exposes to the same antigen

Memory cells

Adaptive response is slower to develop, but with the formation of __________________ allows this system to react more swiftly against specific invaders in the future. Responses are mediated by ________ lymphocytes.

Memory cells T and B

_________________: About 5% of WBC count; can live for months as macrophages. Large pale blue cells with dark U shaped or kidney-shaped nucleus.

Monocytes

___________________________: Special group of lymphocytes that kill a variety of cancer cells and virus infected cells. Not as specific as other lymphocytes of the adaptive immune response.

Natural Killer Cells

When a target cell is coated with antibodies, the tail portion (Fc) of the antibodies link the target cell to ____________________________ cells, which destroy the target cell by lysing its plasma membrane.

Natural Killer cells

_______________________________: Nonspecifically destroy cancer cells and cells infected with viruses and bacteria. Mode of action - Directly _________ the cell membrane upon exposure to these cells.

Natural Killer cells Lyse

In addition to halting viral replication, interferon boosts the power of __________________________ which attack and destroy virus-infected cells and cancer cells.

Natural killer cells

How antibodies function: ________________: Antibodies prevent harmful toxins from injuring cells and bind to viruses to prevent them from entering cells. ________________: Antibodies cross-link multiple antigens/cells and take it out of solution (precipitation) Antibodies activate the _______________________ by the classical compliment pathway.

Neutralization Agglutination Complement system

_______________: 60-70% of WBC population; live ~7 days. Nucleus consists of 2-5 lobes.

Neutrophils

Pus consists of dead ________________, ___________________, _____________, and _________

Neutrophils, macrophages, cell debris, fluid

Steps in the inflammatory process: 3. Attraction of _____________________ and ___________________

Neutrophils, monocytes

Drugs that suppress inflammation: _______________________________________ - Asprin and ibuprofen (advil, motrin) Mechanism: Inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes and thus the production of _______________________. ____________________________________ - Glucocorticoids. Suppress almost all aspects of inflammatory process, reduce bodys ability to resist infection.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Prostaglandins Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (SAIDs)

_______________ immunity: Occurs when we acquire antibodies made by another person or organism, e.g., transfer of lgG antibodies from mother to fetus across placenta or in _________________ ('first milk'). Only lasts for about ________________ as the antibody proteins degrade and are cleared from the circulation.

Passive Colostrum Three months

Phagocytic cells are studded with plasma membrane proteins known as TLRs that recognize ______________________________ typically found on viral and bacterial cell walls.

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Active ______________________: Destroy bacteria.

Phagocytes

For example: The Fc region of lgG antibodies when bound to an antigen, binds with _______________ cells to enhance phagocytosis. The Fc region of lgE antibodies attaches to ___________________ and _________ even in the absence of antigen. when antigen binds it triggers the release of histamine from affected cells.

Phagocytic Mast cells, Basophils

Clonal sleection leads to the eventual production of a pool of antibody-secreting _________________. These cells are B cells that have tooled up (e.g., forming a large endoplasmic reticulum) for massive synthesis and secretion of an antibody.

Plasma cells

Most B cells differentiate into active __________________ that produce antibodies (up to 2,000 per second). These cells swell as they add large amounts of ____________________________________ for protein production.

Plasma cells Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Each B cell has surface receptors for binding with one specific type of antigen. Antigens stimulate B cells to divide and become either ____________________ or ________________.

Plasma cells, memory cells.

Neutrophils are allso called ___________________________________ because of multilobed nuclei.

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Lymphoid tissues can be classified as ____________ and _____________ lymphoid tissues.

Primary, secondary

___________________ and many bacterial toxins can induce the development of a fever by resetting the hypothalamus for increased body temperature.

Pyrogens

Leukocytes are formed in ___________________ by process of leukopoiesis. Account for less than 1% of total blood volume.

Red bone marrow

Memory cells remain dormant but respond quickly if exposes to an antigen a second time. Responsible for ____________ response, a response so fast and effective that infection is typically prevented.

Secondary response

__________: Consists of red and white pulp.

Spleen

Encapsulated lymhoid tissues are found in the _________ and _______________. Both of these organs contain an outer _______________ capsule.

Spleen, lymph nodes fibrous collagenous

Both types of lymphocytes originate from __________________ in the bone marrow. Site of final maturation determines specific type. Some migrate to the Thymus(?) and become ______________ others remain in the bone marrow and develop into ___________.

Stem cells T-cells B-cells

______ lymphocytes: Kill virus-infected and cancerous cells. Can differentiate into many other cells (Killer T, helper T, Suppressor T, etc. Responsible for ____________________ Imunity.

T Lymphocytes Cell-mediated

A cell uses MHCs to bind with fragments of antigens that have been digested within the cell and then display that antigen to the ___________. The MHC-antigen complex is then inserted into the cell membrane so that the antigen is visible on the ______________________

T cells. Extracellular surface

Primary lymphoid tissues: Found in the __________ gland and the ________________ - both are sites where immune cells form and mature.

Thymus bone marrow

T cells must be in direct contact with their targets. They release chemicals that destroy targeted cells, and are preprocessed by the ___________________, hence their name.

Thymus gland

Monocytes migrate from blood into ____________ where they enlarge and become __________________ that are active phagocytes.

Tissues Macrophages

Macrophages and other Phagocytic cells detect pathogens by their ___________.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

Unencapsulated diffuse lymphoid tissues include __________, found within the pharynx (throat) _____________________________________ (MALT) which lies just under the epithelium of mucous membranes. ___________________________ (GALT) is the MALT found under the epithelium of the esophagus and intestines.

Tonsils Mucosa-associated lumphatic tissue Gut-assosiated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

Viruses cause cellular damage or death by: Causing cell to produce ______________________ Inducing destruction of cells because infected cell no longer _________________ Transforming normal cells into _______ cells.

Toxic substances Recognized cancer

Process of interferons: Virus enters a cell and triggers the production and release of interferon. Released interferon binds with receptors on _________________ nearby cells. These cells produce enzymes capable of breaking down viral ______________. If a virus enters cells with these enzymes, called ______________ enzymes, the virus will not be able to replicate.

Uninvaded mRNA Antiviral enzymes

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE: 1. ___________________ of local blood vessels and increased blood flow to area. Functions to bring in leukocytes and plasma proteins. 2. Increased capillary _______________________ allowing leakage of fluid into the interstitial space. 3. Migration of __________________ into the tissue

Vasodillation Permeability Leukocytes

______________: Can only carry out metabolism and reproduce in host cells.

Viruses

Killer (cytotoxic) T cells are microscopic "hit men" that destroy host cells bearing foreign antigen (e.g., host cells invaded by _____________ and ______________________) Release _______________ molecules to destroy target cells by forming holes or ??????????

Viruses, Cancer Cells Perforin *tip: it perforates cells*

_________ pulp: Contain immune cells (mainly lymphocytes) that monitor blood for pathogens. _________ pulp: Extensive blood supply that contain phagocytic cells that remove old and damaged red blood cells and foreign material.

White Red

Antibodies are ___-shaped molecules. Composed of 4 interlinked _______________ chains; Two long, heavy chains Two short, light chains

Y polypeptide

In general, the more complex a molecule is, the greater its _________. An __________ is the part of an antigen that recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B or T cells.

antigenicity Epitope

Eosinophils release ________________________ during allergic reactions but also reduce severity of allergy attacks by phagocytosing the immune complexes.

cytotoxic enzymes

Neutrophils and monocytes squeeze through capillary walls in a process called ________ and migrate to infection site. Blood-borne leukocytes line neutrophils and monocytes stick to the endothelial lining of capillaries of affected tissues by a process called _______________.

diapendesis Margination

Vasodilation widens the capillary pores to bring in more leukocytes and plasma proteins. Leaked plasma proteins in the interstitial fluid results in localized _____. Increased fibrinogen in the area is converted to _____________ which forms ____________________________ in the spaces around the bacteria and damaged cells.

edema Fibrin, Interstitial fluid clots

MACs destroy cells by

embedding itself in surface membrane, causing holes, and fluid fills in and bursts microbe.

TLRs have been dubbed the ____________

eyes of the innate immune system

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) engulf __________________ process the particles, and then presenting fragments of the particles on their cell surfaces using MHC Class II molecules.

foreign particles

Antibodies that enter the blood are called ________

gamma globulins or immunoglobulins.

______: Found in secretions of digestive, respiratory, and genitourinary systems; also in colostrum, milk and tears. Protects internal body surfaces exposed to the environment by blocking the attachment of bacteria and viruses to mucous membranes.

lgA

________: Found on the surface of many B cells along with lgM. Function is uncertain.

lgD

________: Helps protects against parasitic worms. Antibody mediator for common allergic responses (hay fever, asthma, hives). Most lgE is tightly bound to eosinophils, basophils, and eosinophils and mast cells via its Fc region.

lgE

_____: Most abundant (~80%) immunoglobulin (antibody) in blood. Produced in large amounts when body is exposed to an antigen. Protects the body against bacteria, toxins, and viruses. Is the only antibody that can cross the placenta and enter fetal circulation.

lgG

Plasma cells are prolific producers of customized antibodies (_____________________). Formation and production takes several days after exposure and peak antibody production may occur a week or two after exposure. This is referred to as the ____________ response.

lgG antibodies Primary

_______: Serves as the first B cell surface receptor (BCR), memory cell BCR, and plasma cell surface receptor for antigen attachment. Is the FIRST antibody produced after initial infection. The primary immune response.

lgM

Antibodies are grouped into five subclasses based on differences in their biological activity. List them.

lgM lgG lgE lgA lgD

Leukocytes are found within organs of the __________ system and loose connective tissue. Some can move in an amoeboid-like fashion through tissues; they are attracted to specific chemical stimuli (________________________) that guide them to pathogens or damaged tissue.

lymphatic system chemoattractants

Antibodies also enhance Phagocytosis by working with ________. The Fc of an antigen-bound lgG antibody binds with a receptor on the surface of a phagocyte and subsequently promotes phagocytosis of the antigen containing victim attached to the antibody.

opsonins

Infants are born with relatively weak immune responses. They have, however, a natural _________ immunity; they are protected during the first months of life by means of antibodies they recieve from their mothers. The antibody ______, which travels across the placenta, makes them immune to the same microbes to which their mothers are immune.

passive lgG

MHC proteins are also known as Human Leukocyte antigen (HLA) are made within each body cell and inserted into cell membrane. They have two major functions. 1. The immune system recognizes these as ??????????????? 2. Displays antigen to ______________

???????????? T cells

____________ immunity: occurs when the body is exposed to a pathogen and produces its own antibodies. Can occur naturally, when a pathogen invades the body, or artificially, as when we are given vaccinations containing _______________.

Active dead or disabled pathogens.

Neutrophil number increases durring....

Acute bacterial infection

________________ immune response: Individual aquires or develops the ability to defend against specific pathogens after the body is first attacked by a bacterium, virus, or toxin.

Adaptive (acquired)

________________ - Response to normally healthy substances

Allergies

Antigen means ________________________

Antibody Generator

____________-mediated immunity involves production of antibodies by derivatives of B lymphocyte known as plasma cells. B Cells are most effective against ______________ and their toxins as well as a few virus types.

Antibody-mediated Bacteria

Helper T cells- enhance _________________________ ability of plasma cells. enhance activity of ____________ T cells, _____________ T cells, and even other helper T cells. Chemotaxins - ??????????????

Antibody-secreting cytotoxic, suppressor

Characteristics of the arm regions of the Y determine the type of _________________ the antibody will bind to. They have identical ______________________ at tip of each arm (unique for each different antibody) called ____________

Antigen antigen-binding fragments (FAB) variable region.

MHC class II molecules are found primarily on ________________________________: Macrophages and Dendritic cells.

Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

Acquired immunity responses are ____________________ responses in which the immune cells selectively react to a foreign substance. There are two classes of acquired immunity- ______________-mediated immunity, or humoral immunity ____________-mediated immunity.

Antigen-specific Antibody-mediated Cell-mediated

B and T cells use _____________ to recognize foreign materials. Each B and T cell has specific receptors on its surface that binds with one in particular.

Antigens

______________ are large, foreign, unique molecules that may be an isolated molecule, such as a toxin, or part of a cells membrane. Produce an immune response.

Antigens

____________________________- immune system attacks the own persons body.

Autoimmune diseases

The immune system relies on the prior formation of an incredibly diverse population of: __________________, each with its surface covered with thousands of identical copies of a receptor for antigen. ______________, Each with its surface covered with ?????????

B cells (B Lymphocytes T cells (T Lymphocytes)

____ lymphocytes: Differentiate into Plasma cells that secrete antibodies (____________________________). Responsible for antibody-mediated or _____________ immunity.

B lymphocytes Immunoglobulins Humoral

The ability of the immune system to respond to an antigen exists ______________ it encounters the antigen.

BEFORE

_____________: Cause tissue damage and disease by releasing enzymes and/or toxins that disrupt cell/organ structure and function.

Bacteria

Innate immune response is the "first line of defense" and includes: External, physical, and chemical _______________ provided by the skin, mucous membranes, acid secretions of stomach and enzyme secretions. ____________________ defenses such as inflammation, fever, interferons, compliment proteins, etc.

Barriers Internal

__________________: Less than 1% of WBC population; live ~7 days. Blue-purple granules that contain histamine and heparin.

Basophils

Cascade sequence of events: C1 activates C2 activates.... C5 Components ___ through ___ assemble into large, doughnut-shaped protein complex (MAC). Embeds itself in surface membrane of nearby microorganisms. Resulting hole makes membrane leaky to fluid inflow, and victim cell swells and bursts, killing the microbe.

C5 - C9

T lymphocytes defend against ___________ and __________________________ cells. Antibodies and complement system CANNOT detect these cells.

Cancer Virus-infected

____________________________ molecules such as the protein selectin, protrudes from the endothelial lining. Selectin proteins cause leukocytes and monocytes flowing through the blood to _____________________ and roll along the interior of the vessel - allows for _________________ to occur.

Cell Adhesion molecules (CAM) Slow down Diapedesis

_____________-mediated immunity involves production of activated T lymphocytes (T cells). Directly attack ________ and _______.

Cell-mediated virus infected cells and cancer cells.

__________________ complement pathway: Uses antibodies. Complement proteins work to complement the work of antibodies in destroying. __________________ complement pathway: No antibodies are involved. Complement proteins bind directly to an invader and activate the complement cascade, forming a pore-like channel.

Classical Alternate

Millions of B and T lymphocytes are stored in the lymph tissue. __________________________: Once the specific lymphocyte is activated by its antigen, it reproduces wildly, forming tremendous number of duplicate (clone) lymphocytes.

Clonal expansion

All lymphocytes that bind their antigen (or ligans) form a group known as a _________. B cells have _____________ receptors and T cells have ________________ receptors. These receptors are the _______________

Clone B cell, T Cell eyes of the adaptive immune system

In this way, ________________ of antigen-specific lymphocytes (B and T) develop providing the basis of the immune response. This phenomenon is called ________________________ because it is the ?????????????

Clones Clonal selection

MALTs are just _____________

Clusters of lymphoid tissues associated with skin.

_____________________ system can operate in both innate and acquired immune responses. The outcome is the same in both which is a pore-like channel in the plasma membrane of the target cells.

Complement

Mechanism of complement system: Complement proteins circulate in the blood in an inactive form. The so-called _____________________________ is set off when the first complement molecule, C1, encounters an antigen, or antibody bound to antigen in an _____________________________ complex. Each of the compliment proteins performs its job in turn, acting on the molecule next in line.

Complement cascade Antigen-antibody

__________________ work to compliment the work of antibodies in destroying bacteria by forming a pore like channel.

Compliment proteins

Tail regions, called the ___________________, are identical in antibodies within the same subclass. This region determines the functional properties of the antibody or what the antibody does once it binds with the antigen.

Constant (Fc) region.

_________________ help dilate local blood vessels and along with _____________, attract neutrophils and monocytes.

Cytokines Chemotoxins

Suppressor T cells suppress B cell antibody production and Cytotoxic/Helper T cell activity. Effects are primarily the result of chemicals called ________________.

Cytokines (Lymphokines)

When viruses or certain parasites and bacteria invade the cell, they are digested into peptide fragments and loaded onto MHC-I molecules. When the___________________ cell encounters the cell with the antigen fragment on its MHC-I, it recognizes the host cell as pathogen infected cell and _______________ to prevent it from reproducing.

Cytotoxic T (Tc) cell kills it

3. ____________________ cell recognize and bind with specific viral antigen MHC complex. 4. These cells kill infected host cells by: Releasing ___________ molecules that penetrate the target cell's surface membrane and holes or channels allowing fluid to flow rapidly into the cell causing it to ________. Releasing ______________, which are enzymes that enter through the perforin channels and cause the cell to self-destruct through apoptosis.

Cytotoxic T cells Perforin Lyse Granzymes

Functions of the immune system: Removes _____________ body cells Destroys ____________ cells Defends against invading _______________.

Damaged Cancer Pathogens (Viruses and bacteria)

_______________ cells are specialized APCs that act as sentinels in almost every tissue. They have surface projections that resemble the dendrites of neurons

Dendritic

_______________: The process of WBCs migrating across the endothelial lining of a capillary squeezing between adjacent endothelial cells.

Diapedesis

_____________________________ is the determination of the proportion of each type of leukocyte in a blood sample.

Differential WBC count

Secondary lymphoid tissues: Contain mature immune cells that interact with pathogens. Divided into ___________________ and __________________________ lymphoid tissues.

Encapsulated Unencapsulated diffuse

____________________: ~3% of WBC population; live 7 days. Nucleus with two lobes connected by a narrow isthmus. Cytoplasm contains reddish-orange granules. Increased numbers during

Eosinophils allergy and parasitic attacks.

______________ is the part of an antigen to which an antibody binds.

Epitope

_________: A mild increase in body temperature is thought to be beneficial because- Increases activity of leukocytes and effects of interferon. Inhibits the growth of some microbes by causing a fall in plasma _______ concentrations, which bacteria needs to multiply.

Fever Iron

4. Clotting of fluid in the interstitial spaces by _________ in order to wall off the area and prevent the spread of bacteria or toxic products. 5. Redness, heat, and ________________ due to vasodilation and increased blood flow to area. 6. _________: Caused by injury to neurons, stretching of tissues due to edema, and release of ____________________.

Fibrin Swelling (edema) Pain Prostaglandins

Some monocytes become: ____________ macrophages: Remain in a particular tissue. Example - Alveolar macrophages, kupffer cells in liver. __________________: Roam tissues and gather at sites of infection and inflammation. ___________________: are antigen presenting cells that when activated present the antigens to lymphocytes.

Fixed (tissue) Wondering macrophages Dendritic cells

Eosinophils attach to parasites and release substances from granules that kill parasites such as ______________________ and ____________________.

Flatworms, roundworms

Some lymphocytes migrate to the ______, divide, and develop into _______.

thymus, T cells.

The lymphocytes leave ______ of the cell cycle and begin repeated rounds of mitosis (The cells are now called _____________________)

G0 Lymphoblasts

The specificity of both BCRs and TCRs; that is, the epitope to which a given receptor can bind, is created by a remarkable ___________ mechanism.

Genetic

Immune serum _____________ is sometimes given to protect travelers to countries where hepatitis is widespread. Passive immunity typically lasts only a few weeks.

Globulin

__________ are chemical-filled cytoplasmic vesicles that are made visible by staining - ____________ stain is usually used.

Granules Wright's Stain

A tissue graft or transplanted organ is more likely to be successful if donor and recipient share __________________. Incompatible matches trigger antibody production and activate cytotoxic T cells and T Helper cells that are responsible to rejection

HLA antigens

Three main types of T cells: ______________ T cells ______________________ T cells ___________________ T cell

Helper T cells Killer (cytotoxic) T cells Suppressor T Cells

An immune response is also dictated by ___________; some individuals respond strongly to a given antigen, others weakly, and some not at all.

Heredity

________: a vasodilator ________: an anticoagulant.

Histamine Heparin