intro to psych-5, 7, & 8

Cognitive View

All mental processes that give rise to one's thoughts, feelings, behaviors

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

self-recognition is a mirror is limited to:

a few animals and children over 18 months old.

consciousness

a person's subjective experience of the world and the mind

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

The motivation to experience positive outcomes is termed

approach motivation

the motivation not to experience a negative outcome is termed:

avoidance motivation

the primary difference between the two-factor theory and the older theories of emotion is that the two-factor theory emphasizes:

cognitive interpretations

the ability to _____ is a better predictor of school grades than is ______

delay gratification, IQ score

Charles Darwin developed the universality hypothesis, which suggests that:

emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone

the defining feature of consciousness that separates it from unconsciousness is:

experience

Maive is interviewing for a job. She is required to undergo psychological testing. During the testing, the psychologist noted many of her responses indicated emotionally of anger and frustration. On an emotion map, these emotions have _______ arousal and ________ valence.

high, negative

Phenomenology refers to

how things seem to the conscious person

Evidence suggests that the emotion of ________ is NOT universal

humility

The two functions of emotion are:

informative and motivational

A(n) ________ motivation is a motivation to take action that is itself rewarding

intrinsic

Shaping

learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior

Erich is interviewing for a job. He is required to undergo psychological testing. During the testing, the psychologist noted many of his responses indicated that he was bored and perhaps depressed. On an emotion map, these emotions have ____ arousal and ______ valence

low, negative

A problem with using rewards to motivate behavior is that rewards:

may undermine intrinsic motivation

unconscious mental events

mental processes that occur without our experiences of them

Darwin's universality hypothesis is supported by scientific studies in which:

people accurately judge the emotional expressions of members of other cultures

According to Abraham Maslow, ______ needs are the first to be satisfied, while _______ needs are the last

physiological, self-actualization

Repression

process that removes all unacceptable thoughts Freudian theory

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, if you stumbled onto a snake on a hike in the mountains, you would first ____-and then______

react physiologically, experience fear

Staton immediately becomes upset when his football coach yells at him from the game. Sitting on the bench a few minutes later, Staton tells himself that the coach is only trying to make him a better player. He begins to feel better, illustrating the process of:

reappraisal

A survival mechanism to avoid starvation that evolved in our ancestors is

storing excess calories as fat

Consistent with the facial feedback hypothesis, when people are asked to arch their brows, they find facts that they read in a textbook more:

surprising

the so-called slow emotion pathway begins in the _____, travels to the _______, and then finally reaches the _______

thalamus, cortex, amygdala

Katie is in the school gym talking to a group of her friends. All of a sudden, her attention is diverted to another group of people talking in the opposite corner of the gym when someone mentions her name in their conversation. This is an example of:

the cocktail-party phenomenon

Angry because she had to endure a class she finds dreadfully boring, Susanna decided to use reappraisal to change her emotional state about the class. Which action BEST illustrates this process

thinking of the course as preparation for her future career

Extrinsic motivation is illustrated when we:

work at a job to earn money that can buy food.