Introduction to Chemistry and Microbiology

Example of Cutaneous mycose

Tinea

Endotoxins

Toxins that are part of the bacteria and are only released when the bacterial cells die and release their contents into the environment. Composed of liposaccharides. Released by gram negative bacteria.

What disease do prions cause

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs)

Vehicles

Transmission agents for disease by which they can travel indirectly from a vector to a host

Vectors

Transmission of infectious agents directly via an animal

Biological Vectors

Transmitted by biological fluids such as by a mosquito or tick bite

Direct Transmission

Transmitted by contact between individuals

Indirect Transmission

Transmitted by contact with infected surfaces

Mechanical Vectors

Transmitted via surface contact with an animal such as by a fly that has previously landed on an infected surface.

Crystalloids

True solutions. Solute size is less than 1 nm

Phenolphthalein

Turns pink in the presence of base and doesn't change in the presence of acid

Controlled Experiment

Two or more identical experiments are set up where only a single factor is altered. Can only be a single variable.

Composition (synthesis) reactions

Two reactants come together to make a single product

Synergism

Two species work in conjunction and each species benefits

Amalgams

Types of alloys in which one of the metals in Mercury

Ameba

Typically associated with infections of the digestive system. In rare cases they can infect the liver or the brain. Cannot be free living in liquid environments because they require a surface along which they essentially "walk"

Are fungal diseases communicable

Typically no

Facultative Saprophytes

Typically parasites, but become saprophytic under some conditions

Federal Microbial Control

US Dept. of Health and Human Services, CDC, Dept. of Agriculture, FDA, OSHA, DoD.

Disinfection

Use of a physical process or a chemical agent to destroy pathogens but not endospores

Active artificial immunity

Vaccination against a specific infection helps patient build an immune response

Solvent

Vehicle. The substance that does the dissolving

Example of Vibrio

Vibrio cholerae

Equation for volume

Volume = mass/density

Humidity

Water vapor in the air

Examples of vehicles

Water, air, food, soil feces, liquid discharges

Examples of compounds

Water, sodium chloride, carbon dioxide

The Law of Conservation of Mass (Matter)

We are all made of recycled atoms and will continue this process when we die.

Products

What a chemical reaction yields

Neutralization Reaction

When a strong acid and a strong base neutralize each other, producing a salt and water.

Examples of chemical properties

When we burn wood and smoke and ash are released.

Example of a decomposition reaction

XZ --> X + Z

Microscopic Fungi

Yeasts and Molds

Examples of solutions

air, oxygen gas dissolved in water, table salt in water, iodine in alcohol.

Binary Fission

asexual reproduction in which a cell divides into two equal parts. Each new bacteria is essentially a twin of the parent bacteria.

Agitating a solution does what to the solubility of a gas in water

decreases

Isotonic

equal solute concentration

Where are most pathogenic fungi found

in the soil or air

Agitating a solution does what to the solubility of a solid in water

increases

Joule

kgm^2/s^2

Polar molecule

molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end

Mucous membranes

oral, nasal, eyes

Neutrophiles

pH between 6 and 8. Most species.

Physical methods of microbial control

scrubbing, heat, cold, UV radiation

Liquid discharges

semen, saliva, tears, blood, pus and other lesion exudates, urine

Liquid

shape of container. Free surface. Fixed volume

Disease incidence

the proportion of individuals in a given population that develop a given disease in a period of time

Disease Prevalence

the proportion of individuals that CURRENTLY have a given disease.

Freezing point of water

0 degrees Celsius

pH of acids

0-7

nano

0.000000001

micro

0.000001

milli

0.001

Centi

0.01

Boiling point of water

100 degrees Celsius

Kilo

1000

Max number of electrons in first energy level

2

Protozoans are the cause of how many diseases annually?

20%

How many people have worms at any given time

50%

pH of pure water

7

pH of bases

7-14

Facts about water

75% of earth's surface, 70% of human body, colorless, odorless, tasteless.

Max number of electrons in energy level after first one

8

Example of a composition reaction

A + B = AB

Chemical Properties

A characteristic that can be observed when a substance is interacting with other forms of matter. The interaction results in the alteration of the chemical composition of the substance.

Mixtures

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically united and do not exists in fixed proportions to each other.

Example of a local infection

A cut or scratch become infected

Bacterial Colony

A discrete group of bacteria formed from one or a few bacteria

Pathogen

A disease causing agent

Endemic

A disease that is continuously present in a community

Epidemic

A disease that is currently in higher than normal numbers

Communicable

A disease that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from one individual to another

Acute

A disease with rapid onset and short duration

Chronic

A disease with slow onset and long duration

Pandemic

A global epidemic

Hyaluronic acid

A glue that binds together connective tissue

Myocoplasms

A group of bacteria that lack cell walls. Tend to be antibiotic resistant

Ciliates

A group of ciliated eukaryotes that have fine hairs on the surface of the cell.

Species

A group of living things that can reproduce by interbreeding among themselves.

The Periodic Table

A grouping of the elements based on properties in common

Solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Some viruses have

A lipid envelope surrounding the capsid

Gram Stain

A method used to separate bacteria into one of two groups based on the color they turn when certain stains are added

Non-Communicable

A non-transmittable disease

Hypothesis

A possible explanation based in research and prior knowledge. An educated guess

Sterilization

A process that destroys or removes all viable microorganisms, including viruses.

Chemical Change

A process that manifests a chemical property

Commensalism

A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other neither benefits or is harmed

Mutualism

A relationship with another species in which both species benefit

Sepsis

A severe immune response which can be life threatening

Decomposition (analysis) reactions

A single reactant is broken apart into two or more products

Reactants

A starting material in a chemical reaction

Contamination

A state of lack of cleanliness or sterility

Infection

A state or condition in which the body or a part of it is invaded by a pathogenic agent that, under favorable conditions, multiples and produces injurious effects

Element

A substance composed of one type of atom

Compound

A substance composed of two or more elements in definite proportions

Tinctures

A substance dissolved in alcohol

Parasitism

A symbiotic relationship in which one species is harmed and the other benefits.

Apicomplexans

A type of parasitic protozoan. Some apicomplexan cause serious human disease

Bacteriophage

A virus that infects bacteria

Examples of single replacement reactions

AB + C ---> AC + B or AB + C ----> CB + A

Example of a double replacement reaction

AB + CD ----> AD + CB

Equations

Abbreviations for chemical changes

Common Disinfectants used in the funeral service

Alcohols, halogens (bleach), aldehydes, and pehnols

How to remember how viruses infect cells?

All Penelope really makes is relish

How do all viruses get energy

All are obligate intercellular parasites (cannot reproduce outside of a host cell)

Cell Membranes

All cells have this. Made of molecules called phospholipids with associated proteins. Membrane is semi-permeable. In bacteria which lack specialized internal structures, many cellular processes occur along the membrane.

The Law of Entropy

All systems decay to a state of randomness (lowest energy). Explains why people die.

Cell walls

Almost all bacterial cells have a cell wall. Allow bacteria to survive independently in wet environments. Made mostly of molecules called peptidoglycans.

Isotopes

Alternate forms of an element with different numbers of neutrons. All forms of an atom are isotopes.

Four groups of protozoans

Ameba, Flagellates, Ciliates, Apicomplexans

Ion

An atom that has gained or lost an electron. A charged particle.

Single Replacement (single displacement) reactions

An element reacts with a compound and takes the place of another element in that compound.

Lysozyme

An enzyme in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan cell wall of bacteria

Systemic infection

An infection that reaches the bloodstream and causes symptoms throughout the body

How do you get a prion?

An inherited defect, transmitted by contaminated meat and or brain tissues, may possible be transmitted on fomites

Control of Microbes in the lab and prep Room

Antisepsis, sterilization, disinfection, scrubbing, heat, cold, ultraviolet radiation

Germicide

Any chemical agent that kills pathogenic microorganisms

Homogeneous Mixtures

Any combination of substances that has uniform composition and properties.

Antigen (immunogen)

Any foreign body that evokes a specific immune response

Matter

Anything with mass and volume

How do fungi reproduce

Asexual or sexual spores

How do viruses infect cells?

Attachment, Penetration, Replication (biosynthesis), Maturation, Release (Lysis).

Adhesion

Attraction between molecules of different substances. Water to other polar molecule (not water).

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same kind, such as water to water

Inflammation

Attracts immune cells to region. Begins the process of repair of damaged tissues and localizes and clears away harmful substances. Destroys microbes and blocks their further invasion

Six Kingdoms of life

Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Three domains of life

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Example of a ciliate

Balantidium (infect the digestive system)

Chemical Symbols

Based on either an English or Latin name. One or two letters in the name. First letter always capitalized, second always lower case.

Examples of heterogeneous mixtures

Beach sand, Italian dressing, blood.

How to bacteria reproduce

Binary Fission

Branches of Natural Science

Biology, Astronomy, Physics, Earth Science, Chemistry

Properties of Bases

Bitter metallic taste, slippery or slimy, change red litmus to blue, react with acids in neutralization reactions

Litmus Test

Blue changes to red in presence of acid and the other way around for a base

Hydrogen Bonds

Bonds between adjacent molecules. Occur due to polarity

Examples of spirochetes

Borrelia burgdoferi (causative agent in Lyme disease)

Saprophytes

Break down organic detritus (dead and decaying organisms)

Example of a physical change

Breaking a lamp

Example of a chemical change

Burning, rusting, decomposition

Examples of water softeners

Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) and sodium carbonate (soda ash)

Amphoteric

Can act as both an acid and a base in chemical reactions

Physical Properties

Can be measured an observed without changing the composition or identity of a substance

Water softeners

Can be used to overcome permanent hard water.

Example of an opportunistic Pathogen

Candida albicans

Obligate anaerobes

Cannot survive in the presence of free oxygen. Tend to be pathogenic

Obligate aerobes

Cannot survive without free oxygen present. Tend to be non-pathogenic

Factors affecting virulence

Capsules, enzymes, toxin production

Temporary Hard Water

Caused by calcium bicarbonate and magnesium bicarbonate. Can be fixed by boiling the water.

Permanent Hard Water

Caused by chloride and sulfate salts of calcium and magnesium. You can't remove by boiling.

Diplo

Cells that are arranged in pairs

Strep

Chains of cells

Boiling and Condensation

Changes between liquid and gas state

Melting and Freezing

Changes between solid and liquid state

Example of a systemic infection

Cold or flu

Examples of physical properties

Color, odor, taste, solid, liquid, gas, melting point, freezing point, boiling point, density

Vibrio

Common shaped bacteria

How do helminths damage the host

Consuming tissue as they migrate, consuming nutrients intended for the host, secreting toxins into the tissues, creating bowel obstructions due to sheer number of worms

Examples of colloids

Contact gels for ultrasounds

Supersaturated Solutions

Contain more solute than the solvent is normally able to hold. Difficult to prepare and maintain

Concentrated solutions

Contains a relatively large amount of solute

Saturated Solutions

Contains as much solute as can be held by the solvent at a given temp and pressure

Hard water

Contains certain minerals (CALCIUM) that destroy the cleansing action of soaps by reacting with the molecules in the soap

Dilute solution

Contains relatively small amounts of solute

Most of the compounds that make up living things held together by

Covalent bonds

Molecules

Covalently bonded compounds

Examples of TSEs

Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, Kuru

SI unit for Volume

Cubic meters or Liters

As temperature increases, solubility of gas

Decreases

Kelvin

Degrees celsius + 273

Equation for density

Density = mass/volume

Examples of intensive properties

Density, Temperature

Communicable fungal diseases

Dermatophytes (Tinea pedis or Tinea unguium), Candida albicans can be transmitted from mother to offspring

Extensive Properties

Describe but do not identify a substance. Dependent on amount of matter.

Intensive Properties

Describes and identifies a substance. Not dependent on amount of matter

Law of Osmosis

Diffusion of substances through membranes

Srubbing

Direct scrubbing of the skin called degermination

Modes of Transmission

Direct, indirect, fomites, droplet, aerosol, vectors

Sporadic

Disease that occurs randomly in a random or isolated manner

Bases

Dissociate into OH- cations an an anion in water.

Organization and Classification of Biological Systems

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

How to remember Biological Systems

Don't Kill People. Come on. For Goodness Sake.

Facts about covalent bonding

Don't dissolve well in water, low melting/boiling points, soft and flexible, don't conduct electricity when dissolved in water.

Anaerobic Bacteria

Don't need oxygen to survive

Gram Negative Bacteria

Double cell wall (both thin) that stains pink. More resistant to disinfectants and antibiotics

Antibiotics

Drugs that attack bacteria specifically.

Management of Protozoans

Drugs, proper hygiene, control of vectors

Examples of Social Sciences

Economics, Psychology, Sociology

Ionic Bonding

Electrons are gained or lost by the atoms in the bond. Electrons are transferred.

Covalent Bonding

Electrons are shared between the atoms.

The Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed only converted from one form to another.

Example of an ameba

Entamoeba histolytica

Hemolysis

Enzymes that disrupt the cell membranes of red blood cells

Leukocidins

Enzymes that disrupt white blood cells making it difficult to fight infection

Ion Exchange System

Exchange the calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions. Used to remove salts from hard water.

Theories

Explanations that apply to a large range of phenomena and are supported by experimental evidence. Why and How.

Micro

Extremely small

Obligate Saprophytes

Feed on dead organisms only. Partially responsible for human decay.

Spirochetes

Flexible corkscrews

Facts about ionic compounds

Form crystals, high melting boiling point, hard and brittle, conduct electricity when dissolved in water

Cannizzaro Reaction

Formaldehyde + Base ----> Salt + Alcohol

Formalin Solution

Formaldehyde gas dissolved in water.

Endospores

Formed by some bacteria when nutrients are scarce. Allows bacteria to survive without nutrients or in harsh conditions for long periods of time.

Facultative anaerobes

Function best in the presence of free oxygen but can survive with little to no free oxygen.

Hard Science

Generally thought of as being natural sciences

Soft Science

Generally thought of as being social Sciences

Viruses made up of two parts

Genetic Material (DNA or RNA) and a Capsid (protein coat)

Example of a flagellate

Giardia intestinalis (lives in water, transmitted through drinking contaminated water)

Base unit for mass

Grams

Sarcinae

Groups of 8

Tetra

Groups of four

Vertical columns in the periodic table

Groups or families

What can fungi grow on

Hair, rubber, skin, wood, leather (most anything really).

Electron

Has a negative one charge and orbits the nucleus in energy levels. 1/1867 amu

Proton

Has a positive one charge and is found in the nucleus. 1 amu

Neutron

Has no charge and is found in the nucleus. 1 amu

How do fungi get nutrients

Heterotrophs

What embalming fluid for dehydrated bodies

Highly hypotonic

Characteristics shared by all living things

Highly organized and contain complex chemical substances, made of one or more cells, use energy, have a definite form and limited size, have a limited life span, growth and development, respond to changes in the environment (maintain homeostasis), ability to reproduce, groups of living things change (evolve) over time.

Example of a primary mycose

Histoplasma

Example of a primary pathogen

Histoplasma capsulatum. Endemic to the Ohio River Valley

Solid

Holds shape. Fixed volume

Example of nematode

Hookworm

Percent dissociation

How easily an acid or base donates H+ or OH- in solution

How are protozoans transmitted

Human contact, food, water, arthropod vectors

The seven Diatomic Elements

Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Fluorine, Oxygen, Iodine, Chlorine, Bromine

A major reason for the decomposition of human remains

Hydrolysis reactions which are double replacement reactions.

What embalming fluid for overly hydrated bodies

Hypertonic

Macroscopic mold structure

Hyphae

What embalming fluid for normally hydrated bodies

Hypotonic

Electronegativity

If an atom is more electronegative, it will pull the electrons closer to itself.

The effect of acid on formalin

If formalin becomes too acidic, it polymerizes, forming paraformaldehyde and precipitates

Natural Immunity

Immunity acquired by an individual by normal biological means that does not involve medical intervention.

Passive artificial immunity

Immunotherapy where a patient is given a specific antibody to a particular disease.

Scientific Laws

Immutable facts based on proven and accepted experimentation. What. Must be predictive, universal, and without exception.

The effect of base on formalin

In very basic solutions formaldehyde is unstable and decomposes.

As temperature increases, solubility of solids

Increases

Increasing surface area

Increases solubility

Primary (true) Pathogens

Infect otherwise healthy individuals and are restricted geographically

Aerosol

Infectious agents are contained in particles that remain in the air for long periods of time.

Droplet

Infectious agents are transmitted when infected individual coughs, sneezes, or talks. Cannot remain suspended in air for long periods of time.

Prions

Infectious mis-folded proteins

Spirillum

Inflexible corkscrews

Branches of Chemistry

Inorganic, Organic, Biochemistry, Thanatochemistry

Qualitative Data

Involves observations that are made using the senses

Salts

Ionically bonded compounds

Acids

Ionize into Hydrogen (H+) ions and an anion in water

Staph

Irregular Clusters

SI unit for energy

Joules

SI unit for Temperature

Kelvin

Bactericide

Kills bacteria specifically

Fungicide

Kills fungi specifically

Virucide

Kills viruses specifically

SI unit for Mass

Kilograms

Examples of Bacilli

Lactobacillus and Bacillus anthracis

Antibody

Large protein molecules produced by immune cells called B cells that recognize and bind specific antigens.

Dry heat

Less effective than moist heat; longer times, higher temperatures necessary

Hypotonic

Less solute, more solvent

Cytoplasm

Liquid interior of the cell. Gel-like nutrient solvent. Location of ribosomes and DNA

Base unit for volume of a liquid

Liters

Parasites

Live in or on living things and obtain energy by gaining energy from a host.

Fungi groups

Macroscopic and Microscopic

Heterogeneous Mixtures

Made of different substances that remain physically separate

Steps of the Scientific Method

Make an observation/ask a question. Formulate a hypothesis. Teste the hypothesis using a controlled experiment. Analyze the data. Form a conclusion in which the hypothesis is either supported or rejected.

Autotrophic bacteria

Make their own food

What is Science?

Mankind's effort to better understand the natural world and how it works, through observation of natural phenomena and/or through experimentation that tries to simulate natural processes under controlled conditions.

Toxin Production

Many bacteria produce chemicals that are toxic to the host organism

What is conserved in a chemical reaction

Mass

Equation for mass

Mass = density x volume

Examples of extensive properties

Mass, length, volume

State Microbial Control

Mass. Dept. of Health. State Police

Facultative Parasites

May resort to parasitic behavior but do not rely on the hose to continue their life cycle.

Cold

Merely slow the activities of microbes.

Base unit for length

Meters

SI unit for length

Meters

Base unit for volume of a solid

Meters cubed

Entry and Exit Portals

Methods by which pathogens exit and enter hosts

Normal Flora

Microbes that are normally associated with the human body that do not cause disease under normal circumstances

Enzymes

Molecules found in all living things that speed up chemical reactions

Hypertonic

More solute, less water/solvent

Macroscopic Fungi

Mushrooms

Obligate parasites

Must be in a cell to continue its life cycle and live

Heterotrophic bacteria

Must eat to obtain energy

Anion

Negatively charged ion.

Three categories of helminths

Nematodes (roundworms), Trematodes (flukes), Cestodes (the tapeworms.

Equation for bacterial growth

Nf = (Ni) 2^n

Is ringworm a helminth

No, it is a fungal infection

Local Microbial Control

Norwood Health Dept. Local Police.

Pseudoscience

Not science at all. Not based on experimentation and the scientific method.

Subcutaneous Mycoses

Occur through injured skin

Active natural immunity

Occurs when an individual receives a stimulus (antigen) that causes an immune reaction such as antibodies.

Passive Natural Immunity

Occurs when an individual receives immune substances (antibodies) produced in the body of another human

Flagellates

Often associated with the digestive system. Can be free living in liquid environments for extended periods

UV radtation

Often used to destroy airborne pathogens by irradiating and destroying DNA in the pathogens.

Antagonism

One organism blocks another from functioning

Local Infection

Only a portion of the body is infected

Thermophiles

Optimal Temp is very high (over 40C)

Alkaphiles

Optimal pH is above 7

Acidophiles

Optimal pH is below 6

Mesophiles

Optimal temp is in intermediate range (20C-40C) Human pathogens.

Psychrophiles

Optimal temp is low (15C)

What is a simple definition for science?

Organized knowledge based on experimental fact using the scientific method.

Suspensions

Particles are greater than 100nm and can be easily separated from the suspension.

Viroids

Particles that are smaller than viruses. Lack a capsid and lipid envelope. Composed only of an RNA molecule.

Wet heat

Performed with an autoclave. Results in better heat transfer into cells. Faster and more efficeint

Horizontal rows on the periodic table

Periods

Examples of Pseudoscience

Phrenology, Astrology, Cryptozoology

Body's First line of defense

Physical and Chemical Barriers

Filtration

Physical removal of substances that are too large to pass through a filter.

Second Line of defense

Physiological: Inflammation, Fever, Phagocytosis, Interferon

What do viroids infect?

Plants only

Example of apicomplexan

Plasmodium falciparum (causative parasite in malaria, infects RBC)

Cation

Positively charged ion

Toxemia

Presence of toxins in the blood due to bacterial toxins or abnormal proteins

Desalinization

Process that removes salts and other minerals from water

Physical Change

Processes that manifest a physical property

Artificial Immunity

Protection from infection obtained through medical procedures

Exotoxin

Protein toxins released by living bacteria as part of their growth and metabolism. Produced mostly by gram positive bacteria. Infection tends to be localized

Interferon

Proteins that interfere with viral multiplication.

Surfactants

Reduces surface tension by disrupting the cohesive forces between water molecules.

Distillation

Removes bacteria and insoluble solids by using vaporization and condensation.

Chlorination

Removing biological impurities from water using calcium hypochlorite Ca(OCl)

Chemical Formulas

Represent the abbreviation of a compound

Microaerophilic Bacteria

Require oxygen but can tolerate amounts that are well below atmospheric levels

Aerobic Bacteria

Require oxygen to survive

Primary mycoses

Respiratory. Inhaled

Bacilli

Rod shaped bacteria

Example of a surfactant

SLS (sodium lauryl sulfate)

Examples of bacteria that release endotoxins

Salmonella, Shigella, Meningitis, E.coli.

Example of crystalloids

Salt water, formalin, embalming fluids

Example of Trematode

Schistosoma

Chemical Barriers

Secretions including lysozyme, gastric juice,

Gas

Shape of container. Volume of container

Protozoans

Single celled free living eukaryotes

Examples of entry and exit portals

Skin and mucous membranes, respiratory tract, digestive tract, genito-urinary tract, damage to the skin

Physical Barriers

Skin, Nasal hair, Cilia (fine hairs that protect the respiratory system from allergens and pathogens in the air)

Fever

Slows growth of circulating microbes, increases metabolism and stimulates immune reaction.

Prokaryotic Cells

Smaller of the two cell types, lack a nucleus and other membrane enclosed structures, species made of prokaryotic cells are all single celled organisms. All species in the kingdoms bacteria and archaea.

Alloy

Solid solutions composed of two or more metallic elements.

States of matter

Solid, liquid, gas

Colloids

Solute size is between 1nm and 100nm

Unsaturated Solutions

Solutions that are not saturated

Aqueous solution

Solutions that use water as the solvent

Capsules

Some bacteria are protected by a capsule outside of the cell wall.

Properties of Acids

Sour taste, sting the skin, change blue litmus to red, react with bases in neutralization reactions

Symptoms of TSEs

Spasms, personality changes, dementia, memory loss

Gastric Juice

Special cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid and enzymes that kills bacteria in food.

Third line of defense

Specific Immunity: Antigen, Antibodies, natural immunity, artificial immunity

Cocci

Spherical in shape

Example of spirillum

Spirillum minus (the causative agent in rate bite fever)

Hyaluronidase

Spreading factor that breaks down hyaluronic acid allowing for bacteria to spread more easily

Examples of bacteria that release exotoxin

Staph, Strep, Dipteria, Tetanus

Example of a bacteria that releases hyaluronidase

Staphylococcus aureus

Evaporation

State change from a liquid to a gas without the input of energy

Sublimation

State change from solid to gas (dry ice)

Examples of bacteria that release hemolysis

Streptococcus and Staphylococcus

Examples of bacteria that release leukocidins

Streptococcus, Salmonella, Neisseria, Cryptococcus

Examples of cocci

Stretococci and Staphylococci

Virus Anatomy

Sub-cellular infectious agents, 10-100x smaller than the typical bacteria.

Buffers

Substances that react with acids or bases to maintain a constant pH in a solution

Law of Diffusion

Substances will tend to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Examples of Homogeneous mixtures

Sugar water, salt water, blood

Cutaneous Mycoses

Superficial. On the skin

Pili

Surface structures used to interact with other cells

Fomites

Surfaces carrying infectious agents

Plasmoptysis

Swelling and bursting of a cell when suspended in a hypotonic solution.

Pathological effects of helminths

Swelling of organs due to immune response, hemorrhage resulting in anemia, weight loss.

Example of Cestodes

Taenia saginatum

Flagella

Tail-like appendages that allow for motility

How do vaccines and antiviral drugs work

Targeting specific proteins on the viral surface or by targeting enzymes that allow the virus to escape the cell and infect another cell respectively.

Indicators

Tell us whether a substance is acidic or basic

Opportunistic Pathogens

Tend to infect individuals that have other health issues. Found worldwide.

Examples of Scientific Laws

The Law of Entropy. The Law of Conservation of Mass. The Law of Conservation of Energy.

Examples of Theories

The Theory of Evolution. The Big Bang Theory. The Atomic Theory.

Energy

The ability to do work

Adsorption

The adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid to a surface.

Density

The amount of mass per unit volume

Mass

The amount of matter in an object

Solubility

The amount of solute that can be dissolved in a solvent

Volume

The amount of space an object occupies

Antisepsis

The application of chemical agents to exposed body surfaces, wounds, and surgical incisions to destroy pathogens

Earth Science

The branch of science dealing with the physical constitution of the earth and its atmosphere.

Thanatochemistry

The chemistry of death

Ionization

The dissociation of a substance into charged particles that may be atoms or groups of atoms

Valence electrons

The electrons found in the outermost ring

Kinetic Energy

The energy of motion

Phagocytosis

The engulfing and breaking down of pathogens by non-specific immune cells called phagocytes

Surface Tension

The force that causes the surface of a liquid to contract. The molecules at the surface of a liquid are attracted only downward and sideways instead of in all directions.

Eukaryotic Cells

The larger of the two cells types, have a nucleus and other membrane enclosed structures, some eukaryotes are single celled organisms and some are multi-celled organisms. All species in the kingdom protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia.

Pathogenesis

The manner in which a disease develops

pH

The measure of the H+ concentration in a solution

Weight

The measure of the force of gravity on an object

Atom

The most basic unit of matter

Physics

The natural science that studies matter, its motion and behavior through space and time, and that studies the related entities of energy and force.

Formaldehyde Index

The number of grams of formaldehyde for every 100mL of solution

Atomic Number

The number of protons in the nucleus. Top left number on the periodic table. Defines the element.

Atomic Mass

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. The bottom number in the periodic table.

Bacteremia

The presence of bacteria in the blood

Septicemia

The presence of bacteria in the blood that can cause sepsis

Deliquescense

The process by which a substance absorbs moisture from the atmosphere until it dissolves in the absorbed water and forms a solution. (silica gel packets)

Plasmolysis

The pulling away of the membrane from the cell wall, shrinking the cell

Double Replacement (Double Displacement) Reactions

The reactants of both compounds switch partners in the reaction

Purification

The removal of impurities from water

Potential energy

The stored energy of position possessed by an object

Rickettsiology

The study of Rickettsia bacteria which are a group of zoonotic pathogens that cause typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever (spread by fleas, lice, and ticks).

Bacteriology

The study of bacteria

Organic Chemistry

The study of carbon containing compounds.

Pathology

The study of diease

Microbiology

The study of extremely small living things

Mycology

The study of fungi

Helminthology

The study of helminths

Biology

The study of living things.

Inorganic Chemistry

The study of non-carbon containing compounds

Protozoology

The study of protozoa (animal like single celled organisms)

Astronomy

The study of space and celestial bodies

Immunology

The study of the immune system

Chemistry

The study of the nature of matter and the changes it undergoes.

Virology

The study of viruses

Biochemistry

The study that deals with the chemicals and chemical processes related to living things

Solute

The substance that is dissolved

Horizontal Gene Transfer

The transfer of genes from one cell to another allowing them to react to changing environments. Pili.

Quantitative Data

There are numbers

How to all pathogens get energy?

They are heterotrophic

Capsule

Thick mucous-like sticky substance secreted by some bacteria that protects the bacteria from phagocytosis. Stains negatively.

Gram Positive Bacteria

Thicker cell walls, stain purple