IPC Exam 2

Regarding sex difference is verbal behavior, which of the following is true, according to your text?

***women are not more talkative than men

This type of gesture has a direct verbal translation:

emblem

ambiguous language

language having more than one possible meaning

Words that evoke strongly positive or negative connotations are known collectively as:

loaded language

face

one's desired public image

Which of the following terms is onomatopoetic?

splash

attribution

the motive or explanation for an observed behavior

In which of the following instances might you have committed the self-serving bias?

you attribute all your failure to external, unstable causes

What is communication competence? Be sure to include the three elements of competence

-communication competence is how effectually and appropriately one can communicate with others Three elements: 1. cognitive: concerned with understanding or knowledge 2. behavioral: a specific set or appropriate behavioral skills 3. affect/ passion: concerned with the feelings associated with thoughts and behaviors

According to Griffing, what are the 4 building blocks of self-esteem? Is self-esteem Christian

-moral wealth: the need to feel okay with God and that one would act morally in a situation -competence: based upon one's actual abilities, and if one can reach their expectations for themselves -self-determination: the need to feel in control of one's own fate, self-responsibility -unity: consistency of behavior over time, "having it together" -self-esteem is Chrisitan because God created us "good," God was willing to send His Son to die for us, and we should love our neighbors as ourselves

compare developmental and situational approaches to the study of IPC

-situational: considers factors such as the number of communicators, the physical, and recently, physiological proximatity, the number of sensory channels, and the immediacy of feedback. However, it does not consider the quality of the relationship between the two communicators. -developmental qualifies the relationship between the two communicators, and considers how one would respond based upon a cultural and sociological position

During a phone conversation, you are able to infer something about the speaker's mood and personality by listening to his or her vocal cues. That fact illustrates which of the following claims about nonverbal communication?

Nonverbal communication is present in most forms of interpersonal communication.

Which of the following pairs of nonverbal channels is particularly useful in communicating emotion?

facial expression and vocal behaviors

How are interpretations different from facts?

facts speak to what occurred, whereas interpretations speak to the meaning of what occured

Which of the following statements is not true regarding feminine cultures?

feminine cultures value achievement

The tendency to assume that attractive people have other positive qualities is called

halo effect

The tendency to assume that attractive people have other positive qualities is called what?

halo effect

When Rachel saw her neighbor Harold in the hallway, he quickly flagged her down and began to speak with her. Throughout their conversation, Harold maintained steady eye contact, spoke very quickly, laughed frequently, and stood closer to Rachel than he usually would. Harold's nonverbal cues indicate that:

he was excited

Which of the following linguistic features was NOT identified in the textbook as affecting a speaker's credibility?

incorrect diction

Some researchers believe women and men grow up in different speech communities. According to this idea, men are taught to do ___ and women are taught to do ___.

instrumental talk; expressive talk

While talking to a friend at a party, you notice that your romantic partner has just arrived. Eager to greet your partner, you angle your posture away from your friend and toward your partner. That movement:

is a form of leave-taking behavior known as left-positioning

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the attitude of someone from a low-power-distance culture?

it is someone's individual right to question authority

Which of the following emotional states was NOT identified by Paul Ekman as having a universal facial expression?

jealousy

The study of how people use movement is called what?

kinesics

A structured system of symbols used for creating meaning is known as a(n):

language

"What you see is what you get." This phrase best depicts a

low self monitor

high-low context cultures

low-context cultures interpret phrases literally. High-context cultures have ambiguous meanings and one has to carefully interpret the context, situation, and nonverbal clues to determine the meaning

The idea that "all people are created equal" would be characteristic of which type of culture?

low-power-distance culture

"I'm late. I'm late. I'm late for a very important date." This phrase best depicts which dimension of culture

monochronic

Schutz identified three fundamental interpersonal needs. This particular need is the most similar in meaning to fellowship face:

need for inclusion

Martian disclosed something personal to his friend Tony. Afterward, Tony felt as though he had to disclose something personal in return. Tony's feelings exemplify which principle?

norm of reciprocity

Hancock's study of emotional contagion online found all of the following EXCEPT:

partners of sad participants prouduced more words than non-sad participants

Which of the following is true is highly collectivistic cultures?

people take an indirect approach to handling conflict

When Jesse first met Nicolette, he extended his hand and said warmly, "Nice to meet you." In response, Nicolette sighed, rolled her eyes, and simply said, "Yah," in a very sarcastic tone. Jesse inferred that Nicolette was not excited about meeting him based on her reaction. Which rule of language did Jesse likely base his decision on?

pragmatic rule

image management

projecting one's desired public image

This aspect of facial attractiveness refers to the relative size of facial features, such as the nose or ears:

proportionality

one of the ways we figure out who we are is by seeing who others think we are. The term for this process is:

reflected appraisal

When your roommate says, "we're out of detergent again," and you take that as a criticism, you are paying attention to which aspect of the message?

relational

The name for the situation in which expectations cause people to act and communicate in ways that make the expectations come true is

self-fulfilling prophecy

Your own understanding of who you are as a person comprises your:

self-image

Researchers use this term to describe how aware people are of their own behaviors:

self-monitor

When we evaluate our own merits with respect to certain reference groups, we are engaging in a process known as:

social comparison

When you see someone dressed in very tight, dark clothing with spiky hair and eyeliner, you infer that this person is into emo punk rock. Your impression is based on which set of cues?

sociocultural

Your textbook identifies several ways that speakers can use nonverbal communication to increase the persuasiveness of their statements. Which of the following nonverbal behaviors is not in line with these prescriptions?

speaking softly, slowly, and calmly

To an American, the phrase, "How are you today?" sounds correct whereas the phrase "Today you are how?" sounds incorrect. The second phrase violates which rule of language?

syntactical

loaded language

terms that carry strongly positive or strongly negative connotations

fundamental attribution error

the error of over attributing other's negative behavior to internal, stable causes

credibility

the extent to which others find one's words and actions trustworthy

fellowship face

the face needed for inclusion in social groups and positive emotions from others

After Frances shares with James her intense fear of public speaking, James then feels compelled to share with Frances something personal about himself. That example illustrates that self-disclosure usually occurs incrementally and is guided by:

the norm of reciprocity

social penetration model

the theory that as a relationship increases, so does the breath and depth of the topics discussed

semantic triangle

three necessary elements for identifying meaning of language: 1. symbol: the word being communicated 2. referent: the word's denotative meaning 3. reference: the connotative meaning

reason

to make judgement about the world based on evidence rather than emotion or intuition

Ethical communication generally involves

treating people fairly, honesty in communication, and avoiding immoral behavior

Which concept of culture includes judgments about how good, desirable, or beautiful something is?

values

The claim that "4 out of 5 doctors prefer" a certain medication for a headache is an example of what kind of statement?

weasel words

Which of the following statements would be true according to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

If a culture does not have a word for an emotion, its members will not be able to experience that emotion.

Which of the following statements about facial or vocal expressions of emotions is factually incorrect?

Infants are unable to respond to pleasant stimuli before they are 12 months old

Why do people tend to believe nonverbal messages even when they contradict verbal messages?

It is harder for most people to control their nonverbal communication than their verbal communication.

The word set has nearly 200 discrete meanings in the English language. Imprecise use of set illustrates which of the following statements about language?

Language can be unclear because of multiple meanings for the same word

self-monitor

Being aware of one's surroundings and how one is interacting with other people; also, the effect that interaction has

Which of the following is not one of the criticisms that have been levied against the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

Children who grow up in a bilingual family experience a great deal of cognitive dissonance because of the conflicting languages.

Samantha was a fantastic softball player, but she rarely took credit for her success. Every time a reporter from the school paper would ask her for a quote, Samantha would say "I just got lucky today," or "Their pitcher just gave me something I could hit." Which of these likely factors into Samantha's personality?

External focus

Which of the following statements about smoking is the best example of an appeal to pathos?

Think about how many lives you're ruining by continuing to smoke.

Regarding the benefits of high self-esteem, which of the following statements has been supported by the research?

Those with high self-esteem are more outgoing and willing to communicate

Which of the following statements about language and culture is true?

When people speak more than one language, their language use is often accompanied by a shift in cultural values.

Research shows that olfactory cues play a role in mate selection. Which of the following statements is true?

Women with more attractive faces smell better to men.

A group of students who attend the same high school and all belong to the school's computer club would be an example of what?

a co-culture

language

a structured system of symbols used for communicating meaning

onomatpoeia

a word formed by imitating the sound associated with its meaning

connotative meaning

a word's implied or secondary meaning, in addition to its literal meaning

denotative meaning

a word's implied or secondary meaning, in addition to its literal meaning

According to social penetration theory, the ___ dimension concerns the number of topics disclosed whereas the ___ dimension concerns the level of detail in topics disclosed

breadth, depth

Henry is late whenever he has to meet Walter. His low regard for Walter is conveyed through which nonverbal code?

chronemic code

Imagine that you have just called friend, but your friend didn't take the call and it went to voice mail. At first, you assume your friend was simply away from the phone or busy, buy you start to wonder if he might be angry or ignoring you. This exercise is an example of what?

cognitive complexity

The literal, "dictionary" definition of a word is its __________ meaning.

denotative

This aspect of communication relates to how well a message meets its goals

effectiveness

The ability to take another person's, and to think and feel as that person does, is called what?

empathy

Saying that someone has been "let go" instead of "fired" is an example of which language behavior?

euphemism

A sign in the library that read "No Talking Allowed" would constitute an example of what?

explicit rule

Which type of listening response includes the use of head nods, facial expressions, and short utterances such as "uh-huh" that signal your interest to the speaker?

backchanneling

perceptional checking

1. Provide feedback to the other person on what you are seeing, hearing, or understanding. 2. Give at least two possible interpretations. 3. Make a request for clarification on how the other person would like you to understand things.

Griffin's "meaning/motivation in life" comes in 3 ways- what are the 3 and describe them

1. affection: A role oriented position. It focuses on being included in groups, positive fellowship, and the emotional support from others 2. power: an effect oriented position. It focuses on having influence and being able to persuade others 3. achievement: a goal oriented position. A self-imposed goal of excellency

three forms of rhetorical proof used for persuasion:

1. ethos: a speaker's respectability, trustworthiness , and moral character (knowledge and expertise) 2. pathos: Listeners' emotions 3. Logos: listeners' ability to reason

sapif-whof hypothesis, 2 specific principles

1. linguistic determinism: suggests the structure of language determines how we think. (we can conceive something only if we have the word for it in our vocabulary) -example: no word for envy, then we do not feel it 2. linguistic relativity: because language determines our perceptions about reality, people who speak different languages will see the world differently -example: Hopi Indians, nouns and verbs are interchanged, everything is action or process, the world is seen as constantly in motion

Contemporary research suggests that approximately this percentage of meaning is transmitted nonverbally:

65-70%

cognitive complexity

The ability to understand a given situation in multiple ways

sapif-whof hypothesis

The idea that language influences the ways that members of a culture see and think about the world

self-disclosure

The intentional act of disclosing personal information that one believes to be true, and the other party would not be likely to discover the information otherwise

self-fulfilling prophecy

an assumption that gives rise to behaviors that cause those assumptions to come true

This persuasion strategy takes advantage of the speaker's credibility:

appeal to ethos

Different cultures have different standards that define competent communication. This cultural variation speaks to which element of communication competence

appropriateness

When Shelia asked her friend Tommy to help her move at the end of the semester, she may have threaten his ___ face needs

autonomy

Craig hates being imposed upon by others. Craig has a high degree of

autonomy face