Imperialism: Africa
In the mid 1600s, _____________ farmers known as Boers settled in the country now called __________________________________.
1600 Dutch South Africa
In the early __________s in southern Africa, an African leader named _______________ conquered and united tribes to form the _______________________________.
1800 Shaka Zulu nation
In _________, to avoid conflict amongst themselves, European leaders met at the ___________________________ to set up rules for ________________ Africa.
1885 Berlin Conference Colonizing
Malaria
A tropical disease
What was the result of the Berlin Conference and the Scramble for Africa?
Africa got divided up into 50 countries by 1914
What place were Africans given at the conference table in Berlin?
Africans were not given a place at the conference table in Berlin. They were not even invited.
What European industries benefited from African resources?
All of the European industries listed benefited from African resources. Angola (Portugal) used - cotton/palm oil and palm-kernel oil/coffee and sugar The Congo free state (King Leopold of Belgium) used - palm oil and palm-kernel oil/ivory/rubber French West Africa (France) used - cotton/palm oil and palm-kernel oil/peanuts,bananas,coffee,cocoa/gum Rhodesia (Great Britain) used - copper/zinc/lead/coal South Africa (Great Britain) used - gold/diamonds Tanganyika (Germany) used - cotton/rubber/coffee/sisal
In the 1870s, the Belgians began to trade with Africans in the ________________.
Congo
Were economic factors more of a driving force behind European imperialism than national pride? Than improved technology?
Economic factors were more of a driving force than national pride because they helped advancements in the future and made work easier.
What place did Britain control because of its strategic location for shorter sea travel to the India Ocean?
Egypt (the Suez Canal)
____________________________________ modernized the army, along with roads, bridges and schools
Emperor Menelik II
What is the difference between ending the slave trade and ending slavery?
Ending slave trade would stop the transportation of slaves but ending slavery itself gives slaves freedom to be there own person. In 1807, the British outlawed the trans-Atlantic slave trade law and in 1833, slavery itself. this caused Europeans interest to shift to imperialism.
The Italians were beaten badly by the ____________.
Ethiopia
What led to imperialism?
European powers realized they needed to get raw materials to power their machines from elsewhere
What were the main countries at the Berlin Conference?
France Germany Portugal Great Britain
Britain had a dream of building a railroad from The Mediterranean Sea to South Africa (i.e from Cairo to Cape Town). Which Country was in the strongest position to block this from happening?
German East Africa because they are the only European colonies in the way of the British path.
What likely explains the poor standing of Leopold II among historians today?
Historians do not stand by Leopold II because even though he was able to acquire 900,000 square miles of land and make tons of money taking out ivory and rubber, in twenty years Leopold managed to kill over 10 million people through forced labor and horrible mistreatment.
What percentage of Africa had been colonized by 1870?
In 1870 only 10 % of Africa was colonized by the Europeans. Most of the land that was colonized was mostly around the edges of Africa.
When the ___________ invaded Ethiopia, they were defeated so badly by Menelik II, that ____________________________________________________
Italians no other Europeans tried to take Ethiopia
Who was the king of Belgium?
King Leopold II
____________________________________ and other wealthy ____________ exploited the riches of the Congo and brutalized the natives.
King Leopold II Belgians
Which European countries held by African colonies in by 1914?
Seven countries were controlling African countries. They were Britain, France, Germany, Spanish, Belgium, Italy, and Portugal
When was the Berlin conference and what did it do?
The Berlin conference was in 1844-1845 and the purpose was to divide up the Africa continent by claim and by the rule of occupation.
What European power conquered the Congo? Who led this expedition? Describe what occurred in the Congo.
The European power that conquered the Congo was Belgian. King Leopold and other wealthy Belgians led this expedition. In the Congo African laborers were forced to harvest ivory and rubber in horrible conditions causing the population to decline drastically.
What "revolution" helped fuel European imperialism of Africa?
The Industrial Revolution because when all these new inventions were made, Britain and other large countries needed more and new materials causing them to go to regions such as Africa and start imperialism.
Which of the inventions would have been the most important for spreading European influence in Africa?
The Maxim gun because it was the first machine gun that installed fear into the Africa's causing them not to fight back. This made it easy for the European to spread their ideas and influences.
What is the Suez Canal, and why was it important for imperialists?
The Suez Canal human-made waterway, which was opened in 1869, connecting the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea via the Red Sea. This was particularly important to European powers with colonies in India and East Asia as traveling through the Suez Canal was the shortest and cheapest way to get from Europe to those places.
The Age of Imperialism fell right on the coattails of the Industrial Revolution. What is the connection between the two?
The connection between the two periods is that the Industrial Revolution was a time of a lot of change and new inventions. This ties into the Age of Imperialism because now that there are lots of inventions there was the need for trade and materials. When there was a lack of materials in one region they would go take over a piece of land that has lots of resources.
Between 1500 and 1800 what was the main reason Europeans did not enter the interior of Africa?
The main reason Europeans did not enter the interior of Africa because they were afraid to catch malaria or other tropical diseases. Europeans were vulnerable to these diseases that the west coast of Africa, from Senegal's river to Angola, became known as " the white man's grave"
By 1885, what were only two African countries to remain independent?
The only two African countries to remain independent were Liberia and Ethiopia.
What were the only two African nations to avoid European imperialism?
The only two African nations to avoid European imperialism are Liberia and Ethiopia.
Why was Africa so easily conquered?
The purpose of this conquest, like most conquests in history, was to make money for the conquerors; they did and killed millions of people in the process. Europeans had strong economies, well organized governments and powerful armies and navies. Meanwhile African nations were troubled by economic weakness and political divisions.
Which technological advancement cured a tropical disease? Which of these technological developments gave Europeans armies an advantage over African armies?
The technological advancement that cured a tropical disease was the method of getting quinine from cinchona tree bark (treatment for the disease of malaria). The technological developments that gave European armies an advantage over African armies are 1. the of manufacturing steel, which was lighter and more durable than iron; used in producing rails, bridges, and tall buildings; 2. The Maxim gun (first machine gun), 3. The repeating rifle (a faster-loading gun that was able to fire multiple shots more accurately than older muskets).
Which two European countries were the biggest winner in the race to seize African countries?
The two European countries that were the biggest winners in the race to seize African countries were Britain and France.
What does the title " The White Man's Burden" mean?
The white man burden means the white man's labor of having to deal and educate natives to live as they do.
What usually happened to those people who were colonized?
They were often oppressed, abused and in some cases even killed.
Was technology a better driving force behind European imperialism in Africa than national competition? Explain.
Yes, Technology was less problematic than national competition but was not the main focus of European imperialism. The technology was more beneficial to the imperialism though because it was used to enlighten and advance into the future.
Menelik II
emperor of Ethiopia
Anglo-Boer War
from 1899-1902 involved bitter guerrilla fighting British won, but at a great cost to human life
What set off the Anglo-Boer war?
in the late 1800s, the discovery of gold and diamonds (raw materials) in the northern Boer territory
The Zulus were ______________________________________________ fighters
skilled and organized
What happened to many Africans once King Leopold II exploited the riches of the Congo?
they were enslaved, beaten, and killed
How did the Ethiopians keep their freedom?
through successful military resistance
Scramble for Africa
time period from 1881-1914 when European countries occupied, colonized, and invaded Africa
colonizing
to take control of an area and have people from your home nation live there
Maxim Gun
weapon most associated with British imperial conquest (machine gun)
Negative effects of African Imperialism
~ Encouraged tribal wars by creating artificial borders ~ Created population explosion = famine ~ Produced cash crops needed by Europeans, and not food for Africans ~ Exploited natural resources: minerals, lumber, rubber, human rights ~ Downgraded traditional African culture = westernization
Positive effects of African Imperialism
~ unified national states created ~ increased agriculture production ~ expanded educational opportunities ~ improved medical care, sanitation, and nutrition ~ improved transportation and communication facilities