Introduction to Chemistry and Microbiology
Example of Cutaneous mycose
Tinea
Endotoxins
Toxins that are part of the bacteria and are only released when the bacterial cells die and release their contents into the environment. Composed of liposaccharides. Released by gram negative bacteria.
What disease do prions cause
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs)
Vehicles
Transmission agents for disease by which they can travel indirectly from a vector to a host
Vectors
Transmission of infectious agents directly via an animal
Biological Vectors
Transmitted by biological fluids such as by a mosquito or tick bite
Direct Transmission
Transmitted by contact between individuals
Indirect Transmission
Transmitted by contact with infected surfaces
Mechanical Vectors
Transmitted via surface contact with an animal such as by a fly that has previously landed on an infected surface.
Crystalloids
True solutions. Solute size is less than 1 nm
Phenolphthalein
Turns pink in the presence of base and doesn't change in the presence of acid
Controlled Experiment
Two or more identical experiments are set up where only a single factor is altered. Can only be a single variable.
Composition (synthesis) reactions
Two reactants come together to make a single product
Synergism
Two species work in conjunction and each species benefits
Amalgams
Types of alloys in which one of the metals in Mercury
Ameba
Typically associated with infections of the digestive system. In rare cases they can infect the liver or the brain. Cannot be free living in liquid environments because they require a surface along which they essentially "walk"
Are fungal diseases communicable
Typically no
Facultative Saprophytes
Typically parasites, but become saprophytic under some conditions
Federal Microbial Control
US Dept. of Health and Human Services, CDC, Dept. of Agriculture, FDA, OSHA, DoD.
Disinfection
Use of a physical process or a chemical agent to destroy pathogens but not endospores
Active artificial immunity
Vaccination against a specific infection helps patient build an immune response
Solvent
Vehicle. The substance that does the dissolving
Example of Vibrio
Vibrio cholerae
Equation for volume
Volume = mass/density
Humidity
Water vapor in the air
Examples of vehicles
Water, air, food, soil feces, liquid discharges
Examples of compounds
Water, sodium chloride, carbon dioxide
The Law of Conservation of Mass (Matter)
We are all made of recycled atoms and will continue this process when we die.
Products
What a chemical reaction yields
Neutralization Reaction
When a strong acid and a strong base neutralize each other, producing a salt and water.
Examples of chemical properties
When we burn wood and smoke and ash are released.
Example of a decomposition reaction
XZ --> X + Z
Microscopic Fungi
Yeasts and Molds
Examples of solutions
air, oxygen gas dissolved in water, table salt in water, iodine in alcohol.
Binary Fission
asexual reproduction in which a cell divides into two equal parts. Each new bacteria is essentially a twin of the parent bacteria.
Agitating a solution does what to the solubility of a gas in water
decreases
Isotonic
equal solute concentration
Where are most pathogenic fungi found
in the soil or air
Agitating a solution does what to the solubility of a solid in water
increases
Joule
kgm^2/s^2
Polar molecule
molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end
Mucous membranes
oral, nasal, eyes
Neutrophiles
pH between 6 and 8. Most species.
Physical methods of microbial control
scrubbing, heat, cold, UV radiation
Liquid discharges
semen, saliva, tears, blood, pus and other lesion exudates, urine
Liquid
shape of container. Free surface. Fixed volume
Disease incidence
the proportion of individuals in a given population that develop a given disease in a period of time
Disease Prevalence
the proportion of individuals that CURRENTLY have a given disease.
Freezing point of water
0 degrees Celsius
pH of acids
0-7
nano
0.000000001
micro
0.000001
milli
0.001
Centi
0.01
Boiling point of water
100 degrees Celsius
Kilo
1000
Max number of electrons in first energy level
2
Protozoans are the cause of how many diseases annually?
20%
How many people have worms at any given time
50%
pH of pure water
7
pH of bases
7-14
Facts about water
75% of earth's surface, 70% of human body, colorless, odorless, tasteless.
Max number of electrons in energy level after first one
8
Example of a composition reaction
A + B = AB
Chemical Properties
A characteristic that can be observed when a substance is interacting with other forms of matter. The interaction results in the alteration of the chemical composition of the substance.
Mixtures
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically united and do not exists in fixed proportions to each other.
Example of a local infection
A cut or scratch become infected
Bacterial Colony
A discrete group of bacteria formed from one or a few bacteria
Pathogen
A disease causing agent
Endemic
A disease that is continuously present in a community
Epidemic
A disease that is currently in higher than normal numbers
Communicable
A disease that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from one individual to another
Acute
A disease with rapid onset and short duration
Chronic
A disease with slow onset and long duration
Pandemic
A global epidemic
Hyaluronic acid
A glue that binds together connective tissue
Myocoplasms
A group of bacteria that lack cell walls. Tend to be antibiotic resistant
Ciliates
A group of ciliated eukaryotes that have fine hairs on the surface of the cell.
Species
A group of living things that can reproduce by interbreeding among themselves.
The Periodic Table
A grouping of the elements based on properties in common
Solution
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
Some viruses have
A lipid envelope surrounding the capsid
Gram Stain
A method used to separate bacteria into one of two groups based on the color they turn when certain stains are added
Non-Communicable
A non-transmittable disease
Hypothesis
A possible explanation based in research and prior knowledge. An educated guess
Sterilization
A process that destroys or removes all viable microorganisms, including viruses.
Chemical Change
A process that manifests a chemical property
Commensalism
A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other neither benefits or is harmed
Mutualism
A relationship with another species in which both species benefit
Sepsis
A severe immune response which can be life threatening
Decomposition (analysis) reactions
A single reactant is broken apart into two or more products
Reactants
A starting material in a chemical reaction
Contamination
A state of lack of cleanliness or sterility
Infection
A state or condition in which the body or a part of it is invaded by a pathogenic agent that, under favorable conditions, multiples and produces injurious effects
Element
A substance composed of one type of atom
Compound
A substance composed of two or more elements in definite proportions
Tinctures
A substance dissolved in alcohol
Parasitism
A symbiotic relationship in which one species is harmed and the other benefits.
Apicomplexans
A type of parasitic protozoan. Some apicomplexan cause serious human disease
Bacteriophage
A virus that infects bacteria
Examples of single replacement reactions
AB + C ---> AC + B or AB + C ----> CB + A
Example of a double replacement reaction
AB + CD ----> AD + CB
Equations
Abbreviations for chemical changes
Common Disinfectants used in the funeral service
Alcohols, halogens (bleach), aldehydes, and pehnols
How to remember how viruses infect cells?
All Penelope really makes is relish
How do all viruses get energy
All are obligate intercellular parasites (cannot reproduce outside of a host cell)
Cell Membranes
All cells have this. Made of molecules called phospholipids with associated proteins. Membrane is semi-permeable. In bacteria which lack specialized internal structures, many cellular processes occur along the membrane.
The Law of Entropy
All systems decay to a state of randomness (lowest energy). Explains why people die.
Cell walls
Almost all bacterial cells have a cell wall. Allow bacteria to survive independently in wet environments. Made mostly of molecules called peptidoglycans.
Isotopes
Alternate forms of an element with different numbers of neutrons. All forms of an atom are isotopes.
Four groups of protozoans
Ameba, Flagellates, Ciliates, Apicomplexans
Ion
An atom that has gained or lost an electron. A charged particle.
Single Replacement (single displacement) reactions
An element reacts with a compound and takes the place of another element in that compound.
Lysozyme
An enzyme in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan cell wall of bacteria
Systemic infection
An infection that reaches the bloodstream and causes symptoms throughout the body
How do you get a prion?
An inherited defect, transmitted by contaminated meat and or brain tissues, may possible be transmitted on fomites
Control of Microbes in the lab and prep Room
Antisepsis, sterilization, disinfection, scrubbing, heat, cold, ultraviolet radiation
Germicide
Any chemical agent that kills pathogenic microorganisms
Homogeneous Mixtures
Any combination of substances that has uniform composition and properties.
Antigen (immunogen)
Any foreign body that evokes a specific immune response
Matter
Anything with mass and volume
How do fungi reproduce
Asexual or sexual spores
How do viruses infect cells?
Attachment, Penetration, Replication (biosynthesis), Maturation, Release (Lysis).
Adhesion
Attraction between molecules of different substances. Water to other polar molecule (not water).
Cohesion
Attraction between molecules of the same kind, such as water to water
Inflammation
Attracts immune cells to region. Begins the process of repair of damaged tissues and localizes and clears away harmful substances. Destroys microbes and blocks their further invasion
Six Kingdoms of life
Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Three domains of life
Bacteria, archaea, eukarya
Example of a ciliate
Balantidium (infect the digestive system)
Chemical Symbols
Based on either an English or Latin name. One or two letters in the name. First letter always capitalized, second always lower case.
Examples of heterogeneous mixtures
Beach sand, Italian dressing, blood.
How to bacteria reproduce
Binary Fission
Branches of Natural Science
Biology, Astronomy, Physics, Earth Science, Chemistry
Properties of Bases
Bitter metallic taste, slippery or slimy, change red litmus to blue, react with acids in neutralization reactions
Litmus Test
Blue changes to red in presence of acid and the other way around for a base
Hydrogen Bonds
Bonds between adjacent molecules. Occur due to polarity
Examples of spirochetes
Borrelia burgdoferi (causative agent in Lyme disease)
Saprophytes
Break down organic detritus (dead and decaying organisms)
Example of a physical change
Breaking a lamp
Example of a chemical change
Burning, rusting, decomposition
Examples of water softeners
Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) and sodium carbonate (soda ash)
Amphoteric
Can act as both an acid and a base in chemical reactions
Physical Properties
Can be measured an observed without changing the composition or identity of a substance
Water softeners
Can be used to overcome permanent hard water.
Example of an opportunistic Pathogen
Candida albicans
Obligate anaerobes
Cannot survive in the presence of free oxygen. Tend to be pathogenic
Obligate aerobes
Cannot survive without free oxygen present. Tend to be non-pathogenic
Factors affecting virulence
Capsules, enzymes, toxin production
Temporary Hard Water
Caused by calcium bicarbonate and magnesium bicarbonate. Can be fixed by boiling the water.
Permanent Hard Water
Caused by chloride and sulfate salts of calcium and magnesium. You can't remove by boiling.
Diplo
Cells that are arranged in pairs
Strep
Chains of cells
Boiling and Condensation
Changes between liquid and gas state
Melting and Freezing
Changes between solid and liquid state
Example of a systemic infection
Cold or flu
Examples of physical properties
Color, odor, taste, solid, liquid, gas, melting point, freezing point, boiling point, density
Vibrio
Common shaped bacteria
How do helminths damage the host
Consuming tissue as they migrate, consuming nutrients intended for the host, secreting toxins into the tissues, creating bowel obstructions due to sheer number of worms
Examples of colloids
Contact gels for ultrasounds
Supersaturated Solutions
Contain more solute than the solvent is normally able to hold. Difficult to prepare and maintain
Concentrated solutions
Contains a relatively large amount of solute
Saturated Solutions
Contains as much solute as can be held by the solvent at a given temp and pressure
Hard water
Contains certain minerals (CALCIUM) that destroy the cleansing action of soaps by reacting with the molecules in the soap
Dilute solution
Contains relatively small amounts of solute
Most of the compounds that make up living things held together by
Covalent bonds
Molecules
Covalently bonded compounds
Examples of TSEs
Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, Kuru
SI unit for Volume
Cubic meters or Liters
As temperature increases, solubility of gas
Decreases
Kelvin
Degrees celsius + 273
Equation for density
Density = mass/volume
Examples of intensive properties
Density, Temperature
Communicable fungal diseases
Dermatophytes (Tinea pedis or Tinea unguium), Candida albicans can be transmitted from mother to offspring
Extensive Properties
Describe but do not identify a substance. Dependent on amount of matter.
Intensive Properties
Describes and identifies a substance. Not dependent on amount of matter
Law of Osmosis
Diffusion of substances through membranes
Srubbing
Direct scrubbing of the skin called degermination
Modes of Transmission
Direct, indirect, fomites, droplet, aerosol, vectors
Sporadic
Disease that occurs randomly in a random or isolated manner
Bases
Dissociate into OH- cations an an anion in water.
Organization and Classification of Biological Systems
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
How to remember Biological Systems
Don't Kill People. Come on. For Goodness Sake.
Facts about covalent bonding
Don't dissolve well in water, low melting/boiling points, soft and flexible, don't conduct electricity when dissolved in water.
Anaerobic Bacteria
Don't need oxygen to survive
Gram Negative Bacteria
Double cell wall (both thin) that stains pink. More resistant to disinfectants and antibiotics
Antibiotics
Drugs that attack bacteria specifically.
Management of Protozoans
Drugs, proper hygiene, control of vectors
Examples of Social Sciences
Economics, Psychology, Sociology
Ionic Bonding
Electrons are gained or lost by the atoms in the bond. Electrons are transferred.
Covalent Bonding
Electrons are shared between the atoms.
The Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed only converted from one form to another.
Example of an ameba
Entamoeba histolytica
Hemolysis
Enzymes that disrupt the cell membranes of red blood cells
Leukocidins
Enzymes that disrupt white blood cells making it difficult to fight infection
Ion Exchange System
Exchange the calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions. Used to remove salts from hard water.
Theories
Explanations that apply to a large range of phenomena and are supported by experimental evidence. Why and How.
Micro
Extremely small
Obligate Saprophytes
Feed on dead organisms only. Partially responsible for human decay.
Spirochetes
Flexible corkscrews
Facts about ionic compounds
Form crystals, high melting boiling point, hard and brittle, conduct electricity when dissolved in water
Cannizzaro Reaction
Formaldehyde + Base ----> Salt + Alcohol
Formalin Solution
Formaldehyde gas dissolved in water.
Endospores
Formed by some bacteria when nutrients are scarce. Allows bacteria to survive without nutrients or in harsh conditions for long periods of time.
Facultative anaerobes
Function best in the presence of free oxygen but can survive with little to no free oxygen.
Hard Science
Generally thought of as being natural sciences
Soft Science
Generally thought of as being social Sciences
Viruses made up of two parts
Genetic Material (DNA or RNA) and a Capsid (protein coat)
Example of a flagellate
Giardia intestinalis (lives in water, transmitted through drinking contaminated water)
Base unit for mass
Grams
Sarcinae
Groups of 8
Tetra
Groups of four
Vertical columns in the periodic table
Groups or families
What can fungi grow on
Hair, rubber, skin, wood, leather (most anything really).
Electron
Has a negative one charge and orbits the nucleus in energy levels. 1/1867 amu
Proton
Has a positive one charge and is found in the nucleus. 1 amu
Neutron
Has no charge and is found in the nucleus. 1 amu
How do fungi get nutrients
Heterotrophs
What embalming fluid for dehydrated bodies
Highly hypotonic
Characteristics shared by all living things
Highly organized and contain complex chemical substances, made of one or more cells, use energy, have a definite form and limited size, have a limited life span, growth and development, respond to changes in the environment (maintain homeostasis), ability to reproduce, groups of living things change (evolve) over time.
Example of a primary mycose
Histoplasma
Example of a primary pathogen
Histoplasma capsulatum. Endemic to the Ohio River Valley
Solid
Holds shape. Fixed volume
Example of nematode
Hookworm
Percent dissociation
How easily an acid or base donates H+ or OH- in solution
How are protozoans transmitted
Human contact, food, water, arthropod vectors
The seven Diatomic Elements
Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Fluorine, Oxygen, Iodine, Chlorine, Bromine
A major reason for the decomposition of human remains
Hydrolysis reactions which are double replacement reactions.
What embalming fluid for overly hydrated bodies
Hypertonic
Macroscopic mold structure
Hyphae
What embalming fluid for normally hydrated bodies
Hypotonic
Electronegativity
If an atom is more electronegative, it will pull the electrons closer to itself.
The effect of acid on formalin
If formalin becomes too acidic, it polymerizes, forming paraformaldehyde and precipitates
Natural Immunity
Immunity acquired by an individual by normal biological means that does not involve medical intervention.
Passive artificial immunity
Immunotherapy where a patient is given a specific antibody to a particular disease.
Scientific Laws
Immutable facts based on proven and accepted experimentation. What. Must be predictive, universal, and without exception.
The effect of base on formalin
In very basic solutions formaldehyde is unstable and decomposes.
As temperature increases, solubility of solids
Increases
Increasing surface area
Increases solubility
Primary (true) Pathogens
Infect otherwise healthy individuals and are restricted geographically
Aerosol
Infectious agents are contained in particles that remain in the air for long periods of time.
Droplet
Infectious agents are transmitted when infected individual coughs, sneezes, or talks. Cannot remain suspended in air for long periods of time.
Prions
Infectious mis-folded proteins
Spirillum
Inflexible corkscrews
Branches of Chemistry
Inorganic, Organic, Biochemistry, Thanatochemistry
Qualitative Data
Involves observations that are made using the senses
Salts
Ionically bonded compounds
Acids
Ionize into Hydrogen (H+) ions and an anion in water
Staph
Irregular Clusters
SI unit for energy
Joules
SI unit for Temperature
Kelvin
Bactericide
Kills bacteria specifically
Fungicide
Kills fungi specifically
Virucide
Kills viruses specifically
SI unit for Mass
Kilograms
Examples of Bacilli
Lactobacillus and Bacillus anthracis
Antibody
Large protein molecules produced by immune cells called B cells that recognize and bind specific antigens.
Dry heat
Less effective than moist heat; longer times, higher temperatures necessary
Hypotonic
Less solute, more solvent
Cytoplasm
Liquid interior of the cell. Gel-like nutrient solvent. Location of ribosomes and DNA
Base unit for volume of a liquid
Liters
Parasites
Live in or on living things and obtain energy by gaining energy from a host.
Fungi groups
Macroscopic and Microscopic
Heterogeneous Mixtures
Made of different substances that remain physically separate
Steps of the Scientific Method
Make an observation/ask a question. Formulate a hypothesis. Teste the hypothesis using a controlled experiment. Analyze the data. Form a conclusion in which the hypothesis is either supported or rejected.
Autotrophic bacteria
Make their own food
What is Science?
Mankind's effort to better understand the natural world and how it works, through observation of natural phenomena and/or through experimentation that tries to simulate natural processes under controlled conditions.
Toxin Production
Many bacteria produce chemicals that are toxic to the host organism
What is conserved in a chemical reaction
Mass
Equation for mass
Mass = density x volume
Examples of extensive properties
Mass, length, volume
State Microbial Control
Mass. Dept. of Health. State Police
Facultative Parasites
May resort to parasitic behavior but do not rely on the hose to continue their life cycle.
Cold
Merely slow the activities of microbes.
Base unit for length
Meters
SI unit for length
Meters
Base unit for volume of a solid
Meters cubed
Entry and Exit Portals
Methods by which pathogens exit and enter hosts
Normal Flora
Microbes that are normally associated with the human body that do not cause disease under normal circumstances
Enzymes
Molecules found in all living things that speed up chemical reactions
Hypertonic
More solute, less water/solvent
Macroscopic Fungi
Mushrooms
Obligate parasites
Must be in a cell to continue its life cycle and live
Heterotrophic bacteria
Must eat to obtain energy
Anion
Negatively charged ion.
Three categories of helminths
Nematodes (roundworms), Trematodes (flukes), Cestodes (the tapeworms.
Equation for bacterial growth
Nf = (Ni) 2^n
Is ringworm a helminth
No, it is a fungal infection
Local Microbial Control
Norwood Health Dept. Local Police.
Pseudoscience
Not science at all. Not based on experimentation and the scientific method.
Subcutaneous Mycoses
Occur through injured skin
Active natural immunity
Occurs when an individual receives a stimulus (antigen) that causes an immune reaction such as antibodies.
Passive Natural Immunity
Occurs when an individual receives immune substances (antibodies) produced in the body of another human
Flagellates
Often associated with the digestive system. Can be free living in liquid environments for extended periods
UV radtation
Often used to destroy airborne pathogens by irradiating and destroying DNA in the pathogens.
Antagonism
One organism blocks another from functioning
Local Infection
Only a portion of the body is infected
Thermophiles
Optimal Temp is very high (over 40C)
Alkaphiles
Optimal pH is above 7
Acidophiles
Optimal pH is below 6
Mesophiles
Optimal temp is in intermediate range (20C-40C) Human pathogens.
Psychrophiles
Optimal temp is low (15C)
What is a simple definition for science?
Organized knowledge based on experimental fact using the scientific method.
Suspensions
Particles are greater than 100nm and can be easily separated from the suspension.
Viroids
Particles that are smaller than viruses. Lack a capsid and lipid envelope. Composed only of an RNA molecule.
Wet heat
Performed with an autoclave. Results in better heat transfer into cells. Faster and more efficeint
Horizontal rows on the periodic table
Periods
Examples of Pseudoscience
Phrenology, Astrology, Cryptozoology
Body's First line of defense
Physical and Chemical Barriers
Filtration
Physical removal of substances that are too large to pass through a filter.
Second Line of defense
Physiological: Inflammation, Fever, Phagocytosis, Interferon
What do viroids infect?
Plants only
Example of apicomplexan
Plasmodium falciparum (causative parasite in malaria, infects RBC)
Cation
Positively charged ion
Toxemia
Presence of toxins in the blood due to bacterial toxins or abnormal proteins
Desalinization
Process that removes salts and other minerals from water
Physical Change
Processes that manifest a physical property
Artificial Immunity
Protection from infection obtained through medical procedures
Exotoxin
Protein toxins released by living bacteria as part of their growth and metabolism. Produced mostly by gram positive bacteria. Infection tends to be localized
Interferon
Proteins that interfere with viral multiplication.
Surfactants
Reduces surface tension by disrupting the cohesive forces between water molecules.
Distillation
Removes bacteria and insoluble solids by using vaporization and condensation.
Chlorination
Removing biological impurities from water using calcium hypochlorite Ca(OCl)
Chemical Formulas
Represent the abbreviation of a compound
Microaerophilic Bacteria
Require oxygen but can tolerate amounts that are well below atmospheric levels
Aerobic Bacteria
Require oxygen to survive
Primary mycoses
Respiratory. Inhaled
Bacilli
Rod shaped bacteria
Example of a surfactant
SLS (sodium lauryl sulfate)
Examples of bacteria that release endotoxins
Salmonella, Shigella, Meningitis, E.coli.
Example of crystalloids
Salt water, formalin, embalming fluids
Example of Trematode
Schistosoma
Chemical Barriers
Secretions including lysozyme, gastric juice,
Gas
Shape of container. Volume of container
Protozoans
Single celled free living eukaryotes
Examples of entry and exit portals
Skin and mucous membranes, respiratory tract, digestive tract, genito-urinary tract, damage to the skin
Physical Barriers
Skin, Nasal hair, Cilia (fine hairs that protect the respiratory system from allergens and pathogens in the air)
Fever
Slows growth of circulating microbes, increases metabolism and stimulates immune reaction.
Prokaryotic Cells
Smaller of the two cell types, lack a nucleus and other membrane enclosed structures, species made of prokaryotic cells are all single celled organisms. All species in the kingdoms bacteria and archaea.
Alloy
Solid solutions composed of two or more metallic elements.
States of matter
Solid, liquid, gas
Colloids
Solute size is between 1nm and 100nm
Unsaturated Solutions
Solutions that are not saturated
Aqueous solution
Solutions that use water as the solvent
Capsules
Some bacteria are protected by a capsule outside of the cell wall.
Properties of Acids
Sour taste, sting the skin, change blue litmus to red, react with bases in neutralization reactions
Symptoms of TSEs
Spasms, personality changes, dementia, memory loss
Gastric Juice
Special cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid and enzymes that kills bacteria in food.
Third line of defense
Specific Immunity: Antigen, Antibodies, natural immunity, artificial immunity
Cocci
Spherical in shape
Example of spirillum
Spirillum minus (the causative agent in rate bite fever)
Hyaluronidase
Spreading factor that breaks down hyaluronic acid allowing for bacteria to spread more easily
Examples of bacteria that release exotoxin
Staph, Strep, Dipteria, Tetanus
Example of a bacteria that releases hyaluronidase
Staphylococcus aureus
Evaporation
State change from a liquid to a gas without the input of energy
Sublimation
State change from solid to gas (dry ice)
Examples of bacteria that release hemolysis
Streptococcus and Staphylococcus
Examples of bacteria that release leukocidins
Streptococcus, Salmonella, Neisseria, Cryptococcus
Examples of cocci
Stretococci and Staphylococci
Virus Anatomy
Sub-cellular infectious agents, 10-100x smaller than the typical bacteria.
Buffers
Substances that react with acids or bases to maintain a constant pH in a solution
Law of Diffusion
Substances will tend to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Examples of Homogeneous mixtures
Sugar water, salt water, blood
Cutaneous Mycoses
Superficial. On the skin
Pili
Surface structures used to interact with other cells
Fomites
Surfaces carrying infectious agents
Plasmoptysis
Swelling and bursting of a cell when suspended in a hypotonic solution.
Pathological effects of helminths
Swelling of organs due to immune response, hemorrhage resulting in anemia, weight loss.
Example of Cestodes
Taenia saginatum
Flagella
Tail-like appendages that allow for motility
How do vaccines and antiviral drugs work
Targeting specific proteins on the viral surface or by targeting enzymes that allow the virus to escape the cell and infect another cell respectively.
Indicators
Tell us whether a substance is acidic or basic
Opportunistic Pathogens
Tend to infect individuals that have other health issues. Found worldwide.
Examples of Scientific Laws
The Law of Entropy. The Law of Conservation of Mass. The Law of Conservation of Energy.
Examples of Theories
The Theory of Evolution. The Big Bang Theory. The Atomic Theory.
Energy
The ability to do work
Adsorption
The adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid to a surface.
Density
The amount of mass per unit volume
Mass
The amount of matter in an object
Solubility
The amount of solute that can be dissolved in a solvent
Volume
The amount of space an object occupies
Antisepsis
The application of chemical agents to exposed body surfaces, wounds, and surgical incisions to destroy pathogens
Earth Science
The branch of science dealing with the physical constitution of the earth and its atmosphere.
Thanatochemistry
The chemistry of death
Ionization
The dissociation of a substance into charged particles that may be atoms or groups of atoms
Valence electrons
The electrons found in the outermost ring
Kinetic Energy
The energy of motion
Phagocytosis
The engulfing and breaking down of pathogens by non-specific immune cells called phagocytes
Surface Tension
The force that causes the surface of a liquid to contract. The molecules at the surface of a liquid are attracted only downward and sideways instead of in all directions.
Eukaryotic Cells
The larger of the two cells types, have a nucleus and other membrane enclosed structures, some eukaryotes are single celled organisms and some are multi-celled organisms. All species in the kingdom protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia.
Pathogenesis
The manner in which a disease develops
pH
The measure of the H+ concentration in a solution
Weight
The measure of the force of gravity on an object
Atom
The most basic unit of matter
Physics
The natural science that studies matter, its motion and behavior through space and time, and that studies the related entities of energy and force.
Formaldehyde Index
The number of grams of formaldehyde for every 100mL of solution
Atomic Number
The number of protons in the nucleus. Top left number on the periodic table. Defines the element.
Atomic Mass
The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. The bottom number in the periodic table.
Bacteremia
The presence of bacteria in the blood
Septicemia
The presence of bacteria in the blood that can cause sepsis
Deliquescense
The process by which a substance absorbs moisture from the atmosphere until it dissolves in the absorbed water and forms a solution. (silica gel packets)
Plasmolysis
The pulling away of the membrane from the cell wall, shrinking the cell
Double Replacement (Double Displacement) Reactions
The reactants of both compounds switch partners in the reaction
Purification
The removal of impurities from water
Potential energy
The stored energy of position possessed by an object
Rickettsiology
The study of Rickettsia bacteria which are a group of zoonotic pathogens that cause typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever (spread by fleas, lice, and ticks).
Bacteriology
The study of bacteria
Organic Chemistry
The study of carbon containing compounds.
Pathology
The study of diease
Microbiology
The study of extremely small living things
Mycology
The study of fungi
Helminthology
The study of helminths
Biology
The study of living things.
Inorganic Chemistry
The study of non-carbon containing compounds
Protozoology
The study of protozoa (animal like single celled organisms)
Astronomy
The study of space and celestial bodies
Immunology
The study of the immune system
Chemistry
The study of the nature of matter and the changes it undergoes.
Virology
The study of viruses
Biochemistry
The study that deals with the chemicals and chemical processes related to living things
Solute
The substance that is dissolved
Horizontal Gene Transfer
The transfer of genes from one cell to another allowing them to react to changing environments. Pili.
Quantitative Data
There are numbers
How to all pathogens get energy?
They are heterotrophic
Capsule
Thick mucous-like sticky substance secreted by some bacteria that protects the bacteria from phagocytosis. Stains negatively.
Gram Positive Bacteria
Thicker cell walls, stain purple
