International Relations
Liberalization
(from test 2: 14. The process of eliminating tariffs is known liberalization)
Beijing Consensus
- a term that represents an alternative economic development model to the Washington Consensus of market-friendly policies promoted by the IMF, World Bank and U.S. Treasury, often for guiding reform in developing countries. While there is no precise definition of the Beijing Consensus, although many have laid out plans, the term has evolved into one describing alternative plans for economic development in the underdeveloped world, so-named as China is seen as a potential model for such actions.
Sunshine Policy
- the foreign policy of South Korea towards North Korea from 1998 until Lee Myung-bak's election to presidency in 2008. Since its articulation in by South Korean President Kim Dae Jung, the policy resulted in greater political contact between the two States and some historic moments in Inter-Korean relations; the two Korean summit meetings in Pyongyang (June 2000 and October 2007) which broke ground, several high-profile business ventures, and brief meetings of family member separated by the Korean War. In 2000, Kim Dae Jung was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize as a result of the Sunshine Policy.
Yoshida Line/Doctrine
A set of guidelines for Japan IR 1. Focus on rapid economic growth 2. Disengagement from collective security arrangement 3. Ally w/ U.S. in context of U.S-Japan security treaty
Culture
A set of values, beliefs and traditions in a civilization.
Theory
An abstract assumption/ statement about a relationship between two or more facts or phenomena. Theories are generalizable, and they must be proved.
Harmonization
In international trade, harmonization involves the establishment of uniformity across countries for any rule, regulation or law that affects the production or provision of some traded good or service.
Constructivism
More on academic perspective than real world perspective Like liberalism: attention to beliefs/ideas/interests Like liberalism: somewhat optimistic about world interested in more than just state interested in explaining complexities of world attention to welfare assumption that political actors "learn" theory or perspective of international relations emphasizing the impact of culture and history on the behavior of individual states in the international arena Friedberg is a constructivist
Agree Framework
The Agreed Framework between the United States of America and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was signed on October 21, 1994 between North Korea and the United States. The objective of the agreement was the freezing and replacement of North Korea's indigenous nuclear power plant program with more nuclear proliferation resistant light water reactor power plants, and the step-by-step normalization of relations between the U.S. and the DPRK. Implementation of the agreement was troubled from the start, but its key elements were being implemented until it effectively broke down in 2003.Although the agreement had largely broken down, North Korea did not restart work on the two production size nuclear power plants that were frozen under the agreement. These plants could potentially have produced enough weapons-grade plutonium to produce several nuclear weapons per year. The Agreed Framework was successful in freezing North Korean plutonium production in Yongbyon plutonium complex for eight years From 1994 to December 2002.
Realism
The IR system is in a state of anarchy and states are the main actors. A theory of perspective of international relations that sees anarchy as the prevailing condition on the world stage Relative gains > absolute gains Balance of power politics and states pursuing national interests lays precedent leaders are less motivated by moral considerations How? Balance of power, ally with other states, beef up military, band-wagoning Asia: stability comes from U.S. presence. Vacuum of power in Post-Cold War Asia presents a fear of a rising power to fill the gap Falls short in explaining stability in today's international system
38th Parallel
The Korean Demilitarized Zone is a strip of land running across the Korean Peninsula that serves as a buffer zone between North and South Korea which runs along the 38th parallel north. The DMZ cuts the Korean Peninsula roughly in half, crossing the 38th parallel on an angle, with the west end of the DMZ lying south of the parallel and the east end lying north of it.
The Cheonan
The ROKS Cheonan sinking occurred on 26 March 2010, when the Cheonan, a Republic of Korea Navy ship carrying 104 personnel, sank off the country's west coast near Baengnyeong Island in the Yellow Sea, killing 46 seamen. A South Korean-led official investigation carried out by a team of international experts from South Korea, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and Sweden presented a summary of its investigation on 20 May 2010, concluding that the warship had been sunk by a North Korean torpedo fired by a midget submarine. North Korea denied that it was responsible for the sinking, but it was still widely condemned for the attack among the international community. The People's Republic of China was one of few countries to dispute the claims and findings of the report. An investigation by the Russian Navy allegedly also did not concur with the report, but this was not confirmed. The United Nations Security Council made a Presidential Statement condemning the attack but without identifying the attacker.
Six Party Talks
The six-party talks aim to find a peaceful resolution to the security concerns as a result of the North Korean nuclear weapons program. There has been a series of meetings with six participating states: • The Republic of Korea (South Korea); • The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea); • The People's Republic of China; • The United States of America; • The Russian Federation; • and Japan. These talks were a result of North Korea withdrawing from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 2003. DPRK declared on April 14, 2009 that it would pull out of Six Party Talks and that it would resume its nuclear enrichment program in order to boost its nuclear deterrent. North Korea has also expelled all nuclear inspectors from the country.
Institutions
The term institution refers to the rules, norms, and compliance procedures that structure relations among actors in an economy. In IR, they lend predictability (in part by facilitating the flow of information) and thus stability to relations among states. Formal institutions are binding rules that are frequently codified; these include constitutions, international treaties, corporate charters, etc. Informal institutions are not binding and are frequently informed by culture; these include decision making styles like the consensus norm.
Yeonpyeong Island
Yeonpyeong lies near the Northern Limit Line and is only 12 km (7.5 mi) from the North Korean coastline. The 1953 Armistice Agreement which ended the Korean War specified that the five islands including Yeonpyeong would remain under South Korean control. North Korea subsequently respected the UN-acknowledged western maritime border for many years until around the mid-1990s. However, since the 1990s North Korea has disputed the western maritime border, called the Northern Limit Line (NLL). The North Korean government claims a border farther south that encompasses valuable fishing grounds (though it skirts around South Korean-held islands such as Yeonpyeong). North Korea's claim is not accepted internationally On November 23, 2010, North Korean artillery shelled Yeonpyeong with dozens of rounds at Yeonpyeong-ri and the surrounding area. This shelling followed a Southern military exercise in the area. The South returned fire with 155mm K-9 self-propelled howitzers. The shelling damaged dozens of houses as well as Southern military infrastructure and set buildings on fire. Two South Korean Marines and two civilians were killed in the shelling, with eighteen others wounded.
Juch'e
a political thesis of Kim Il-sung which says that the Korean masses are the masters of the country's development. According to Kim Il-sung, the Juche Idea is based on the belief that "man is the master of everything and decides everything".From the 1950s to the 1970s, Kim and other party theorists such as Hwang Jang-yop elaborated the Juche Idea into a set of principles that the government uses to justify its policy decisions. Among these are a strong military posture and reliance on Korean national resources. The name comes from juche, the Korean translation for the philosophical and Marxist term "subject", also meaning "main body" or "mainstream", and is sometimes translated in North Korean sources as "independent stand" or "spirit of self-reliance". It has also been interpreted as "always putting Korean things first".
KORUS
a trade agreement between the United States and the Republic of Korea. Although the treaty was signed on June 30, 2007, ratification of the agreement stalled when President George W. Bush's fast-track trade authority expired and a Democrat-controlled U.S. Congress expressed objections to the treaty related to concerns over bilateral trade in automobiles and U.S. beef exports. Nearly three years later, on June 26, 2010, President Barack Obama and President Lee Myung-bak expressed renewed commitment to the treaty, stating that they would direct their governments to resolve remaining obstacles to the agreement by November 2010. After discussions at the November 2010 G-20 Seoul summit and further intensive negotiations in early December 2010 in Maryland, Presidents Obama and Lee announced on December 4, 2010, that a deal had been reached; they subsequently signed an updated version of the agreement. On March 15, 2012, the agreement entered into effect.
Washington Consensus
describe a set of ten relatively specific economic policy prescriptions that he considered constituted the "standard" reform package promoted for crisis-wracked developing countries by Washington, D.C.-based institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, and the US Treasury Department. The prescriptions encompassed policies in such areas as macroeconomic stabilization, economic opening with respect to both trade and investment, and the expansion of market forces within the domestic economy.
Kim Il Sung
was the leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, commonly referred to as North Korea, from its establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994. He held the posts of Prime Minister from 1948 to 1972 and President from 1972 to his death. He was also the leader of the Workers' Party of Korea from 1949 to 1994 (titled as chairman from 1949 to 1966 and as general secretary after 1966). He invaded South Korea in 1950, and almost succeeded in overrunning the entire peninsula but for UN and American intervention. His tenure as leader of North Korea has often been described as autocratic, and he established an all-pervasive cult of personality. From the mid-1960s, he promoted his self-developed Juche variant of socialist national organisation,which later replaced Marxism-Leninism as the ideology of the state in 1972.
Post Cold War
• The state of the world after the Cold war • downfall of communism, collapse of Soviet bloc, disintegration of USSR • End of ideological confrontation between US and USSR and end of balance of power of politics • Decline in effectiveness of nuclear deterrence • radical change in relationship between military and economic security • change in military and economic institutions
U.S. Japan Security Treaty
• A bilateral treaty - America commits to the defense of Japan in exchange for bases on Japanese soil. Japan under no obligation to defend U.S. • Importance of economics - U.S. opens its markets to Japanese products.
Nationalism
• A theory or perspective of international relations based on patriotism • Nationalism is becoming a big issue in East Asia, especially in China. Because of the rise of nationalism, we see a rise of austerity towards other nations. China's policies over Taiwan is a good example of this rise. • The yasukuni shrine involved nationalism issues.
Torn Country
• A torn country is a country that is divided between different ideologies • Turkey is a good example. Divided between East and West (wants to join the EU, but culturally/politically very different). Other examples: Mexico, Russia • A country divided between two or more civilizations
ARF
• ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) is a formal, official, multilateral dialogue in Asia Pacific region. As of July 2007, it is consisted of 27 participants. ARF objectives are to foster dialogue and consultation, and promote confidence-building and preventive diplomacy in the region. The Republic of China (also known as Taiwan) has been excluded since the establishment of the ARF, and issues regarding the Taiwan Strait are neither discussed at the ARF meetings nor stated in the ARF Chairman's Statements.
APEC
• Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation • a forum for 21 Pacific Rim countries that seeks to promote free trade and economic cooperation throughout the Asia-Pacific region. It was established in 1989 in response to the growing interdependence of Asia-Pacific economies and the advent of regional trade blocs in other parts of the world; to fears that highly industrialized Japan (a member of G8) would come to dominate economic activity in the Asia-Pacific region; and to establish new markets for agricultural products and raw materials beyond Europe (where demand had been declining). APEC works to raise living standards and education levels through sustainable economic growth and to foster a sense of community and an appreciation of shared interests among Asia-Pacific countries.
ASEAN
• Association of Southeast Asian Nations • a geo-political and economic organization of ten countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on 8 August 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.Since then, membership has expanded to include Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Its aims include accelerating economic growth, social progress, cultural development among its members, protection of regional peace and stability, and opportunities for member countries to discuss differences peacefully.
Cold War
• Bipolarity late 1940s-1991 • most countries in region sided with USSR or USA (some exceptions) • Strategic importance of regional conflicts determined by how they affected superpower → Balance of power • Supremacy of military over economic security • Period of political and military tensions from after WWII (1945) until mid until 1991 • The main actors of those tensions were the US on one side and the USSR on the other. (East v. West) • In East Asia: Superpower rivalry = framework for future regional conflict ◦ Chinese Revolution → Communist revolution in 1949. China becomes and remains the PRC. The US viewed this as a threat, as an ideological conflict, and an economic conflict (capitalism v. communism). A war of Nationalism against Imperialism. ◦ Korean war → Both an ideological war (capitalists v. communists) and nationalistic war (North v. South) ◦ Vietnam war → similar to Korean war
Taiwan Strait Crisis
• Causes- Lee's visit to Cornell University, heightened talk in Taiwan about interdependence, pending direct election of taiwanese president. • China's reaction- position more missiles across from Taiwan/increase military exercises in the area. the US responses- sent 2 aircraft carriers into the strait entrance. • repercussions- Lee's popularity supported, US arms sales to ROC increase. • Us-Japan strengthens, china step up military expenditures. Lee articulates "two states theory"in 1999. meant to capture "reality: of the status quo, china is mad (chris)
Reverse Course (1947-1948)
• Cold war context • A shift in American policy toward the occupation • Not a wholesale reversal of earlier reforms • Objectives: 1. Shape up conservative leadership 2. Encourage rapid economic industrial growth 3. Make Japan military ally of U.S. • Achievements of Reverse Course: peace treaty between Japan and the US (San Francisco Peace Treaty of 1951 signed) + US-Japan Security Treaty
Occupation of Japan
• From 1945 to 1952, the United States occupied Japan. • Destroyed Japan's potential for war-machinery through democratization • 1945 - 1947: Demilitarization and democratization phase: ◦ Military disbanded and dissolved ◦ 1946: democratic constitution drafted. ARTICLE IX "no war clause" (Japan will never go to war ever again) → democratization on ALL facets • 1947 - 1948: "Reverse Course" ◦ Cold War context ◦ a shift in American policy towards the occupation ◦ not a wholesale reversal of earlier reforms → US were afraid Japan would become communist • Meaning of the Reverse Course: ◦ share up conversation leadership ◦ encourage rapid economic/industrial growth ◦ make japan a military ally of the US • Achievements of Reverse Course: peace treaty between Japan and the US (San Francisco Peace Treaty of 1951 signed) + US-Japan Security Treaty • Occupation ends in 1952, but Okinawa remains a US protectorate until 1972
Taiwan Relations Act
• To help maintain peace, security, and stability in the Western Pacific and to promote the foreign policy of the United States by authorizing the continuation of commercial, cultural, and other relations between the people of the United States and the people on Taiwan, and for other purposes.
Powerplay
• In East Asia the United States cultivated a "hub and spokes" system of discrete, exclusive alliances with the Republic of Korea, the Republic of China, and Japan, a system that was distinct from the multilateral security alliances it preferred in Europe. Bilateralism emerged in East Asia as the dominant security structure because of the "powerplay" rationale behind U.S. postwar planning in the region. "Powerplay" refers to the construction of an asymmetric alliance designed to exert maximum control over the smaller ally's actions. The United States created a series of bilateral alliances in East Asia to contain the Soviet threat, but a congruent rationale was to constrain "rogue allies"—that is, rabidly anticommunist dictators who might start wars for reasons of domestic legitimacy and entrap the United States in an unwanted larger war. Underscoring the U.S. desire to avoid such an outcome was a belief in the domino theory, which held that the fall of one small country in Asia could trigger a chain of countries falling to communism. The administrations of Harry Truman and Dwight Eisenhower calculated that they could best restrain East Asia's pro-West dictators through tight bilateral alliances rather than through a regionwide multilateral mechanism. East Asia's security bilateralism today is therefore a historical artifact of this choice.
Power
• In the sense of international relations, power is a way for one country to get another to act in the interests of the first country. ◦ other key words in this definition: hegemon, sovereignty, balance of power, superpower, authority, etc.
IMF
• International Monetary Fund • Joseph Stiglitz highly criticized the IMF in his book: Globalization and its Discontents. • He believed the IMF cheated Asian and South East Asian countries when it implemented a market economy in those countries.
Japan Coast Guard
• Japanese Coast Guard Law amended after 9/11 • not subject to formal or informal restrictions on military 4th branch of the military • is seen as either a sign of confidence in the region or a provocation • it is a police force, not a military one • Umimaru is the coast guard mascott
SDF
• Japanese Self Defense Force • An army to protect Japan itself • Controversy about the constitutionality of the SDF. Article IX states that Japan should not have any military or police force (McCarthy's idea). However, the US later regretted this article because it didn't allow Japan to help the US (against Vietnam in particular). So, Japan created this self-defense police force as a way to protect themselves. It's technically not constitutional, but it works because it's a defensive force, not an offensive one.
Keiretsu/Chaebol
• Keiretsu - a Japanese conglomerate organized around a large bank (from test 2)
MFN Status
• MFN is a status or level of treatment accorded by one state to another in international trade. The term means the country which is the recipient of this treatment must, nominally, receive equal trade advantages as the "most favoured nation" by the country granting such treatment. (Trade advantages include low tariffs or high import quotas.) In effect, a country that has been accorded MFN status may not be treated less advantageously than any other country with MFN status by the promising country.
Ma Ying-Jeou
• May 2008-present • KMT • More conciliatory policy toward China; Cross-straits relations have improved
Abductees
• North Korea abductions of Japanese people. North Korea also abducted a lot of people in South Korea. • Between 1977 and 1983, the North Korean government admitted abducting 13 Japanese, but there probably were a lot more we are not aware of. • Apparently the main reason of abduction was to teach Japanese to North Korean
Open Regionalism
• Open regionalism is a regional economic integration that is not discriminatory against outside countries; typically a group of countries that agrees to reduce trade barriers. Adopted by APEC in 1989. Can also mean: open membership, global liberalization, and trade facilitation (source: http://www-personal.umich.edu/~alandear/glossary/o.html)
One China Policy
• PRC version, there is but one china and Taiwan is a part of China. only PRC legitimate government of both. (US in theory endorsed this claim with establishing full diplomatic relations with China in 1979. • Taiwan version- there is but one China and Taiwan is part of Chin. Taiwan government is the only legitimate of both. later the position is soften: 2 state-system- US supports this in practice.(Chris)
1% Defense Ceiling
• Part of 3 non nuclear principles that Japan followed pledging not to spend more than 1% of their GDP for military expenses. A result of post-war pacifism and outside pressure from Japan's neighbors that are scared of a military resurgence. • In the 1987 Nakasone Yasuhiro raised the defense spending past 1% • In the past decade Japan has loosened the restraints of pacifism and has been involved in exporting military defense systems to the U.S., debating whether it should amend Article 9 and pursue its own military so it does not have to free ride of U.S. defense. • The U.S. is generally in favor of the increased Japanese military spending, whereas China, Korea and other Asian neighbors are extremely weary. • Japan acting in response to China's rise and the U.S.'s occasional negligence of Japan and focus on China. Japan needs to be self-supporting.
Taiwan
• Taiwan is first under Japanese rule in the late 19th century -- Taiwanization movement in early 20th century • Taiwan's Relations Act 1979 : ◦ provides for continuing commercial and cultural relationship ◦ supports taiwanese membership in international organizations ◦ provide for defensive weapons transfers ◦ aid taiwan if attacked → strategic ambiguity • Taiwan is considered Chinese by China (One China Policy) • most western countries recognized Taiwan to the exclusion of the PRC; this changes in 1970' • But US's position on Taiwan is unclear. The US wants China and Taiwan to keep guessing with whom the US stands. It is a way to protect the Status Quo
Burden Sharing
• Term used to refer to the Japanese government's payment of all yen-based costs relating to US military bases located in Japan
Balance of Power
• The achievement of an equilibrium between two or more countries. They keep each other in check, so that no country becomes more powerful and try to rule others • Institutions like NATO are in place to help balance powers
Security Dilemma
• When a country's efforts to engage in military self-defense is viewed as menacing to other countries. The result can be an arms race or some other destabilizing shift in the balance of power among a group of countries. (Normally occurs in a situation of imperfect information.) • North Korea v. South Korea
Entrapment
• When a treaty forces one country to enter into a conflict it does not want to on behalf of an ally.
Abandoment
• When an ally does not enter into a conflict in which it is obligated to according to a treaty
Ishihar Shintaro
• a Japanese politician and author who was Governor of Tokyo from 1999 to 2012. He is generally described as one of Japan's most prominent far-right, nationalist politicians. His 1989 book, The Japan That Can Say No called on the authors' countrymen to stand up to the United States. Claimed he would purchase the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands so that China could not claim them, which cause the Japanese government to purchase the islands.
Yasukuni Shrine
• a Shinto shrine located in Tokyo, Japan. It is dedicated to the soldiers and others who died fighting on behalf of the Emperor of Japan. Its Symbolic Registry of Divinities lists the names of over 2,466,000 enshrined men and women whose lives were dedicated to the service of the Empire of Japan, particularly those killed in wartime. Some of the names listed are considered war criminals, which is the reason that China has gotten particularly upset when past Japanese Prime Ministers have gone to visit this shrine. The Chinese took these visits as symbolic japanese acts praising the actions of these Japanese war criminals against the Chinese in WWII.
Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands
• a group of uninhabited islands controlled by Japan in the East China Sea. After it was discovered in 1968 that oil reserves might be found under the sea near the islands, Japan's sovereignty over them has been disputed by the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC, commonly known as Taiwan) following the transfer of administration from the United States to Japan in 1971. The Chinese claim the discovery and control of the islands from the 14th century. Japan controlled the islands from 1895 until its surrender at the end of World War II. The United States administered them as part of the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands from 1945 until 1972, when the islands reverted to Japanese control under the Okinawa Reversion Treaty between the United States and Japan.
Flying Geese
• a pattern of economic integration in which japan assumes leading role in dissemination of technological know-how, japan stands atop a hierarchy of production, japanese predictions that hierarchy would flatten out never came true. japanese business interests prioritized=japan neglects to completely opens its tech info to outside scrutiny. E asia countries grow overly dependent on japan. Japan fails to take a leadership role during the 1997 Asian Financial crisis and the model's full potential is never really achieved. (chris)
Developmental State
• a term used by international political economy scholars to refer to the phenomenon of state-led macroeconomic planning in East Asia in the late twentieth century. In this model of capitalism (sometimes referred to as state development capitalism), the state has more independent, or autonomous, political power, as well as more control over the economy. A developmental state is characterized by having strong state intervention, as well as extensive regulation and planning. A regulatory state governs the economy mainly through regulatory agencies that are empowered to enforce a variety of standards of behavior to protect the public against market failures of various sorts, including monopolistic pricing, predation, and other abuses of market power, and by providing collective goods (such as national defense or public education) that otherwise would be undersupplied by the market. In contrast, a developmental state intervenes more directly in the economy through a variety of means to promote the growth of new industries and to reduce the dislocations caused by shifts in investment and profits from old to new industries. In other words, developmental states can pursue industrial policies, while regulatory states generally can not.As in the case of Japan, there is little government ownership of industry, but the private sector is rigidly guided and restricted by bureaucratic government elites. These bureaucratic government elites are not elected officials and are thus less subject to influence by either the corporate-class or working-class through the political process. The argument from this perspective is that a government ministry can have the freedom to plan the economy and look to long-term national interests without having their economic policies disrupted by either corporate-class or working-class short-term or narrow interests.
Korean War
• a war between the Republic of Korea and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. It was primarily the result of the political division of Korea by an agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War at the end of World War II. The Korean Peninsula was ruled by the Empire of Japan from 1910 until the end of World War II. Following the surrender of the Empire of Japan in September 1945, American administrators divided the peninsula along the 38th parallel, with U.S. military forces occupying the southern half and Soviet military forces occupying the northern half.The failure to hold free elections throughout the Korean Peninsula in 1948 deepened the division between the two sides; the North established a communist government, while the South established a nominally democratic government. The 38th parallel increasingly became a political border between the two Korean states. Although reunification negotiations continued in the months preceding the war, tension intensified. Cross-border skirmishes and raids at the 38th Parallel persisted. The situation escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces invaded South Korea on 25 June 1950. It was the first significant armed conflict of the Cold War. In 1950 the Soviet Union boycotted the United Nations security council, in protest at representation of China by the Kuomintang/Republic of China government, which had taken refuge in Taiwan following defeat in the Chinese Civil War. In the absence of a dissenting voice from the Soviet Union, who could have vetoed it, the United States and other countries passed a security council resolution authorizing military intervention in Korea.With both North Korea and South Korea sponsored by external powers, the Korean War was a proxy war. From a military science perspective, it combined strategies and tactics of World War I and World War II: it began with a mobile campaign of swift infantry attacks followed by air bombing raids, but became a static trench war by July 1951.
Plaza Accords
• an agreement between the governments of France, West Germany, Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom, to depreciate the U.S. dollar in relation to the Japanese yen and German Deutsche Mark by intervening in currency markets. Devaluing the dollar made U.S. exports cheaper to its trading partners, which in turn meant that other countries bought more American-made goods and services.The manufactured goods of the United States became more competitive in the exports market but were still largely unable to succeed in the Japanese domestic market due to Japan's structural restrictions on imports.
Shanghai Communique
• an important diplomatic document issued by the United States of America and the People's Republic of China on February 28, 1972 during President Richard Nixon's visit to China. The document pledged that it was in the interest of all nations for the United States and China to work towards the normalization of their relations. • The US and China also agreed that neither they nor any other power should "seek hegemony in the Asia-Pacific region". This was of particular importance to China, who shared a militarized border with the Soviet Union. • Regarding the political status of Taiwan, in the communiqué the United States acknowledged the One-China policy (but did not endorse the PRC's version of the policy) and agreed to cut back military installations on Taiwan. This "constructive ambiguity" (in the phrase of US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, who oversaw the American side of the negotiations) would continue to hinder efforts for complete normalization.
Refoulment
• coercive expulsion of political refugees → forbidden by the 1951 UN Refugee Convention → China's transgressions • 1986 agreement with North Korea (China signed a treaty stating it will not accept any refugees from North Korea, even though China is pretty much the only escape from NK) • Fear of refugees • Kim Han Mi was a 6 year-old from North Korea who escaped with her mother (and other family members) tried to get into the Japanese embassy in China to seek political asylum. However, the Chinese police forces stopped them (walking on the Japanese Consulate grounds and dragging the family out of the consulate, which is prohibited). The family was jailed for fifteen days in China, before the receiving asylum in South Korea (due to heavy international attention)
Liberal Institutionalism
• examples: Woodrow Wilson, Jimmy Carter • An optimist: optimistic view of human nature, belief that individuals can be trusted, and use of force can be minimized/eliminated. • shaped by 2 world wars/aftermath • someone more willing to incorporate morality/ideals in foreign policy making • accept existence/importance of state but promotes international institutions.
Chiang Kai-Sheck
• leader of the nationalist movement in China(1949), lost the movement to Mao. He flees to Taiwan and est. the Republic of China government. most western nations recognized Taiwan to the exclusion of the PRC; this changes in 1970's. (chris)
Article IX
• the article of the Japanese constitution which states that prohibits an act of war by the state. The Constitution came into effect on May 3, 1947, following World War II. In its text, the state formally renounces war as a sovereign right and bans settlement of international disputes through the use of force. The article also states that, to accomplish these aims, armed forces with war potential will not be maintained, although Japan maintains de facto armed forces, referred to as the Japan Self-Defense Forces
Clash of Civilizations
• written by Huntington about how nation states are the most powerful actors in world affairs. • primary source of conflict is cultural and religious identities, not ideological
