Intro to Justice Research

cluster

Groups or clusters are first sampled and then each unit within each cluster is used to gather data

exploratory

Know little about something

descriptive

Non experiemtnal studies, describing something

explanatory

Prediction, why does it happen, better understand

Probability

Process of selecting a subject of elemts from a comprehensive list of the population. This approach requires that every population element have a known nonzero chance of being slected

All of the following are common pitfalls of secondary data analysis with the exception of ______.

Receiving IRB approval

Stratified

Requires the same sampling frame to be first divided into mutually exclusive and eshastive sub groups meaningful to research. Indepnelty and randomly sample from each stratum

Which of the following lists the correct order of the stages of research?

Research question, literature review, research design, collect data, choose best data analysis methodology and analyze data, generate findings, conclusions, and policy implications.

quota

Researcher gathers cases from the sample that have specific charaterisitcs such as urban suburban and rural households. This is roughly nonprobaility sampling equilancent to stratifed smapling

Systematic

Sample is constructed by slecting sampling elements from a sampling frame using sampling interveal

convenince

Sample is gahtered simply based on convenience and ease of finding.

purposive

Sample is selected based solely on a particular charatstic of the case. Samples gathered in this approach are slected becuase repsodnetns have partiualr infomration need to conduct research

non probability

Slecting subset of elements in the population without the presecne of comprehenive list of populaton members. Some members of the population have a zero chance of being slected into the sample. Used in qualitive research

Questions that ask about more than one topic per question, making it unclear which question is being answered, are called ______.

double barreled questions

______ is research that gathers objective criteria that helps determine the need, implementation, or product of a program based on systematic assessment.

evaluation research

Being able to use the findings from samples to make statements about the general population is called ______.

generalizability

Recommendations for avoiding challenges with obtaining survey responses that provide useful data include those listed below with the exception of ______.

include several double barreled questions

In the research question, "is educational attainment associated with ex-convict recidivism?", educational attainment is the ______.

independent variable

The following principles are identified as elements of the Belmont Report with the exception of ______.

informed consent

belmont princples

informed consent assessment of risk and benefits selection of subjects

When evaluating the research question for being practical and useful, all of the following questions help determine evaluative criteria EXCEPT ______.

is the question too short?

Using the MEAL strategy can help overcome which of the following pitfalls of writing a literature review?

lack of organization and strucutre

Based on the core principles of ethical research, why was Milgram's teacher/learner study found to be unethical?

lacked benefience

The greatest expected difference between a sample statistic and a population parameter is known as ______.

margin of error

Natural changes to subjects taking part in an experiment that threaten internal validity are known as ______.

maturation

Which of the following reporting programs was created in an effort to gather details about nonfatal crimes?

national incident based reporting program

Which of the following survey modes eliminates data entry errors?

online

A process in which a researcher identifies how each concept will be measured based on the conceptual definition is referred to as ______.

operationilization

The purpose of exploratory research is to answer which of the following set of questions?

"What is it?", "How is it done?", or "Where is it?"

To create understandable survey questions, use language at the level of someone in the ______ grade.

8th

evaluation

Could be at different stages throughout process

snowbal

Current respondts are asked for contact info of others having same charaterisitics

Simple Random

Each element in the population has a known and equal proabliity if being drawn or slected into the sample

multi stage

Example: Reseaecher may first randomly sample housing units and then randomly slect people to interview in each of the slected clusters

The Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Report utilized data from which of the following sources?

administrative sources

All of the following are identified as threats to internal validity with the exception of ______.

association

Which of the following criteria must be met for a researcher to demonstrate evidence of a causal relationship?

association, temporal ordering, lack of spurious relationships

Abstractions that are not empirical or tangible are referred to as ______.

concepts

types of non-probability sampling

convenience, purposive, quota, snowball

______ are data collected at the same point of time.

cross-sectional

2. The evidence or information collected and analyzed in order to answer a research question is referred to as ______.

data

In the research question, "is educational attainment associated with ex-convict recidivism?", recidivism is the ______.

dependent variables

Which of the following lists the correct order of the literature review road map?

develop search terms, search using terms, identify initial primary sources, read abstracts, summarize important information, create a thematically focused table, prepare for first draft, write first draft, edit, proof, and polish

Scholars recommend that researchers avoid using ______ in their literature reviews.

direct quotes

If a sample is selected through a process in which every population element has a known, non-zero chance of being selected, the process is called ______.

probability sampling

Using secondary data when conducting research ______.

provides the option of investigating large data sets

Using a direct quote from a journal article in a literature review requires the use of ______.

quotation marks, author name, year and the page numbers of the in text citation (APA)

20. The time and energy the respondent needs to exert to complete a survey is called the ______.

respondent burden

literature review

review, summary, and synthesis of extant knowledge on a topic.

Which of the following threat to internal validity/experiment piece can cause issues with generalizability?

sample size

types of probability sampling

simple random, systematic, stratified, cluster, multi stage

When there seems to be a relationship between independent and dependent variables that are not in fact related it is a demonstration of ______.

spuriousness

The most common unit of analysis used in criminology and criminal justice research is ______.

the individual

Which of the following lists the recommended order of the scientific process, according to the Wheel of Science?

theory, hypotheses, research design, observation, analysis and findings, and empirical generalizations

Which of the following are considered to be the most useful filters?

type of source and publication date

The Federal Bureau of Investigation manages which of the following collection programs?

uniform crime reporting program

After operationalization of concepts has concluded, researchers then work with ______.

varibles