Infant & Child Development Chapter 7

Which has not been observed in cross-cultural research of infant emotional development and attachment?

Differences in whether infants actually form an attachment with their caregivers

Which would be a later-developing example of children's early emerging moral sense?

Moral retribution

Which accurately represents what is known about basic emotions in infancy according to Darwin?

Infants from all cultures display basic emotions such as happiness and sadness early in infancy.

Which is true of cultural influence on emotional development?

Infants' interpretation of basic emotions differs in various regions around the world.

Three-month-old Jessica smiles as her father walks into the room. This reaction is evidence that

Jessica has developed a social smile.

Two-year-old Josiah accidentally spilled his drink on the floor. He quickly ran to his room where he sat quietly. An explanation for this behavior might be that

Josiah feels guilty that he spilled his drink.

Research on infant looking behaviors suggests that by 4-5 months of age, most infants show

a preference for prosocial behaviors in others.

Charity is caring for two infants in her home. One is 3 weeks old and the other 5 months old. As Charity sang, she noticed both infants smiling. What likely explains this behavior in both infants?

The 3-week-old is likely smiling in response to the sound while the 5-month-old displays a social smile to express happiness toward the familiar caregiver.

Two-year-old Samuel has started to display anger when things don't go his way. His parents wonder if this is normal. Which would be an accurate statement to share with Samuel's parents?

This is normal as the expression of emotions like anger typically increases in the second year.

Parents of eight-month-old fraternal twins, Adrienne and Addison, found that each child responds very differently to noises and activity levels in the room. Addison is bothered by increased activity while Adrienne appears to enjoy the extra activity. After noticing this, one parent will often take Addison off to a quiet side of the room, away from the high noise and activity. According to research, is this a wise decision?

Yes, this is an example of goodness of fit between parenting and child temperament.

Rothbart's research found that _______ correlated with adult personality of _______.

negative reactivity; neuroticism

Looking away from an unpleasant event and sucking their thumb are common ways infants

regulate their emotions

An infant's objective or conceptual self does not emerge until somewhere around the

second year

Ainsworth's attachment research in Uganda

showed that Ugandan infants displayed very intense protest when separated from their mothers, perhaps because they were not used to being separated.

A parent and toddler visit a new playground. The toddler alternates between watching their parent and investigating a very steep slide. After seeing a fearful look on the parent's face, the toddler moves away from the slide. The toddler's behavior can be described as

social referencing

Ainsworth's experiment of having a researcher assess an infant's exploration of a room, use of the caregiver as a secure base, reactions to the caregiver separation, reactions to the entry of a stranger, the ability to be soothed by the stranger, and reactions to the reunion with the caregiver is known as the

strange situation

Thomas and Chess and other researchers found that temperament

was a relatively stable characteristic from infancy through childhood and adulthood.

A parent with the ability to manage negative emotions and cope with everyday stressors or what is known as _______, is more likely to develop a positive relationship with their child.

distress tolerance

Rosie, an 18-month-old in the young toddler classroom, is cared for by two responsive caregivers. One caregiver is very expressive while the other is quiet and more reserved. Rosie's father has noticed that Rosie responds to the very big smiles of one caregiver, but also responds to the very subtle smiles of the other caregiver. This could be evidence of the child's

ability to discriminate gradations in emotions.

A child stops themselves from throwing a toy when upset and instead walks away from the situation. This behavior is an example of

effortful control

Lila covers her ears immediately as the fireworks show begins to avoid getting upset. Lila is displaying

emotional self-regulation

Which is an accurate statement about the context of attachment?

Ainsworth's attachment categories are found consistently across various cultures and socio-economic groups.

Thomas and Chess's temperament profiles were clustered into which three categories?

Easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up

Which would you recommend to enhance the quality of parent-infant interactions?

Encourage parents to model or mirror the emotions of infants back to them.

Both Harlow and Bowlby's work help us better understand attachment. Which accurately reflects their research?

The work of both emphasized an evolutionary view of attachment.

The single-touch and double-touch experiment was developed to better understand whether young infants

can distinguish their own actions from the actions of others.

Research has found that infants indicate a sense of self through their reaction to contingency experiences. An example of a contingency experience could include the infant

cooing after kicking a mobile with their foot.

Margarita has grown up in a large, Hispanic family. Margarita's often cared for by female members of the family but spends little time with her father and other male family members. One possible explanation for this is the

he tendency for large families in certain cultures to show clearly defined gender roles.

Jayanthi stayed close to her mother upon entering a new home and became extremely upset when her mother left the room. Even when her mother returned to the room, Jayanthi was not easily comforted. The type of attachment relationship expressed by this behavior is most likely

insecure avoidant

Sharah, a 24-month-old child, seems confused when a relative starts asking her questions but instead of maintaining eye contact with Sharah, looks at another person. This confusion may indicate Sharah's development of the _______ self.

interpersonal

Jade positively responds to having regular routines, has a pleasant disposition, and adapts easily to new experiences. Thomas and Chess's model of temperament would identify Jade as a(n) _______ child.

low maintenance

Emotions play a vital role in our development by

preparing a child to respond to the environment and communicate meaningful social information.

Shirley is a teacher in the two-year-old classroom. Shirley smiles and specifically praises one child who helped another student who had fallen on the playground. Most likely Shirley is doing this to promote

prosocial behavior.

Mothers of girls _______ their infants' crawling ability and mothers of boys _______ estimated their infants' ability.

underestimated; more accurately