intermediate 1

disc jockey (DJ)

(abbreviation DJ) someone whose job is to play the music on a radio show or in a club where you can dance

heal

1 (also heal up) if a wound or a broken bone heals or is healed, the flesh, skin, or bone grows back together and becomes healthy againIt took three months for my arm to heal properly.2 to make someone who is ill become healthy again, especially by using naturalpowers or prayer → curea preacher who claims that he can heal the sick

mad

1 ANGRY [not before noun] informalespecially American English angrymad atAre you still mad at me?We get mad at each other sometimes, like any family.mad aboutThere's no need to get mad about it!You make me so mad!mad with British EnglishHis wife will be really mad with him.go mad British English (=become very angry)Look at this mess! Mum will go mad!hopping mad (=very angry)(as) mad as hell (=a rude way of saying very angry)► see thesaurus at angry2 CRAZY especially British Englishcrazy or very sillyHe can't possibly get that finished in time. He must be mad!I'd go mad (=start to feel crazy) if I was stuck at home all day.He's been driving me mad!You've agreed to marry him! Are you mad?Surely no one would be mad enough to fly in this weather?My friends all think I'm stark raving mad (=completely crazy).It's enough to send you barking mad (=completely crazy).as mad as a hatter/March hare(=completely crazy)GrammarIn this meaning, mad is not used with 'very'. You say:It's an absolutely mad idea.✗Don't say: It's a very mad idea.

guilty

1 ASHAMED feeling very ashamed and sad because you know that you have done something wrongguilty about/for/atI feel really guilty about forgetting her birthday again.She looked self-conscious and guilty.It was his guilty conscience that made him offer to help.RegisterIn everyday English, people often say that they feel bad about something rather than say that they feel guilty about it:I feel bad about leaving him on his own.2 OF A CRIME having done something that is a crime OPP innocentguilty ofThe jury found her guilty of murder.He was found not guilty of the death of PC Jones.He pleaded guilty to two charges of theft.

set up

1 COMPANY/ORGANIZATION ETC to start a company, organization, committee etc SYN establishset something ↔ upThey want to set up their own import-export business.new regulations for setting up political partiesset (yourself) up (as something)(=start your own business)John decided to set up as a graphic designer.set up shop/set up in business(=begin operating a business)Now Betterware plans to set up shop elsewhere in Europe.2 ARRANGE/ORGANIZE set something ↔ up to make the arrangements that are necessary for something to happenI'll set up an appointment for you.There was a lot of work involved in setting up the festival.3 EQUIPMENT to prepare the equipment that will be needed for an activity so that it is ready to be usedThe next band was already setting up on the other stage.set something ↔ upCan someone set the overhead projector up?

case

1 EXAMPLE [countable] an example of a particular situation or of something happeningcase ofThere were 16 cases of damage to cars in the area.in the case of somethingThe amount of fruit in fruit juices must be 6% in the case of berries and 10% in the case of other fruits.in some/many/most etc casesIn many cases standards have improved.Tom's career is a case in point (=a clear example of something that you are discussing or explaining).a classic case (=typical example)of poor design► see thesaurus at example2 SITUATION [countable usually singular] a situation that exists, especially as it affects a particular person or groupin somebody's caseLike the others, he produced a written explanation, but in Scott's case this was a 30-page printed booklet.Changing men's and women's traditional roles is not easy, but in our case it has been helpful.it is the case (that)It may be the case that the scheme will need more money.We tend to think of these people as untrustworthy, but that is not the case.in this caseIn this case, several solutions could be tried.in which caseHe won't want to eat it unless he's really hungry, in which case he'll eat almost anything.

order

1 FOR A PURPOSEa) in order to do something for the purpose of doing somethingSamuel trained every day in order to improve his performance.In order to understand how the human body works, you need to have some knowledge of chemistry.b) in order for/that formal so that something can happen or so that someone can do somethingSunlight is needed in order for the process of photosynthesis to take place in plants.2 ARRANGEMENT [countable, uncountable] the way that things or events are arranged in relation to each other, so that one thing is first, another thing is second etc SYN sequencein the right/correct orderMake sure that you put the books back in the right order.out of order/in the wrong orderThe files are all out of order.in order (=one after another, according to a plan)Then they call out our names in order and we answer yes or no.in alphabetical orderTheir names are arranged in alphabetical order.in order of importance/difficulty etcThe cities are listed in order of importance.Students learn the verbs in order of difficulty.in ascending/descending order(=starting with the lowest or highest number)The prices are given in ascending order.in reverse orderShe read out the names in reverse order.There seemed to be no logical order to the sections.3 INSTRUCTION [countable usually plural] an instruction to do something that is given by someone in authorityorder to do somethingThe captain had to give the order to abandon ship.under orders (from somebody) (to do something)She is under orders to have a complete rest.on somebody's ordersHe was thrown into the river on the emperor's orders.by order of somebodyThe company cannot be identified by order of the court.4 CONTROLLED SITUATION[uncountable] a situation in which rules are obeyed and authority is respectedthe breakdown of law and orderThe riots are a threat to public order.keep order/keep somebody in order(=stop people from behaving badly)The physics teacher couldn't keep order in any class.She had trouble keeping her teenage sons in order.The army was called in to restore order.5 WELL-ORGANIZED STATE[uncountable] a situation in which everything is controlled, well organized, and correctly arrangedLet's have some order in here.You need to put your financial affairs in order.She keeps her room in good order.6 FOR FOOD OR DRINK [countable]a) a request for food or drink in a restaurant or barThe waiter took our orders.last orders British English (=the last time you can order a drink before a bar closes)Last orders now please!b) the food or drink you have asked for in a restaurant or barWhen our order finally arrived we were very hungry indeed.→ side order7 FOR GOODS [countable]a) a request by a customer for a company to supply goodsGoods will be sent within 24 hours of receiving your order.You can always cancel your orderif you change your mind.The government has placed an order for (=asked a company to supply) new weapons.Please complete the enclosed order form.on order (=asked for, but not yet received)My bicycle is on order.make/supply something to order(=produce something especially for a particular customer)They make hand-made shoes to order.b) goods that you have ordered from a companyYour order has arrived - you can collect it from the store any time.→ mail order8 → be out of order9 → be in order10 → be in (good) working/running order11 SOCIAL/ECONOMIC SITUATION[singular] the political, social, or economic situation at a particular timesocial/political orderHe called the rioters a threat to the social order.The people of South Africa wanted a new order.He dared to challenge the established (=traditional) order.12 → be the order of the day13 → the order of things14 → of a high order/of the highest order15 → withdraw/retreat in good order16 → in the order of something/of the order of something17 RELIGIOUS GROUP [countable] a society of monks or nuns (=people who live a holy life according to religious rules)the Benedictine Orderorder ofthe order of Jesuits18 → take (holy) orders19 SECRET SOCIETY [countable] an organization or a society whose members meet for secret ceremonies20 OFFICIAL HONOUR [countable] a group of people who have received a special official reward from a king, president etc for their services or achievementsthe Order of the Garter21 MONEY [countable] an official piece of paper that can be exchanged for money → money order, postal order22 → the lower orders23 ANIMALS/PLANTS [countable]technical a group of animals or plants that are considered together because they evolved from the same plant or animal → class1(5), species24 COMPUTER [countable] American English a list of jobs that a computer has to do in a particular order SYNqueue British English25 → Order! Order!→ pecking order, point of order, standing order, → call somebody/something to order at call1(16), → set/put your own house in order at house1(7), → be given/get your marching orders at march1(5), → in short order at short1(22), → under starter's orders at starter, → tall order at tallCOLLOCATIONS - Meaning 2: the way that things or events are arranged in relation to each other, so that one thing is first, another thing is second etcADJECTIVESthe right/correct orderOf course, the notes must be played in the right order.the wrong orderThe pages had been put in the wrong order.the same orderHe always closed the windows in the same order.reverse orderThey announced the results in reverse order, starting with the last.alphabetical orderList the names in alphabetical order.numerical orderThe dogs are given numbers, and stand in numerical order while the judge looks at them.chronological order (=the order that things happened in time)The paintings are arranged in chronological order.ascending/descending order (=with the lowest or highest number first)The films are ranked in ascending order of profitability.a logical orderPut the events of the story into a logical order.PHRASESput/arrange something in orderDecide what points you want to talk about, and put them in order.in order of importance/priority/preference etcThe country's main exports were, in order of importance, coffee, sugar, and soya beans.COLLOCATIONS - Meaning 3: an instruction to do something that is given by someone in authorityVERBSgive/issue an orderDo not fire until I give the order.obey an orderHe refused to obey this order.follow orders/carry out orders (=obey them)The men argued that they had only been following orders.take orders from somebody (=be given orders by them and obey them)I don't take orders from you!disobey/ignore an orderAnyone who disobeys these orders will be severely punished.have orders to do somethingThe soldiers had orders to shoot anyone on the streets after 10 o'clock.receive an orderThe general says he received no order to withdraw.make an order (=used of a court)The court made an adoption order.ADJECTIVES/NOUN + ORDERa direct order (=a clear order)What happens to a soldier who disobeys a direct order?strict ordersThey had strict orders not to allow anyone through.a court order

limit

1 GREATEST/LEAST ALLOWED the greatest or least amount, number, speedetc that is alloweda 55 mph speed limitlimit forThere's no age limit for applicants.limit to/onMy wife and I set a limit on how much we spend on clothes.above/over/below a limitPesticide levels in drinking water are already above legal limits in many areas.2 GREATEST AMOUNT POSSIBLE (alsolimits) the greatest possible amount of something that can exist or be obtainedlimit ofthe limits of human knowledgeHe'd reached the limit of his patience.Our finances are already stretched to the limit (=we do not have any extra money).There's no limit to what you can do if you try.3 PLACE (also limits) the furthest point or edge of a place, often one that must not be passedHe had not been outside the limits of the prison walls for 20 years.The public is not allowed within a 2-mile limit of the missile site.Los Angeles city limits4 → off limits5 → within limits6 → be over the limit7 → know your limits8 → have your limitsCOLLOCATIONSVERBSset a limit (also impose a limit formal)Set a time limit for the completion of the task.put a limit on somethingWe have to put a limit on the number of participants.exceed a limit (=go beyond a limit)He reported a driver for exceeding the speed limit.go over a limit (=go beyond a limit)Borrowers who go over the spending limit set by the credit card company are penalised.ADJECTIVES/NOUN + LIMITan upper/lower limit (=the highest/lowest amount allowed)There is no upper limit on the amount you can borrow.Ensure the temperature in the aquarium does not fall below the lower limit.a strict limitThere are strict limits on spending.a legal limit (=a limit set by law)The alcohol in his blood was four times more than the legal limit.the speed limitToo many people go over the speed limit in residential areas.a time limitThe time limit for making a claim is three months.an age limitThe lower age limit for entering the Royal Marines is sixteen.a weight/height limitThe weight limit per bag is 20 kilos.spending limitsThere are strict spending limits imposed by law on all candidates.term limits American English (=limits on how much time a politician can spend in office)Should Senators be subject to term limits?

possession

1 HAVING SOMETHING [uncountable]formal if something is in your possession, you own it, or you have obtained it from somewherein somebody's possessionThe house has been in the family's possession since the 1500s.That information is not in our possession.in possession of somethingShe was found in possession of stolen goods.How did the painting come intoyour possession (=how did you get it)?The finance company now has possession of the house.We didn't take possession of (=get and start using) the car until a few days after the auction.2 SOMETHING YOU OWN [countable usually plural] something that you own or have with you at a particular time SYN belongingsHe had sold all his possessions and left the country.I packed my remaining possessions into the trunk.treasured/prized/precious possession (=one that is very important to you)This old violin had been her father's most treasured possession.Prisoners were allowed no personal possessions.3 CRIME [uncountable] law the crimeof having illegal drugs or weapons with you or in your homepossession ofHe was arrested and charged with possession of cocaine.

age

1 HOW OLD [countable, uncountable]the number of years someone has lived or something has existed → oldFrancis is the same age as me.Experts disagree over the age of the drawings.Dad retired at the age of 56.at age 5/18 etcIn Britain, schooling starts at age 5.4/15 etc years of age (=4,15 etc years old)She was just over 16 years of age.at my/your etc age (=when you are as old as me etc)At my age, it's quite difficult getting up the stairs.over/under the age of 5/18 etcpeople over the age of 65for his/her etc age (=compared with other people of the same age)She's tall for her age, isn't she?RegisterIn everyday English, people usually use the expression how old ...?rather than using the noun age:What age is your brother? → How old is your brother? | They asked me my age. → They asked me how old I was.2 LEGAL AGE [uncountable] the age when you are legally old enough to do somethingWhat's the minimum age for getting a driver's license?You're not allowed to buy alcohol. You're under age (=too young by law).The normal retirement age is 65.3 PERIOD OF LIFE [countable, uncountable] one of the particular periods of someone's lifeWhen you get to old age, everything seems to take longer.The early teens are often a difficult age.4 BEING OLD [uncountable] the state of being old → youthwith ageHigh blood pressure increases with age.Some of the furniture was showing signs of age.5 PERIOD OF HISTORY [countable usually singular] a particular period of history SYN eraWe are living in the age of technology.Molecular biology is pushing medicine into a new age.→ in this day and age at day(6)► see thesaurus at period6 → ages7 → come of age→ New Age1, New Age2COLLOCATIONS - Meanings 1,2 & 3ADJECTIVES/NOUN + AGEold age (=the time when you are old)the problems of old agemiddle age (=between about 40 and 60)He was in late middle age.a great/advanced age (=a very old age)My aunt died at a great age.Kirby is not alone in wanting to run his own business at an advanced age.a difficult/awkward age (=used mainly about the time when people are teenagers)13 - 16 is often a difficult age.retirement ageThe risk of experiencing poverty is much greater for those over retirement age.school ageChildren should start doing homework as they approach high school age.school-leaving age British EnglishThe government is proposing to raise the minimum school-leaving age.the legal ageIn the US, the legal age for drinking alcohol is 21.the minimum age16 years is the minimum age to drive a car.the voting ageplans to bring down the voting age from 18 to 16the marrying ageShe was 28 - long past the usual marrying age.PHRASESfrom an early/young ageShe'd been playing the piano from a very early age.at an early/young ageKids can start learning a second language at a young age.somebody (of) your own ageHe needs to find people his own age.of childbearing age (=at the age when a woman can have children)It is against the law to refuse to employ a woman of childbearing age because she may become pregnant.of working age55 percent of the people are of working age.the age of consent (=when you are legally allowed to marry or have sex)At 15, the girl was under the age of consent.AGE + NOUNan age group/bracket/rangeMen in the 50-65 age group are most at risk from heart disease.The school takes in children from the seven to eleven age range.an age limitThere's no upper age limit for drivers.age discriminationlaws against age discrimination in the workplaceVERBSget to/reach/live to a particular ageOne in three children here die before they reach the age of 5.The number of people living to to the age of 80 has doubled in the last fifty years.lower/raise the age (=at which something can be done)The voting age was lowered from 21 to 18.look/feel your age (=look or feel as old as you really are)The singer is 46, but she doesn't look her age at all.I keep getting aches in my legs and I'm starting to feel my age.act your age (=behave in the way that a person of your age should behave)It's time he started acting his age.ask/say your age (=ask or say how old you are)It's rude to ask a woman her age.COLLOCATIONS - Meaning 5: a particular period of historythe Ice Age (=one of the long periods of time, thousands of years ago, when ice covered many northern countries)the Stone Age (=the very early time in human history, when only stone was used for making tools, weapons etc)the Bronze Age (=the period of time, between about 6,000 and 4,000 years ago, when bronze was used for making tools, weapons etc)the Iron Age (=the period of time, about 3,000 years ago, when iron was first used for making tools, weapons etc)the Middle Ages (=the period in European history between about 1100 and 1500 AD)the Dark Ages (=the period in European history from 476 AD to about 1000 AD)the Elizabethan age (=the period 1558-1603 when Elizabeth I was queen of England)the Victorian age (=the period 1837-1901 when Victoria was queen of England)the industrial age (=the time during the late 18th and early 19th centuries when goods or substances such as coal and steel were first produced in large quantities using machines)the modern age (=from the 20th century until the present)the technical and scientific achievements that ushered in the modern agethe space age (=since vehicles were able to travel in space)the nuclear age (=since nuclear energy was used for weapons or energy)the computer age (=since computers became widely used)the modern computer agethe information age (=since the Internet has become widely used)Business has had to evolve in the information age.a golden age (=a time of great happiness or success)a television show from the golden age of British comedya new age (=a time when things are better than they were in the past)Supporters see the coming season as the dawning of a new age for the club.

fancy

1 LIKE/WANT British English informal to like or want something, or want to do something SYN feel likeFancy a quick drink, Emma?fancy doing somethingSorry, but I don't fancy going out tonight.

peace

1 NO WAR [singular, uncountable] a situation in which there is no war or fightingThe country is at peace with its neighbours for the first time in years.By the end of the century, France had made peace with Britain.a city where people of different religions have lived together in peacefor centuriesefforts to bring peace to the regiona dangerous situation which threatens world peacepeace betweena lasting peace between the two sidesAn uneasy peace continued until 1939.the Northern Ireland peace talksan international peace conferencethe peace treaty that ended the First World Warthe Middle East peace process

fire

1 SHOOT [intransitive, transitive] to shoot bullets or bombsfire at/on/intoSoldiers fired on the crowd.fire something at somebodyThe police fired two shots at the suspects before they surrendered.fire a gun/weapon/rifle etc (=make it shoot)the sound of a gun being firedfire bullets/missiles/rockets etcGuerrillas fired five rockets at the capital yesterday, killing 23 people.► see thesaurus at shoot2 JOB [transitive] to force someone to leave their job SYN sack British Englishbe/get firedShe didn't want to get fired.fire somebody from somethingI've just been fired from my job, and I don't know what to do.fire somebody for somethingThe airline fired him for being drunk.RegisterIn written English, people usually say that someone is dismissed rather than fired, which is slightly informal:He was dismissed for being drunk.3 EXCITE [transitive] to make someone feel interested in something and excited about it SYN inspirebe fired with enthusiasmI was fired with enthusiasm to go traveling in Asia.fire somebody's enthusiasm/imagination

steal

1 TAKE SOMETHING [intransitive, transitive] to take something that belongs to someone elseBoys broke into a shop and stole £45 in cash.steal fromHe stole money from his parents.steal something from somebody/somethingHe'd stolen the flowers from our garden.2 USE IDEAS [intransitive, transitive]to use someone else's ideas without getting permission or without admittingthat they are not your own ideas SYNpinchInventors know that someone is always going to try to steal their designs.steal something from somebodyA well-known scientist was accused of stealing ideas from his former student.

turn

1 YOUR BODY [intransitive, transitive]to move your body so that you are looking in a different direction → twistRicky turned and walked away.She turned her head in surprise.turn around/round/awayDan turned away, hiding the fear in his eyes.turn (your head/face) to do somethingHe turned around to look at Kim.'No, ' she said, turning her head to see David's reaction.Brigitte glared at him, turned on her heel (=turned away suddenly because of anger), and stomped out of the room.2 OBJECT [transitive usually + adverb/preposition] to move something so that it is pointing or aiming in a different directionturn something around/over/upside down etcYou may turn over your exam papers now.turn something on something/somebodyThe firemen turned their hoses on the blaze.turn something to face something/somebodyCould you turn your chairs to face this way?turn a/the page (=move a page in a book over so that you can read the next page)turn something down/upHe turned down the corner of the sheet to peep at the baby.3 DIRECTIONa) [intransitive, transitive] to go in a new direction when you are walking, driving etc, or to make the vehicle you are using do thisI watched until he turned the corner.turn left/rightTurn left at the church.turn into/onto/down etcShe cycled up the street and turned into Long Road.Turning the car around, we headed home.b) [intransitive] if a road, river etc turns, it curves and starts to go in a new directionFurther on, the river turns east.The road turns sharply at the top of the hill.4 MOVE AROUND CENTRAL POINT[intransitive, transitive] to move around a central or fixed point, or to make something move in this wayThe wheels turned slowly, then picked up speed.For some reason, the key wouldn't turn.turn the handle/knob/key/tap etcShe gently turned the handle of the bedroom door.5 CHANGE [linking verb, transitive] to start to have a different quality, or to make something do thisturn (something) red/blue/white etcRose's hair was already turning grey.In October the leaves turn orange and yellow.The sun had turned the sky a glowing pink.the weather turns cold/nasty etc(also it turns cold/nasty etc)Then it turned cold and started to rain.turn nasty/mean/violent etc(=suddenly become angry, violent etc)The police are worried that the situation could turn violent.► see thesaurus at becomeGRAMMAR: Linking verbsTurn is a linking verb in this meaning. It links the subject of the sentence with an adjective:His face turned pale.Their relationship turned sour.6 ATTENTION/THOUGHTS [intransitive, transitive] to start to think about, deal with, look at etc a particular person, thing, or subject, instead of what you were thinking about etc beforeturn your attention/thoughts/efforts etc to something/somebodyMany investors have turned their attention to opportunities abroad.Phil turned his gaze towards the older man.turn to/towards etc somethingAs usual, the conversation turned back to her children.Now is the time of year when thoughts turn in the direction of summer holidays.Next the Senator turned to education.7 → turn your back (on somebody/something)8 AGE/TIME [transitive] to become a particular age, or to reach a particular timesomebody turns 15/20/40 etcMy son's just turned 18.it's turned 2 o'clock/5/midday etcIt's just turned three.9 → turn something inside out10 → have turned the corner11 MAKE/LET GO OUT [transitive] to make or let someone or something go out from where they areturn somebody/something out/outside/into etc (something)Turn the dough out onto a lightly floured board.There are some criminals who cannot be turned loose onto the streets.12 TIDE [intransitive] if the tide turns, the sea starts to come in or go out again13 CHANGE DEVELOPMENT[intransitive, transitive] if something such as a war, situation, game of sport etc turns, or someone turns it, something happens to change the way it is developingMills turned the game by scoring twice.The victory turned the tide of the war in North Africa.14 → turn traitor15 → turn your ankle16 → an actor turned politician/a housewife turned author etc17 → turn somebody's head18 → turn (people's) heads19 → turn a profit20 → turn a phrase21 LAND [transitive] to break up soil so that it is ready for growing cropsa distant tractor turning the soil22 WOOD/METAL [transitive] to shape a wooden or metal object using a special tool23 MILK [intransitive] British Englishif milk turns, it becomes sour

choice

1 [countable, uncountable] if you have a choice, you can choose between several things → choosechoice betweenVoters have a choice between three main political parties.choice ofYou have a choice of hotel or self-catering accommodation.He has to make some important choices.They gave us no choice in the matter.2 [singular, uncountable] the range of people or things that you can choose fromIt was a small shop and there wasn't much choice.choice ofThere is a choice of four different colours.We offer a wide choice of wines and beers.spoilt for choice British EnglishConsumers these days are spoilt for choice (=have a lot of things to choose from).3 [countable] the person or thing that someone chooseschoice ofI don't really like her choice of jewellery.I think London was a good choiceas a venue.somebody's first/second choiceMy first choice of college was Stanford.4 → by choice5 → the something of your choice6 → the something of choice→ Hobson's choiceCOLLOCATIONSVERBShave a choiceStudents have a choice between German and Spanish.make a choice (=choose something)One of our course advisors can help you to make your choice.give somebody a choiceHer doctor gave her a choice: take medicine or lose weight.be faced with a choiceHe was faced with a difficult choice.have no choice (but to do something)The men had no choice but to obey.leave somebody with no choiceI was left with no choice but to resign.exercise your choice formal (=make a choice - used especially when talking about someone using their right to choose)Everyone should have the right to exercise choice in matters of relationships.ADJECTIVES/NOUN + CHOICEthe right/wrong choiceI think you've made the right choice.a difficult choiceIt was a very difficult choice for me.a stark choice (=a choice between two unpleasant things that you must make)We faced a stark choice: steal or starve.(a) free choiceStudents have an entirely free choice of what to study at university.an informed choice (=a choice based on knowledge of the facts about something)The patient should have enough information to make an informed choice.consumer choice (=the opportunity for people to choose between different products)I believe in free trade and consumer choice.parental choiceThe aim is to extend parental choice in education.PHRASESfreedom of choicePatients should have more freedom of choice.given the choice (=if you had a choice)Given the choice, I probably wouldn't work.have no choice in the matterThe village people had no choice in the matter.

punishment

1 [countable, uncountable] something that is done in order to punish someone, or the act of punishing them → punitivepunishment forThe punishment for treason is death.as a punishmentI was sent to bed as a punishment.2 [uncountable] informal roughphysical treatmenttough plants that can take any amount of punishment→ capital punishmentCOLLOCATIONSADJECTIVESharsh/severeThe court decided the original punishment was too severe.lightThe punishment seemed very light.just/fitting (=appropriate and right)Death would be a just punishment.physical punishmentChildren respond more to affection than to physical punishment.corporal punishment (=when someone punishes a child by hitting them)Corporal punishment is banned in state schools.capital punishment (=death as a punishment for a crime)The are trying to abolish capital punishment except in cases of terrorism.the maximum punishmentThe charge against him carries a maximum punishment of a year in jail.VERBSgive somebody a punishmentHe deserved the punishment he was given.The teacher may impose reasonable punishments.hand out punishments (=give people punishments)The courts are handing out harsher punishments to reckless drivers.impose/mete out a punishmentformal (=give someone a punishment)Life imprisonment should be the maximum punishment meted out by the state.receive a punishmentHe received the maximum punishment.escape/avoid punishmentThe thieves managed to escape punishment.carry a punishment (=used when saying what the punishment for something is)The offence carries a punishment of up to 10 years in prison.inflict a punishment (on somebody)(=punish someone, especially physically)The abbot could inflict corporal punishment for gross disobedience.PHRASESthe punishment should fit the crime(=it should be appropriate)The public believe that the punishment should fit the crime.

reward

1 [countable, uncountable] something that you get because you have done something good or helpful or have worked hard → prize, benefitThe school has a system of rewards and punishments to encourage good behaviour.reward for (doing) somethingParents often give their children rewards for passing exams.2 [countable, uncountable] money that is offered to people for helping the police to solve a crime or catch a criminalreward ofA reward of $20,000 has been offered.reward fora reward for information leading to the capture of the murderersCOLLOCATIONS - Meaning 1: something that you get because you have done something good or helpful or have worked hardADJECTIVESgreat/big/highThe rewards for those who invested at the right time are high.Some athletes took drugs because the rewards were great and they thought they could get away with it.little rewardThey have to work very hard for very little reward.financial/economic reward (alsomonetary reward formal)It's a difficult job, but the financial rewards are considerable.I'm not doing it for monetary reward.material rewards (=money or possessions that you get)They think money and material rewards are more important than quality of life.tangible rewards (=things that are obviously worth having)The prize motivates people by offering them the prospect of a tangible reward for their efforts.rich rewards (=great rewards)Top athletes can expect rich rewards if they win.personal rewardI admire people who help the poor for no personal reward.VERBSget/receive your rewardIf you work hard, you will get your reward.reap rewards (=get them)She is now reaping the rewards of all her hard work.bring rewards (=cause someone to get rewards)Winning the title brings huge financial rewards.deserve a rewardThe team have worked really hard and deserve some reward.COLLOCATIONS - Meaning 2: money that is offered to people for helping the police to solve a crime or catch a criminalVERBSoffer a reward (also put up a rewardinformal)The store has offered a £500 reward for information leading to a conviction.claim a rewardHe contacted the police, hoping to claim the reward money offered by the bank.ADJECTIVESa £10,000/$500 etc rewardThe $100,000 reward Levitz's family offered in the days after her disappearance still stands.a large/substantial rewardDespite a substantial reward being offered, the painting has never been found.REWARD + NOUNreward money'Anyone who gives me the information that leads to an arrest will get the reward money, ' he repeated.

impression

1 [countable, uncountable] the opinionor feeling you have about someone or something because of the way they seemWhen we looked around the school we got a very good impression.I got the impression that she wasn't very happy with her job.impression ofWhat was your impression of Roger?► see thesaurus at idea2 → be under the impression (that)3 [countable] if you do an impressionof a famous person, you copy their speech or behaviour in order to make people laugh SYN imitationJean does a great impression ofMadonna.4 [countable] a picture or drawing of what someone or something might look like, or what something will look like in the futureimpression ofan artist's impression of the new building5 [countable] a mark left by pressingsomething into a soft surfaceSome of the fallen trees had left a clear impression in the hardened mud.6 [countable] all the copies of a book printed at one time → editionCOLLOCATIONSVERBSmake an impressionThink about what sort of impression you want to make.give an impressionHer speech definitely gave the impression that she was enthusiastic about the project.create an impression (also convey an impression formal)Arriving late won't create a very good impression.get an impressionWhat sort of impression did you get of the city?leave an impression on somebody(=make someone remember a person, place, or thing)Janet certainly left an impression on him.ADJECTIVESa good/positive impressionHe was keen to make a good impression on his boss.a bad/negative impressionArriving late for an interview gives a very negative impression.somebody's first/initial/immediate impressionMy first impression was that Terry's version of the events was untrue.a clear/vivid impressionHe had the clear impression that most people were in favour of the idea.a vague impression (=not very clear)Dave only had a vague impression of the man who had attacked him.a strong/deep impression (=one that someone feels very strongly)She made a strong impression on me the first time I met her.a lasting impression (=one that someone remembers for a long time)Sam's performance had clearly made a lasting impression on the audience.the overwhelming/overriding impression (=an impression that is stronger than all others)The overwhelming impression after the meeting was one of optimism.an indelible impression formal(=lasting for ever)Alan's wartime experiences had left an indelible impression on him.a wrong/misleading impressionThe advertisement gave a misleading impression of the product.a false/mistaken impressionHe had the mistaken impression that Julia was married.Many people got the false impression she didn't care.the overall/general impressionThe general impression was of a very efficiently run company.the distinct impression (=used when something seems very clear to you)We were left with the impression that the contract was ours if we wanted it.somebody's personal impressionMy personal impression is that the new manager has greatly improved things.PHRASESfirst impressions count (=the impression you make when you first meet someone is important)When attending a job interview, remember that first impressions count.

forgery

1 [countable] a document, painting, or piece of paper money that has been copied illegally SYN fakeThe painting was a very clever forgery.2 [uncountable] the crime of copying official documents, money etc

charity

1 [countable] an organization that gives money, goods, or help to people who are poor, sick etc → charitableSeveral charities sent aid to the flood victims.charity event/walk/concert etc (=an event organized to collect money for a charity)

aspect

1 [countable] one part of a situation, idea, plan etc that has many partsaspect ofDealing with people is the most important aspect of my work.Alcoholism affects all aspects of family life.2 [countable] the direction in which a window, room, front of a building etc facesa south-facing aspect3 [singular, uncountable] literary the appearance of someone or somethingThe storm outside gave the room a sinister aspect.4 [countable, uncountable] technicalthe form of a verb in grammar that shows whether an action is continuing, or happens always, again and again, or once'He sings' differs from 'He is singing' in aspect.COLLOCATIONSADJECTIVESan important/significant aspectA person's nationality is an important aspect of their identity.a key aspect (=a very important aspect)There have been changes in five key aspects of education.a positive aspectDescribe some of the positive aspects of technological development.negative aspectWe have to consider tourism's negative aspects.a worrying/disturbing aspectThe worrying aspect is that it gets worse every year.the technical/practical/financial etc aspectsThe technical aspects of the movie were incredible.a striking aspectThis is one of the most striking aspects of life in Tokyo.VERBSdeal with an aspectInternational banks have departments to deal with this aspect of trade.look at/consider/examine an aspectManagers were asked to look at every aspect of their work.discuss an aspectPolice are reluctant to discuss any aspect of the investigation.concentrate/focus on an aspectAccountants often concentrate on one aspect of accounting.cover all aspects of somethingThe training course covers all aspects of business.NOUN + ASPECTthe safety/security aspectthe safety aspect of nuclear power generationthe health/business/money etc aspectthe health aspects of chemical accidentsI'm not very interested in the business aspect.

groan

1 [intransitive] to make a long deepsound because you are in pain, upset, or disappointed, or because something is very enjoyable SYN moanThe kids all groaned when I switched off the TV.groan withAs she kissed him, Gary groaned with pleasure.Richard's jokes make you groan rather than laugh.2 [intransitive, transitive] to complainabout something SYN moanI'm tired of him moaning and groaning all the time.'It's too hot!' he groaned.3 [transitive] to make a low deep sound SYN moanThe old tree groaned in the wind.4 [intransitive] if a table groans with food, there is a very large amount of food on it

disappointment

1 [uncountable] a feeling of unhappiness because something is not as good as you expected, or has not happened in the way you hopedHe could see the disappointment in her eyes.to somebody's (great) disappointmentTo Edward's disappointment, Gina never turned up at the party.disappointment at/with/over etcthe managers' disappointment with the resultsSeveral people expressed disappointment at the delay.disappointment thather disappointment that she hadn't been pickedShe hid her bitter disappointment.2 [countable] someone or something that is not as good as you hoped or expectedThe movie was kind of a disappointment.great/bitter disappointmentThe loss was a bitter disappointment.disappointment toShe felt she was a disappointment to her family.disappointment forThe team's performance has been a disappointment for the fans.COLLOCATIONSADJECTIVESgreat/huge/deep disappointmentThere was great disappointment when we lost the game.bitter disappointment (=feeling disappointed in a very unhappy and upset way)The fans felt bitter disappointment at England's failure to qualify for the finals.VERBSexpress disappointmentThe US expressed disappointment at the outcome of the talks.hide your disappointment (alsoconceal your disappointment formal)She turned away quickly to hide her disappointment.avoid disappointmentWe recommend you book early to avoid disappointment.be doomed to disappointment (=be sure to be disappointed)If you expect too much, you will be doomed to disappointment.share somebody's disappointmentWe all shared her disappointment in failing to get the job.PHRASESa sense/feeling of disappointmentFor days he couldn't get over his sense of deep disappointment.a look of disappointmentShe didn't attempt to hide the look of disappointment on her face.a twinge of disappointment (=a small feeling of disappointment)She felt a twinge of disappointment at not getting first prize.

crime

1 [uncountable] illegal activities in generalWe moved here because there was very little crime.Police officers are being given new powers to help combat crime.a police crackdown on car crimea town with a relatively low crime rateGrammarDon't use 'the crime' when talking about illegal activities in general. You say:Crime has increased dramatically.✗Don't say: The crime has increased dramatically.2 [countable] an illegal action, which can be punished by lawHe insisted that he had not committed any crime.men who have been found guilty of violent crimescrime againstCrimes against the elderly are becoming more common.Police are still busy hunting for clues at the scene of the crime(=where the crime happened).

appreciation

1 [uncountable] pleasure you feel when you realize something is good, useful, or well doneappreciation ofIt helps children to develop an appreciation of poetry and literature.2 [uncountable] a feeling of being grateful for something someone has doneshow/express your appreciationThe chairman asked me to express our appreciation of all your hard work.He was presented with a watch in appreciation of his long service.3 [countable, uncountable] an understanding of the importance or meaning of somethingappreciation ofa realistic appreciation of the situation4 [singular, uncountable] a rise in value, especially of land or possessions OPP depreciationan appreciation of 50% in property values

courtesy

1 [uncountable] polite behaviour and respect for other people SYNpoliteness OPP discourtesyIt's a matter of common courtesyto acknowledge letters.have the courtesy to do somethingHe didn't even have the courtesy to call and say he couldn't come.2 [countable] something you do or say to be politeThe two men exchanged courtesies before getting down to business.3 → (by) courtesy of somebody4 → (by) courtesy of something5 → do somebody the courtesy of doing something as an adj:1 provided free to a customer by a companycourtesy bus/taxi/car/phone etcThe hotel runs a courtesy bus from the airport.Most reviewers receive a courtesy copy of the book.2 → courtesy visit/call

point of view

1 a particular way of thinking about or judging a situationscientific/technical/business etc point of viewFrom an economic point of view, the new development will benefit the town greatly.2 someone's own personal opinion or attitude about somethingI respect your point of view, but I'm not sure I agree with you.from somebody's point of viewFrom my point of view, there is no way they can win.Grammar✗ Don't say: in my point of viewCOLLOCATIONSPHRASESfrom a practical point of viewSaving energy in your home is fairly easy from a practical point of view.from an economic/financial/business point of viewFrom a financial point of view, the concert was a disaster.from a scientific/technical point of viewThis book was the first to study language from a scientific point of view.from a legal point of viewIt's a fascinating case, from a legal point of view.from a political point of viewFrom the political point of view, it was important that the country showed it was adhering to the treaty.from a security point of viewThe system is seriously flawed from a security point of view.

member

1 a person or country that belongs to a group or organizationThe majority of union members voted in favour of a strike.member ofYou can also invite members of your family.He is a member of the local tennis club.RegisterIn everyday English, people usually say there are 3/4/5 etc people in their family rather than saying that their family has 3/4/5 etc members:My family has eight members. → There are eight people in my family.2 one of a particular group of animals or plantsmember ofThe plant is a member of the lily family.Wolves and domestic dogs are members of the same species.3 British English a Member of Parliamentmember forthe member for Truro4 formal a man's sex organ SYN penisCOLLOCATIONSVERBSbe a member of somethingLisa is a member of the hockey team.become a memberGermany became a member of N.A.T.O. in 1954.ADJECTIVES/NOUN + MEMBERa committee/staff/family etc memberClose friendships developed between crew members on the ship.a leading member (=an important member)a discussion between leading members of the professiona senior/junior member (=with a higher or lower rank)A senior member of the government has resigned.an active member (=one who takes part in many activities of an organization)She was an active member of the church.a founder member (=one who helped start an organization)He was a founder member of the African National Congress.a staff memberHe became a staff member of the Institute in 2002.a full member (=one who has all the possible rights of a member)At that time, women were not allowed to be full members of the club.an associate member (=one who has fewer rights than a full member)Turkey is an associate member of the European Union.a card-carrying member (also a paid-up member British English) (=an official member of an organization)She was a card-carrying member of the Communist Party.a life member (=one who has paid to be a member for their whole life)a life member of the Royal Academy of Artistsan honorary member (=one who has been given membership as an honour)He was made an honorary member of the Botanical Society.PHRASESa member of a committee/of staff etcAll members of staff attend regular training sessions.a member of the publicMembers of the public were invited to put forward suggestions.a member of society (=a citizen)We want our children to become productive members of society.MEMBER + NOUNa member state/country/nation (=a country that belongs to an international organization)the member states of the European Union

moody

1 annoyed or unhappyKeith had seemed moody all morning.2 often changing quickly from being in a good temper to being in a bad temper SYN temperamentala moody teenagerLewis was moody and brilliantly clever.3 moody places, films, pictures, and music make you feel slightly sad, lonely, or perhaps frightenedthe moody grey sea in the dawn light—moodily adverbShe was staring moodily into the fire

sympathetic

1 caring and feeling sorry about someone's problemsa sympathetic frienda sympathetic attitudesympathetic to/towardsI'm sympathetic to parents who are worried about what their children see on television.We hope always to provide a friendly sympathetic ear (=someone willing to listen to someone else's problems).

embarrasted

1 feeling uncomfortable or nervous and worrying about what people think of you, for example because you have made a silly mistake, or because you have to talk or sing in publicLori gets embarrassed if we ask her to sing.He looked embarrassed when I asked him where he'd been.very/deeply/highly/acutely embarrassedMichelle was acutely embarrassed(=very embarrassed) at having to ask for money.embarrassed smile/laugh/grin etcKen gave her an embarrassed grin.There was an embarrassed silence.embarrassed to do somethingHe was embarrassed to admit making a mistake.embarrassed about/atI felt embarrassed about how untidy the house was.2 → financially embarrassedCOLLOCATIONSADVERBSterribly/deeply embarrassed (=very embarrassed)I was deeply embarrassed to see my mother arrive in a very short skirt.acutely/highly embarrassed(=extremely embarrassed)The government must be acutely embarrassed by the minister's behaviour.slightly/a little embarrassedTom looked slightly embarrassed when his name was called out.somewhat embarrassed (=slightly embarrassed)His family seemed somewhat embarrassed to be there.clearly/obviously embarrassed (=in a way that is obvious to other people)He was clearly embarrassed about what had happened.VERBSfeel embarrassedI felt embarrassed that he had seen me cry.seem/look/sound embarrassedThe judge seemed embarrassed to be asking her such personal questions.get/become embarrassedSometimes I get embarrassed, and I start to stutter.NOUNSan embarrassed silenceThere was an embarrassed silence, then Gina laughed loudly.an embarrassed smile/laugh/grinLucy gave an embarrassed smile and looked down at her feet.

go without

1 go without (something) to not have something that you usually haveI like to give the children what they want even if I have to go without.It is possible to go without food for a few days.

check in

1 if you check in or are checked in at a hotel or airport, you go to the desk and report that you have arrivedCheck in two hours before the flight.atHe checked in at the Europa Hotel.check somebody ↔ inAirline employees were checking in passengers.→ check-in2 check something ↔ in to leave your bags at an official place so they can be put on a plane or a train, or to take someone's bags in order to do thisI said goodbye and went to check in my suitcases.

untidy

1 not neat SYN messyan untidy deskuntidy hairHer clothes were in an untidy heap on the floor.RegisterIn American English and in everyday British English, people usually say messy rather than untidy:His room is always so messy.

maintanence

1 the repairs, painting etc that are necessary to keep something in good conditionthe cost of repairs and maintenancemaintenance ofThe caretaker is responsible for the maintenance of the school buildings.The theatres were closed on Saturday and Sunday for routine maintenance.Engineers are carrying out essential maintenance work on the main line to Cambridge.an evening class in car maintenancemaintenance crew/man/staff(=someone who looks after buildings and equipment for a school or organization)2 the act of making a state or situation continuemaintenance ofThe purpose of the UN is the maintenance of international peace and security.The maintenance of a firm currency plays an important part in the battle against inflation.

drop off

1 to begin to sleepShe kept dropping off at her desk.I must have dropped off to sleep.2 drop somebody/something ↔ off to take someone or something to a place by car and leave them there on your way to another placeI'll drop you off on my way home • Eventually we dropped off to sleep.• Gillian sat in the back and soon dropped off to sleep

entitle

1 to give someone the official right to do or have somethingbe entitled to (do) somethingFull-time employees are entitled to receive health insurance.entitle somebody to somethingMembership entitles you to the monthly journal.GrammarEntitle is often passive in this meaning.

satisfy

1 to make someone feel pleased by doing what they wantNothing I did would ever satisfy my father.2 if you satisfy someone's needs, demands etc, you provide what they need or wantsatisfy somebody's needs/demands/desiresThe program is designed to satisfy the needs of adult learners.satisfy somebody's hunger/appetite(=give someone enough food to stop them from feeling hungry)A salad won't be enough to satisfy my appetite.Just to satisfy my curiosity (=find out something), how much did it cost? COLLOCATIONS - Meaning 2: if you satisfy someone's needs, demands etc, you provide what they need or wantNOUNSsatisfy a needEducation must satisfy the needs of its pupils.satisfy a demandThe company was unable to satisfy demand for the product.satisfy somebody's appetite/hungerThey don't get enough food to satisfy their appetite.satisfy a desireIt is difficult to satisfy a desire for power.satisfy an urgeHer urge to travel had never been satisfied.satisfy somebody's curiosity (=let someone know something they want to know)I had to read the letter, just to satisfy my curiosity.satisfy somebody's wants (=provide the things that someone wants)We work hard to satisfy customers' wants.satisfy somebody's aspirations(=provide the things that someone hopes to get)The new government failed to satisfy the aspirations of the people.satisfy somebody's cravings (=satisfy a strong desire)I needed to satisfy my cravings for chocolate.

show off

1 to try to make people admire your abilities, achievements, or possessions- used to show disapproval → show-offHe couldn't resist showing off on the tennis court.2 show something ↔ off to show something to a lot of people because you are very proud of ita picture of the restaurant's owners showing off their award3 show something ↔ off if one thing shows off something else, it makes the other thing look especially attractive SYN complementThe white dress showed off her dark skin beautifully. • She raised her wrist, showing off a sparkling diamond bracelet.• Billy, please stop showing off and sit down quietly!• He doesn't usually drive as fast as this. He's just showing off because you're here.• At last, this was a chance to show offher talents before a real audience.• I think he was trying to show off in front of the girls.• He wanted to show his daughter off to everybody.• We used to wear as much make-up as we dared, in order to show off to our friends.

raging

1 very great and hard to controla raging appetiteI was in a raging temper.2 continuing strongly and showing no signs of endinga raging debateraging inflationThe show was a raging success.3 a raging headache etc is very painfulRichard developed a raging headache and had to lie down.a raging fever (=a very high body temperature)

valuable

1 worth a lot of money OPP worthlessa valuable paintingTheir most valuable belongings were locked in a safe in the bedroom.2 valuable help, advice, information etc is very useful because it helps you to do somethingMuriel has made a valuable contribution to our company's success.a job that gave him valuable experience3 important because there is only a limited amount available SYN preciousI won't waste any more of your valuable time.

beast

1 written an animal, especially a large or dangerous one► see thesaurus at animal2 old-fashioned someone who is cruelor unpleasantYou beast! Let go!3 something of a particular type or that has a particular quality - usually used humorously SYN animalA city at night is a very different beast.4 → the beast in somebody

drop off

2 drop somebody/something ↔ off to take someone or something to a place by car and leave them there on your way to another placeI'll drop you off on my way home

change your mind

At first I thought she was unfriendly, but I've changed my mind.

political

Education is now a major political issue.a time of political and social changepolitical party/system/institutionsThe U.S. has two main political parties.The UN is seeking a political solution rather than a military one.political jokesthe workers' struggle for political power

bury

Electric cables are buried beneath the streets.He was buried in the churchyard of St Mary's.

effort

Please make an effort to be polite.somebody's effort(s) to do somethingTom's efforts to stop smoking haven't been very successful.Church leaders are prepared to meet the terrorists in an effort to (=in order to try to) find peace.effort atFurther efforts at negotiation have broken down.through somebody's efforts(=because of their efforts)The money was raised largely through the efforts of parents.despite somebody's effortsDespite all our efforts we lost the game 1-0.

prove

SHOW SOMETHING IS TRUE[transitive] to show that something is true by providing facts, information etc→ proofYou're wrong, and I can prove it.prove (that)Tests have proved that the system works.prove something to somebodyI knew he had done it, but there was no way I could prove it to Eddie.prove somebody's guilt/innocenceHe claims the police destroyed records that could prove the officer's guilt.prove somebody wrong/innocent etcThey say I'm too old, but I'm going to prove them all wrong.To prove his point (=show that he was right), he mentioned several other experiments which had produced similar results.GrammarYou prove something to someone:I will prove to you that I'm right.✗Don't say: I will prove you that I'm right.

attack

She was attacked while walking home late at night.His shop was attacked by a gang of youths.Snakes will only attack if you disturb them.

pickpocketing

There are a lot of pickpockets in crowded tourist areas, so look after your belongings.

affairs

[plural]a) public or political events and activities Are you interested in world affairs?the Ministry of Foreign AffairsWomen had little role in public affairs.b) things connected with your personal life, your financial situation etcI am not prepared to discuss my financial affairs with the press.

attach

[transitive] to fasten or connect one object to another SYN fixattach something to somethingAttach a recent photograph to your application form.a small battery attached to a little loudspeakerthe attached form/cheque/leaflet etcPlease fill in and return the attached reply slip.

career

a successful careerDavid had had a successful career in banking.a distinguished/brilliant career (=very successful)She retired last year after a distinguished career as a barrister.a political/medical/military etc careerThe scandal ruined his political career.a teaching/acting/sporting careerHer acting career lasted for more than 50 years.a professional careerYou have to be outstanding to have a professional career in music.somebody's chosen careerHis parents encouraged him in his chosen career as a scientist.VERBShave a careerAll my sons had careers in education.make a careerIt isn't easy to make a career in journalism.pursue a career (=try to make a successful career)She left teaching to pursue a career as a psychologist.begin/start out on/start a careerJacobson started his banking career in 1990.launch/embark on a career (=start one)Rita went to New York where she launched her dancing career.build a career (=make it develop)She built her literary career by writing about crime.change careerPeople may change careers as many as seven times in their lives.revive/resurrect your career (=make it successful again)The singer is seeking to revive his pop career.somebody's career takes off (=starts to be successful)His career took off and he started making a lot of money.CAREER + NOUNcareer development/advancement/progressionA good job offers a programme of training and career development.career opportunitiesStudents often know little about the career opportunities available to them.career prospects (=opportunities to get a good job or a better position)Good computer skills will improve your career prospects.a career path (=a way of making a career)There's no fixed career path for becoming an actor.a career structure (=a system for making progress in a career)Teaching offers a clear career structure.the career ladder (=the way to higher positions in a career)Having children can disturb your progress up the career ladder.a career change/moveAfter ten years in the job, I realized that I needed to make a career change.a career woman (=one whose job is very important to her)Career women tend to marry later.careers advice/guidanceMost universities offer professional careers advice.a careers officer (=someone who gives careers advice)If you're not sure what to do, why don't you talk to a careers officer?PHRASESa career in journalism/politics/teaching etcAt the age of 15, he knew he wanted a career in politics.

cab

a taxiNew York's yellow cabstake/get a cabI took a cab to the airport.call (somebody) a cab (=telephone for a taxi)

burglar

a thief who enters a building with intent to steal

depressed

a) very unhappyShe felt lonely and depressed.depressed aboutDon't get depressed about it.The divorce left him deeply depressed.I was depressed at the thought of all the hard work ahead.b) suffering from a medical conditionin which you are so unhappy that you cannot live a normal lifepatients who are clinically depressed feel depressedThe boy said he was unhappy at school and felt depressed.get/become depressedIf you get depressed, talk to someone about it.look/sound depressedIs Jo all right? She sounded a bit depressed.ADVERBSseverely/seriously depressed (=very depressed)He became severely depressed after losing his job.deeply depressed (=very depressed)I could see that she was deeply depressed.slightly/mildly depressedHe was exhausted and mildly depressed.a bit depressed British Englishspoken:I felt a bit depressed because I was so short of money.clinically depressed technical(=depressed in a way that doctors recognize as an illness)His medical records show that he was suicidal and clinically depressed.

sheer

absolute sheer luck/happiness/stupidity etcluck, happiness etc with no other feeling or quality mixed with it SYN pureI'll never forget the look of sheer joy on her face.sheer hypocrisy

accomplishment

achievement

afterwards

after an event or time that has already been mentionedCharles arrived shortly afterwards.days/weeks etc afterwardsThe experience haunted me for years afterwards.She died not long afterwards.Afterwards, I was asked to write a book.

right left and centre

all the time or everywhere: He spends money right, left, and centre.

on your own

alone: i have been living on my own for 4 years old i didnt want to be left on my own. without anyones help: i cant manage on my own

square metre/mile etc

an area of measurement equal to a square with sides a metre long, a milelong etcabout four square metres of ground

mystery

an event, situation etc that people do not understand or cannot explain because they do not know enough about itTwenty years after the event, his death remains a mystery.The way her mind worked wasalways a mystery to him.'Why did he do it?' 'I don't know. It's a complete mystery.'The police never solved the mystery of Gray's disappearance.But why would anyone want to kill Jack? The mystery deepened.What happened to the paintings after that is an unsolved mystery.I don't know how he got the job - it's one of life's little mysteries.How life began on Earth is one of the great mysteries of science.

arrest

arrest somebody for something arrest somebody in connection with something The police arrest someone The police arrest someone for a crime He was arrested for robbery. The police arrest someone for doingsomething:They arrested him for possessing an illegal weapon. arrest somebody on charges/suspicion of (doing) somethingHe was arrested on suspicion of supplying drugs.

litter

as a noun:WASTE [uncountable] waste paper, cans etc that people have thrown away and left on the ground in a public place SYN rubbish, trash, garbagePeople who drop litter can be fined in some cities.a town with a litter problemGRAMMAR: Countable or uncountable?• Litter is an uncountable noun and is not used in the plural. You say:The ground is covered in litter.✗Don't say: The ground is covered in litters.• Litter is always followed by a singular verb:Litter was left all over the field.• When talking about one piece of paper, can etc, you say a piece of litter:I didn't see a single piece of litter. as a verb:to leave waste paper, cans etc on the ground in a public place

Criminal

as a noun:someone who is involved in illegalactivities or has been proved guilty of a crime → offenderPolice have described the man as a violent and dangerous criminal.a convicted criminal (=someone who has been found guilty of a crime)The new law will ensure that habitual criminals (=criminals who commit crimes repeatedly) receive tougher punishments than first-time offenders.Teenagers should not be sent to prison to mix with hardened criminals(=criminals who have committed and will continue to commit a lot of crimes). also as a adj: relating to crime

reason

as a verb: 1 [transitive] to form a particular judgment about a situation after carefully considering the factsreason (that)They reasoned that other businesses would soon copy the idea.2 [intransitive] to think and make judgmentsthe ability to reason استدلال کردن As children develop affectively, parallelchanges can be observed in their moral reasoning.

thoroughly

completelyShe sat feeling thoroughly miserable.thoroughly cooked meat

disappointed

disappointed (that)I was disappointed that we played so well yet still lost.disappointed at/with/about somethingLocal residents were disappointed with the decision.disappointed by somethingPeople are disappointed by the lack of political change.disappointed in somebodyI'm very disappointed in you.disappointed to hear/see/find etcVisitors were disappointed to find the museum closed.bitterly/deeply/terribly disappointedThe girl's parents were bitterly disappointed at the jury's verdict.

beneficial

having a good effect OPP detrimental a drug that has a beneficial effect on the immune system beneficial to/forCycling is highly beneficial to health and the environment.an arrangement that is mutually beneficial (=it has advantages for everyone who is involved)

concern

if a story, book, report etc concerns someone or something, it is about themThis study concerns couples' expectations of marriage.The report concerns the drug traffic on the Mexican-US border.RegisterIn everyday English, people usually say something is about something or, in British English, is/has to do with something, rather than say it concerns something:The book is about women's experiences of war.2 to make someone feel worried or upsetIssues like food additives do concern me.

beneath

in or to a lower position than something, or directly under something SYN underneathThe dolphins disappeared beneath the waves.Jo enjoyed feeling the warm sand beneath her feet.He was standing on the bridge looking at the river beneath.

build up

increase 1 INCREASE GRADUALLY if something builds up somewhere, or if you build it up, it gradually becomes bigger or greaterthe rate at which the pension builds upbuild something ↔ upThe museum has built up a fine art collection.→ build-up2 DEVELOP build something ↔ up to make something develop or formbuild something ↔ up intoHe's built up the family firm into a multinational company.3 FEELING if a feeling builds up, or if you build it up, it increases gradually over a period of timeIf you don't express your feelings, frustration and anger can build up.build up somethingYou have to build up trust.4 MAKE HEALTHY build somebody/something ↔ up to make someone well and strong again, especially after an illnessTaking exercise will build up your strength.5 PRAISE build somebody/something ↔ up to praise someone or something so that other people think they are really good, or so that they have more confidenceThe coach has been building his men up before the match.6 build up somebody's hopes (alsobuild somebody's hopes up) to unfairly encourage someone to think that they will get what they hope forDon't build your hopes up too much.

do ones bit

make a useful contribution to an effort or cause. "I was persuaded to do my bit for the environment"

moan

moan1 /məʊn $ moʊn/ ●●○ verb1 [intransitive, transitive] informal to complain in an annoying way, especially in an unhappy voice and without good reason'I feel seasick already, ' she moaned.moan aboutA lot of people moaned about the parking problems.moan at British EnglishMy mum never stops moaning at me.moan thatHe's always moaning that we use too much electricity.He moaned and groaned all the way there.► see thesaurus at complain2 [intransitive] to make a long lowsound expressing pain, unhappiness, or sexual pleasure SYN groanShe moaned and cried out in pain

effect

noun1 CHANGE/RESULT [countable, uncountable] a change that is caused by an event, action etceffect onMy parents' divorce had a big effect on me.effect ofthe harmful effects of modern farming practicesthe long-term effects of the drugI could feel the effects of the thin mountain air.This ingredient also has the effect of making your skin look younger.A system failure has a knock-on effect throughout the whole hotel.the cumulative effect of human activities on the global environmentA much lower dose of the painkiller can still produce the desired effect.In mental illness, there is a complex relationship between cause and effect.→ greenhouse effect, side effect ► Do not confuse with the verb affect (=to have an effect on something).

kind of

rather i am kind of glad

drowsy

sleepy 1 tired and almost asleep SYN sleepyThe drug can make you drowsy.Cold medicines can make you feel drowsy.• You shouldn't drive after taking these pills - they can make you drowsy.

desk clerk

someone who works at the main desk in a hotel

every now and then

sometimes sometimes, but not often or regularlyI still see her every now and then.

scene

the place where an accident, crime etc happenedThe police soon arrived at the scene of the crime.at the sceneInvestigators are now at the scene, searching for clues.on the sceneJournalists were on the scene within minutes.

thief vs robber vs burglar

thief someone who steals things from a person or placeThe thief grabbed her handbag and ran off down the street.Car thieves are operating in this area.burglar someone who goes into houses, offices etc to steal thingsBurglars broke into the house and took a computer worth £1,000.Police believe the burglar got in through the kitchen window.robber someone who steals from banks, offices, houses etc, especially using threats or violencea gang of bank robbersan armed robber (=a robber with a gun)

acheive

to accomplish,She eventually achieved her goal of becoming a professor.Wilson has achieved considerable success as an artist.Frances achieved very good exam results.

sulk

to be silently angry and refuse to be friendly or discuss what is annoying or upsetting you - used to show disapprovalNicola sulked all morning.

hide

to deliberately put or keep something or someone in a place where they cannot easily be seen or foundhide something in/under/behind etcMarcia hid the pictures in her desk drawer.She keeps a bottle of gin hiddenbehind a stack of books.hide something/somebody from somebodyHe was accused of trying to hide evidence from the police.

thump

to hit someone very hard with your hand closedIf you don't shut up, I'm going to thump you!She thumped the table with her fist.

convince

to persuade someone to do something SYN persuadeconvince somebody to do somethingI've been trying to convince Jean to come with me.

to pull faces (at. sb)

to put a silly or rude expression on your face, or an expression that shows you dislike someone or something Mike pulled a face at the food and took his plateover to Helen's table.

wave

to raise your arm and move your hand from side to side in order to make someone noticeyouwave to/atShe turned to wave to the approaching soldiers.Enid waved at us and we waved back.wave (somebody) goodbye (=say goodbye to someone by waving to them)The nurses came out to wave Grandad goodbye.

splash out

to spend a lot of money on somethingonWe splashed out on a new kitchen.Last year Roberts splashed out more than £1 million to buy a new home.

No way!

used to emphasize that you will not agree or be able to do something'Are you going to offer to work over the weekend?' 'No way!'No way will we be finished by five o'clock.There's no way I'm going to pay £500 just for a weekend in Paris. There's no way I'll ever get married again.

let us say

used to introduce a suggestion orpossible example of something:

I am not made of money

used when someone has askedyou to pay for something in order to say that you cannot afford it and that you think they are being unreasonableI can't buy you shoes as well - I'm not made of money!

raging

very great and hard to controla raging appetiteI was in a raging temper.2 continuing strongly and showing no signs of endinga raging debateraging inflationThe show was a raging success.3 a raging headache etc is very painfulRichard developed a raging headache and had to lie down.a raging fever (=a very high body temperature)4 continuing or moving with great natural forcea raging storma raging seaThe fire had become a raging blaze.

delighted

very pleased and happydelighted to do somethingSandy will be delighted to see you.delighted (that)I'm delighted that we have settled the matter.delighted with/by/atShe was delighted with her new home.I am delighted by the result.Her screams of delighted laughter filled the air.► see thesaurus at happy—delightedly adverbGrammarDelighted is not used with 'very'. You say:I'm absolutely delighted.✗Don't say: I'm very delighted.

jaywalking

when someone walks across a road at a place where it is dangerous to cross—jaywalker noun [countable]—jaywalk verb [intransitive]

beat

when your heart beats, it moves in a regular rhythmas it pumps your bloodThe average person's heart beats 70 times a minute.Jennifer's heart was beating fast

in vain

without success Police searched in vain for the missing gunman.