IT- international organizations

Police Patrol

Centralized oversight efforts by Principals to systematically monitor, identify and remedy agent behavior violations as it relates to PA Theory. The Chemical Weapons Convention, which allows for a central authority to inspect state compliance is an example of a police patrol

Problem of Collective Action

Collective action occurs when a number of people work together to achieve some common objective ex: Interest group lobbying congress and clubs. However, it has long been recognized that individuals often fail to work together to achieve some group goal or common good. The First class of collective action problem involves individuals could fail to coordinate when coordination is preferred to not coordinating The second class of collective action problem involves a failure to achieve an outcome everyone prefers over the outcome arrived at because each individual wanted to achieve his most preferred outcome without, in essence, paying for it himself. Two well known examples of this class of collective action problem are the Tragedy of the Commons and the Prisoner's Dilemma

IFIs

Definition International Finance Institutions that provide loans, grants, and technical assistance to governments, as well as loans to private businesses investing in developing countries Significance of IFIs to the course pertain to those established under the Bretton Woods regime because they have accumulated power the mirrors a sovereign government due to enforcement mechanisms to ensure borrowing states compliance in their policy agreements. Example of Bretton Woods IFIs are the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

Fire Alarms

Defined as "decentralized modes of monitoring that rely on interested outside parties to alert principals of agent actions" Significance allows principals to monitor behavior without directly overseeing the agents, and acts as a deterrent to opportunist agent behavior Example is the WB independent inspection panel, that allows NGOs and individuals to bring information through the panel to the E-board

Absolute vs. Relative Gains

Definition , Absolute gains means each side focuses on maximizing its own profit, and cares little about how much the other side gains or loses in the deal. Relative gains means each side not only considers its individual gain, but also how well it does compared to the other side. Significance to this course is that this is the way Realism, the dominant theory in IR, believe to be the two factors that inhibit cooperation between states. Cooperation is more difficult to achieve under relative gains logic which is the primary motivation because of the balance of power concerns. Example would be using the analogy of pie in which absolute gains focus is on growing the "pie" and gaining a share of the growth whereas in relative gains, the focus is on how the pie is divided between states and states always want to maximize their share.

Hegemony

Definition A single state uses its preponderance of power to unilaterally impose order on the international system. One can distinguish between global hegemons, which dominates the world, and regional hegemons, which dominate distinct geographical areas. Significance Realism which is the dominant theory in international relations, suggests that the ultimate goal for any state is to be a hegemon therefore prevent another state from attaining hegemonic status. Example The US for example is a regional hegemon but it doesn't fully dominate Europe and Northeast Asia. There hasn't been a global hegemon, and there is not likely to be one anytime soon.

Centralization & Independence

Definition Centralization refers to a stable organizational structure aimed at dealing with activities in a collective manner. independence refers to the the ability of IO's to act with autonomy, even neutral authority, to a certain degree. Significant The centralization and independence nature of an International organization can be appealing for states in that they provide benefits that states may otherwise not have, represent two reasons why states may act through an International organization instead of bilateral agreements Example Examples of the benefits include enhancing repeated interactions, norm elaboration, laundering, agenda setting and lowering transaction costs.

Chicken

Definition Describes a game in which two drivers speed towards each other, the first driver to turn off the road is the "chicken" and loser of the game. In the Chicken model, the notion of cooperating is equated to swerving off the road while defecting is equated to continuing straight toward the opposing car. There is no dominant strategy except for doing the opposite of what you presume the other will do. The second best outcome for either player would be mutual cooperation to prevent the dangers and costs of defecting. While the worst outcome is mutual defection. Significant The concept of Chicken is best used to understand cooperating and defecting strategies of the complex international relations between states and how that defines the role and structure of international institutions. Example : the Iran-U.S conflict over Iran's Nuclear war.

Externalities

Definition Externalities occur when decision makers (individuals, firms, or states) do not pay all of the costs or gain all of the benefits from their actions. Actions that produce positive externalities or reduce negative externalities are subject to "free rider" problems Significant Externalities can produce negative effects across borders which creates a demand for international organizations and states to mitigate these effects. Effects can become widespread and complex and cannot be solved by a single state thus creating the need for cooperation in an anarchic international system. Example International negative externality is Acid Rainfall in Canada that occurs when winds carry sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide from U.S factories into Canada.

GATT

Definition General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade established in 1947 to manage trade liberalization on a multilateral basis was not intended to be an IO but was later replaced by the World Trade Organization. Significance to this course was that states could block decisions made against them so it had no enforcement mechanisms, in which the absence of such is a major concern for IOs and their ability to be effective in the global area. Example As a replacement, the WTO had a dispute settlement mechanism to solve the problems with GATT.

Balance Of Power

Definition In an anarchic international system, balance of power theory says that States nearly always and everywhere seek to counter the greatest threats to their security. Balancing can occur by allying with other states (external balancing) or mobilizing one's own resources more fully or effectively (internal balancing) Significance The balance of power is the "default" form of order in the international system. The balance of power produces only a negative form of order: it works to prevent the rise of a hegemon or world empire, and thereby ensures the security of states and the state system. But it does not necessarily produce peace or other elements of order Example Fearing the West after 1945, the Soviet Union mobilized its internal resources and created the Warsaw Pact to balance power against NATO.

IMF

Definition International Monetary Fund which was created to administer the fixed exchange rate system and serve as a bank for states needing temporary assistance Significant in that is the considered to be one of the most powerful IGOs and acts as global economic governor by lending countries loans and imposing conditions on them. Example of IMF more controversial matters concern their future and bridge financing now that fixed exchange rates are gone.

GOARN

Definition Is an acronym for the 'Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network.' and is also commonly referred to as a "network of networks and an example of a global governance network that is comprised of various public health networks, universities and government agencies. They essentially work together to quickly respond to globally significant disease outbreaks and have proven to be effective. Significance They demonstrate how networks can contribute to global governance, a key concept in this course, and respond to global and 'wicked; problems in a anarchic international system of states. Example GOARN played a significant role in the SARS outbreak by deploying over 100 professionals from over 17 countries and 26 organizations

Issue-Linkage

Definition Issue-linkage is when a state attempts to gain additional bargaining leverage by making one's own behavior on a given issue contingent in other's actions toward other issues. It may be employed by powerful states seeking to use resources from one issue area to affect the behavior of others elsewhere, or it may be employed by outsiders attempting to break into what could otherwise be a closed game Significant Linkage can be beneficial to both sides in a negotiations and can facilitate agreements that might not otherwise be possible. Example The United States may provide economic aid to Egypt in exchange of Egyptian support for American Policy in the Middle East.

Agency Slack

Definition Occurs when an agent pursues independent interests or takes actions that are outside the conditional authority granted to them or unwanted by the principal. The two types of agency slack are shirking and slippage. Shirking is defined as an agent decreasing their efforts for behaving on the behalf of a principal while slippage occurs when an agent intentionally acts towards independent interest by moving away from the preferred policy outcomes of the principal. Significant In this course, we observe the conditions that allow an International organization to partake in slack and how Principals design contracts to prevent that and how they deal with slack when it occurs Example An example of Agency Slack occurred during the Eurozone crisis when the head of the European commission discussed bridge financing with the Greek prime minister despite opposition from the 28 member states who found that the commission overstepped their authority.

Anarchy (as assumption)

Definition One of the core assumptions of Realism in International Relations is that the international system is made up of sovereign states with no central authority above them. Significance cooperation under anarchy can only take place in situations that contain a mixture of conflicting and complementary interests. In such situations, cooperation occurs when actors adjust their behavior to the actual or anticipated preferences of others. ← This information is available to states who participate as members of international organizations. IOs also offer "shadow of the future" which affects cooperation of states under the assumption of anarchy

information Politics

Definition Refers to a tactic that transadvocacy networks use and is defined as or the ability to move politically usable information quickly and credibly to where it will have the most impact Significant Information binds network members together by providing information that would not otherwise be available, from sources that might not otherwise be heard, and make it comprehensible and useful to activists. Example: the 1980s even Greenpeace, which initially had eschewed rigorous research in favour of splashy media events, began to pay more attention to getting the facts right.

Leverage Politics

Definition Refers to a tactic that transadvocacy networks use and is defined as the ability to call upon powerful actors to affect a situation where weaker members of a network are unlikely to have influence Significant is that By exerting leverage over more powerful institutions, weak groups gain influence far beyond their ability to influence state practices directly. Example: In the baby-food campaign, network activists used moral leverage to convince states to vote in favour of the WHO/UNICEF Codes of Conduct. As a result, even the Netherlands and Switzerland, both major exporters of infant formula, voted in favour of the code.

Symbolic Politics

Definition Refers to a tactic that transadvocacy networks use and is defined as the ability to call upon symbols, actions or stories that make sense of a situation or claim for an audience that is frequently far away Significant to this course is that it can grow their network and expand constituency that will help them influence state actors more effectively Example: Awarding the Nobel Peace Prize to Rigoberta Menchu, during the International Year of Indigenous People, heightened public awareness of the situation of indigenous peoples in the Americas.

Accountability Politics

Definition Refers to a tactic that transadvocacy networks use and is defined as the effort to oblige more powerful actors to act on vaguer policies or principles they formally endorsed Significant is that it can be a useful tactic to influence states because it may be an embarrassment and they may try to save face by doing what they originally promised

The Sea Turtle Controversy

Definition Refers to when India, Malaysia, Pakistan and Thailand brought a complaint to the WTO against the US regarding a law that requires shrimp fishing to use "turtle-excluder devices or TED' and also bans importation for shrimp from sea turtle areas that do not use TEDs. WTO ruled against the US but not because the law itself but the fact that the US discriminated in the application of the law by allowing caribbean countries a longer period of time to comply than other countries. Significance in the sense that it shows how the WTO provides a enforcement mechanism and retaliation abilities that allow them to be effective at reducing barriers to trade and achieving their intended goals. It is also an example of a criticism anti-globalists and opponents of free trade have in terms of how the WTO can worsen environmental issues because Sea Turtles were also negatively impacted by their ruling

TEDs

Definition Stand for turtle-excluder devices that are intended to prevent endangered sea turtles from being caught in fishing gear not necessarily intended for them which is the greatest threat to their existence. Significance TEDs demonstrate the consequences of economic liberalization and the role of WTO in exasperating environmental issues through their decision to rule against this U.S Law on the basis that it violated trade policies through discriminatory application of the law in which the sea turtles ultimately suffered Example the US law that required shrimp fishing to use TED and also banned shrimp imports from sea turtle areas that do not use TEDs

Transnational Advocacy Networks.

Definition activists, distinguishable largely by the centrality of principled ideas or values in motivating their formation. A transnational advocacy network includes those actors working internationally on an issue, who are bound together by shared values, a common discourse, and dense exchanges of information and services. The fundamental goal of such networks is to create a boomerang pattern Significant By building new links among actors in civil societies, states and international organizations, they multiply the opportunities for dialogue and exchange Example The ICBL

Laundering

Definition activities that might be unacceptable in their original state to state form become acceptable when run through an independent or seemingly independent IO Significant it is a way for IOs to be a depoliticized loophole for states to behave or receive benefits that they would otherwise not have been able to if it had occurred between states. Example States may prefer assistance from IFIs instead of from a state seeking political influence or a former colonial power.

Public goods

Definition are defined as services resources or goods that are accessible to all members of a society by a government or entity. These goods are considered non-excludable as well as non-rivalrous which means the use of the good by one doesn't prevent or reduce the availability of that good to others. Significant Public goods as it relates to the International system are commonly referred to as the global public goods and have become increasingly debated and included in policy and goals of international organizations. Example of public goods include things like clean air and clean environment

[2016] Regime Complex for Carbon

Definition as a group of loosely coupled and non-hierarchical institutions that address the problem of climate change standards to measure and manage greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions Significance demonstrates how private authorities such as firms and NGOs, are playing a significant role in international environmental rule creation by contributing to or abiding standards that result in policy convergences with public authorities to form a complex network structure. Example 79 percent of emission standards created by private actors recognize rules created under the Kyoto Protocol, despite it being considered a failed international agreement.

Information Controls

Definition as actions conducted in and through cyberspace that seek to deny, disrupt, manipulate, and shape information and communications for strategic and political ends. Significance of studying Information controls is that they represent the growth and spread of practices that degrade cyberspace as an open commons of information and communication and how is an important tactic that states engage in to consolidate and expand their power Example Information controls include an array of technologies, regulatory measures, laws, policies, and tactics. Government censoring in china of the internet

WTO Dispute Settlement Body

Definition central pillar of the WTO's multilateral trading system and has Three main stages: Consultation, the Appellate Body and implementation. Significance in that it is an enforcement mechanism which is central to the ability of an IO to be effective. Without a means of settling disputes, the rules-based system would be less effective because the rules could not be enforced Example Blocking policy is difficult in the DSB because consensus against a decision is required. States that do not comply with the decisions face possible retaliation.

Transaction Costs

Definition costs of collecting information, bargaining, communicating, decision making, and enforcing contracts between individuals, norms and the state. Significance to this course is that lowering transaction costs represents one of the benefits that IOs can provide states in facilitating cooperation in the international system Example consolidating a large set of bilateral negotiations between multiple states into one multilateral negotiation allows each individual state to reduce the number of resources it must devote to negotiations.

sustainable development

Definition development that meets the needs of the present without depleting the ability of future generations to meet their needs.Many IFIs have changed mission toward pursuing sustainable development in response to criticism for past projects.(ashwin) Significance However, problems with sustainable development include, like strategic ambiguity, development difference between states, and lack of demand side reform (ashwin) Example Projects like carbon credit markets claim to be sustainable, but do not address actual consumption of fossil fuel. Also requiring developing countries to adopt green (more expensive) practices puts them at a double standard to developed countries. (ashwin)

Global Civil Society

Definition global civil society refers to networks of citizens and non-governmental, non-profit organizations (NGOs) and associations that combine efforts to engage in social, political, and economic reform on the local, national, and international levels with the intent advancing societal interests and the quality of life Significant The presence of global civil society organisations in international affairs has become increasingly relevant. They have played a role in agenda setting, international law-making and diplomacy. Further, they have been involved in the implementation and monitoring of a number of crucial global issues. Examples some interpret the rise of NGO activity as evidence of the emergence of a robust "global civil society

International Whaling Commission

Definition initially set up to conserve whales for future generations while supporting economic uses before dramatically increasing membership and passing a moratorium on all commercial whaling Significance in that it represents how an IGO dramatically changed its mission largely due to pressures from non-state actors and increased state membership. Example of the dramatic changes in the IWC was when state membership rose from 14 to 39 in ten years as a direct result of NGOs such as Greenpeace

Stag hunt

Definition is a game in which the players must cooperate in order to hunt larger game, and with higher participation, they are able to get a better dinner. If participation is not universal, they cannot surround the stag and it escapes, leaving everyone that hunted stag hungry. However, anyone who hunts rabbit can do so successfully by themselves, but with a smaller meal. Stag Hunt is useful for understanding the difficulties in achieving cooperation among states and how that constrains the effectiveness of international institutions. Example Kyoto Protocol is an example stag hunt, in that Environmental regulation and reducing greenhouse gases benefits everyone but to do so requires that universal cooperation. Due to the fact the China and India did not have to participate in the same manner that the U.S did because they are not as industrialized, the U.S was influenced to not ratify the protocol even if adjusting their infrastructure accordingly would give them an advantage in the long run.

Principal-agent relationship

Definition is a mutually constitutive relationship in which Principles delegate conditional and limited authority to Agents that can be revoked at any time. Principals act as Masters and agents act as slaves while an agent cannot be a principal and principal cannot be an agent. Furthermore, the nature of principal-agent relationships are always determined by contracts. Significant In this course, we look at the theory of Principal-agent relationship often through the lens of States as principals and International organizations as Agents. Understanding Principal-agent theory in necessary to the field of International Relations. Example Member states as principals who delegate conditional authority to the World Trade Organization who in turn act as agents for the member states.

Washington Consensus

Definition is a set of policy recommendations structured on neoliberal economic policies, in particular, the reduction of barriers to trade, and the reduced role of government in economic policies. Significance: The significance of this term in the context of this course is that it serves as an example of an IGO influencing domestic politics via conditionality Example these are promoted and enforced by a number of international monetary institutions that included the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization (WTO)

World Bank

Definition is an international governmental institution that consists of 188 member states that provides financing, loans and technical assistance to developing states to aid in their economic growth and development. Significance along with the IMF it Is one of the two most powerful IFIs with a more recent and controversial structural adjustment lending practice.

Delegation

Definition is the process in which a principal gives conditional authority to an agent so that agent acts on behalf of the principal. The nature of the delegation is limited and varies but can be revoked by the principal at any time. Significant In this course, we study the delegation between states and international organizations to understand why states choose to delegate to IO's and the conditions that make delegation more or less likely. Example An example of delegation is the WTO's conditional authority and role in global trade that is granted by member states to act on their behalf and pursue their interests.

Multiple Principals

Definition is when an agent has more than one contract with principals that have distinct organizational structures. Significance to this course is how the problems of multiple principals can negatively impact an IO's efficiency because the more hands on a steering wheel the less control a driver will have. Example is the European Union where there are as many principals as member states who each has veto power over institutional change.

Network Governance

Definition refers to a type of association that can exist along a spectrum of formality in which members work to collectively address issues for the common good but maintain independence and are not to be confused with official governing bodies. Significance The most complex issues and wicked problems that exist in and between states are ingrained in different areas that form to create a network of threats so that a networked response or governance would be a necessary way to ease these issues Example is the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network or GOARN

Barriers to Trade

Definition refers to the IMF's role in providing bridge financing to states who agree to reform their economies as a condition for the loans. The more countries aim to borrow, the more conditions the IMF attach. Significance because it viewed as widely controversial in International Relations for taking the form of macroeconomic belt tightening. Example of newer conditions include changes in domestic corporate and bankruptcy laws

Conditionality

Definition refers to the IMF's role in providing bridge financing to states who agree to reform their economies as a condition for the loans. The more countries aim to borrow, the more conditions the IMF attach. Significance because it viewed as widely controversial in International Relations for taking the form of macroeconomic belt tightening. Example of newer conditions include changes in domestic corporate and bankruptcy laws

ICBL

Definition refers to the International Campaign to Ban Landmines in which six NGOs came together and created the Ottawa Convention. This called for an international ban on the use, production, stockpiling and transfer of antipersonnel landmines, and for increased international resources for humanitarian mine clearance and mine victim assistance program Significant how a Transnational advocacy network with little governmental support, can martial a winning world coalition in the international arena Example of its significance is that it became a binding agreement and there are currently 162 State parties and more than 40 states have stopped production.

Autonomy

Definition refers to the ability of an agent to act with independence after the principal has enacted mechanisms to constrain their behavior such as monitoring, sanctioning and screening. Autonomy results from imperfect control of agents by principals and is to some degree unavoidable. Significance. In this course, the ability for International Organizations to act autonomously and to what extent, is a common debate amongst scholars who disagree on whether or not they are significant actors or just extended limbs of the state.

Rational-Authority

Definition refers to the authority that bureaucracies embody which is derived from in legalities, procedures, and rules. This authority is "rational" in that it deploys socially recognized relevant knowledge to create rules that determine how goals will be pursued. Significance international organizations defend the legitimacy of their actions by appealing to rational-legal authority. "Sorry i have to do this, Im just following the rules." Example UN peacekeepers claim that their interventions are legitimate because of the legal procedures and rules of the UN, agreed upon by most states.

Chain of Delegation

Definition refers to the link of delegation between principals and agents. Chains of delegation within the international system, or as they relate to IOS is often very lengthy Significance to this course is that when slack occurs at each link in the delegation, the ultimate principals (citizens) pay the costs of the delegation but do not receive the benefits that were initially promised.

Westphalian Sovereignty

Definition refers to the right of a state to be independent of external actors and authority and views states as the only legitimate actors in the global system. Significance to the course is that it one of the types of state sovereignty that some have argued is being undermined by globalization while others say it may be challenging sovereignty but this is nothing new and that view is myopic. Example of how westphalian sovereignty is being challenged is the establishment of the European Court of human rights that granted individuals access instead of just states.

Free riders

Definition refers to those benefit from something such as public goods without contributing or paying for it. Since both payers and non-payers alike enjoy the public good once it's provided, no one has an incentive to pay for the good. Significant Governments solve free rider problems through their monopoly on the use of force by mandating that individuals pay taxes and then provide public goods in return. However, the issue in international relations is that there is no global government to take on this role which makes collective action more difficult Example In the case of the environment, an example of this would be states that do not want to limit themselves by partaking in combating ozone depletion. Instead, they will rely on other states' actions to combat the issue and will benefit from the results.

Collective Principlas

Definition refers to when an agent has a single contract a principal but that principal is made up of more than one actor Significance to this course is that it is the most common delegation relationship in politics and government. Example the World Bank's collective principal is the board of executive director who oversee all operations and policy

Agency

Definition the act of being delegated authority to act on behalf of some principal. Significant This is significant to this course because NGOs and IOs have levels of agency build into their systems and this is how they interact with states. This is also a central idea in principal agent theory. explains how international organizations derive power. Example One example of this is how the IMF consists of nested delegation relationships. Board of Governors delegates nearly all powers to the Executive Board and the Executive board delegates authority to the IMF Staff (only power they have comes from this). The structure of delegation explains variation in the independent power of IMF staff.

The Boomerang Pattern

Definition transnational advocacy networks link activists in developed countries with others in or from less developed countries. These kinds of linkages are most commonly intended to affect the behaviour of states. When the links between state and domestic actors are severed, domestic NGOs may directly seek international allies to try to bring pressure on their states from outside Significant Where governments are unresponsive to groups whose claims may none the less resonate elsewhere, international contacts can 'amplify' the demands of domestic groups, pry open space for new issues, and then echo these demands back into the domestic arena Example indigenous rights campaigns, and environmental campaigns supporting the demands of local peoples for participation in development projects that would affect them, frequently involve this kind of triangulation

WTO

Definition- Stands for the World Trade organization & is the only global organization that deals with trade rules between nations with a primary goal of reducing barriers of trade. Significance- is significant to this course in the sense that it is one of the few International organizations with some real enforcement powers Example- ability to facilitate retaliation by allowing countries who are party to a dispute the right to impose costs upon offending country(s) through tariffs.

IGO

Definition: "entities created with sufficient organizational structure and to provide formal, ongoing, multilateral processes of decision making between states, along with the capacity to execute the collective will of their member states." not ad hoc conferences. Significance, IGOs are made up of states which are widely accepted as the most important entity in the global area, they are the most significant classification of International institutions and understanding their role is a dominating aspect of the class. Example of a IGO is the IMF, which is considered to be one of the most controversial and powerful IGOs in existence largely due to their ability to act as a "global economic governor by lending countries loans and imposing conditions on them.

NGOs as Lobbyists

Definition: Like lobbyists in a domestic setting, NGOs act as conduits for ideas and political pressures by providing states with policy advice, assist in monitoring and participating in negotiations to influence decisions of states and delegations. Significance: rather than doing their own homework on every single policy proposal in front of them, States they depend upon the lobbyists [NGOs] to bring the research to them [states] and to represent the diversity of opinions that are out there on a particular policy proposal, they provide free information and they provide information in a way in which states can interpret easily because the bias of these NGOs are known Example: NGOs lobbying the World Bank for higher prioritizing of poverty reduction, and popular participation in lending

Intellectual Property Rights

Definition: The World Trade Organization defines intellectual property rights as simply "the rights given to persons over the creations of their minds." Example: In 2008, the WTO's DSB investigated claims the U.S. brought against China concerning China's alleged failure to penalize trademark counterfeiting or copyright piracy. The DSB ruled in favor of the U.S. and China did not appeal the ruling. (Fred-Diehl Page 240) Significance: The significance of this term in the context of this class is that disputes regarding intellectual property rights comprise a significant portion of controversies in trade and cases brought before the DSB, particularly in the case of software and pharmaceuticals

INGO

Definition: membership consists of individuals, interest groups or businesses. International in membership and structure and not domestically based. Residual category. Civil society. Significance of NGOs is that they are distinctive entities with important skills and resources to deploy in the process of international cooperation and enhance the abilities of states to regulate globally. Example is Greenpeace.

Millenium Development Goals

Development Goals (MDGs) were the eight international development goals for the year 2015 that had been established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. All 191 United Nations member states at that time, and at least 22 international organizations, committed to help achieve the following Millennium Development Goals by 2015 Significance: The significance of this term in the context of this course is that the IMF claimed the MDGs were being supported through their IMF loan conditions; therefore, suggesting that IMF conditionality was not strictly fiscal discipline centric Example: child mortality, global poverty reduction, combat HIV/Malaria

Embedded Liberal Comprised

Embedded liberalism is the economic global system that reflects two conflicting objectives and a compromise between them. 1. Free trade (economic liberalism) 2. Allow governments to compensate losers from freer trade (redistributive policies) if you truly follow economic liberalizations governments cannot compensate losers Significance: liberal elites have not always kept the second part of the compromise. While post WW2 saw an increase in economic liberalization due to IMF and WB policy, redistributive efforts in many countries were not pursued. Has led to greater inequality and rising populism. Ex: is that there is increased international trade of manufacturing product, but real wages of manufacturing workers in developed countries have stagnated or fallen.

Globalization

Refers to increasing cross border movement particularly people, goods, information. Can be seen as a magnified version of interdependence. Based on a theory that economic growth and trade benefits all countries in aggregate Significance: This increased integration among states is shown in the rise in numbers of IOs. This is what commonly spurs populist movements. Ex: NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)

The executive board of the IMF

The executive board consists of twenty-four representatives from member states who produce day-to-day policy decisions. Board members approve of all uses of Fund resources as well as other actions, such as quota changes. The five largest shareholders are the US, UK, Japan, Germany, and France. - JaVonte Significance: Barnett and Finnemore suggest that the staff's ability to shape the agenda at meetings of the executive board contributes to the organization's autonomy; however, the primary significance is likely that the nature of the executive board illustrates the ability of powerful states to establish themselves as authorities within IGOs. Example: "The fact that G-7 states do not need to borrow Fund resources or submit to Fund conditionality is an essential factor in the executive board's support for staff recommendations about interventions in weaker states. If G-7 countries believed they might ever have to submit to similar programs, the board's attitude would almost certainly be different"

Prisoner's Dilemma

a game in which there is always an incentive to defect regardless of whether or not the other state cooperates or defects. This is despite the fact that it would be more advantageous for state's to cooperate than both defect. Significant The Prisoner's Dilemma game concept is used to describes a central issue in an anarchic international system where states cannot trust each other to cooperate. Example is trade agreements. Both nations can benefit by working together and signing the agreement. One nation can then cheat on the agreement, and receive more of a benefit at the cost of the other and vice versa. While there is incentive to cheat, if they both do they will worse off than if they adhered to the trade agreement.

Intra-BRICS Cooperation

cooperation and political alliance between Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, all emerging economically developing states who showed exceptional resilience in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis that was felt by most countries but particularly negatively impacted the developed states. This allowed them to briefly act as Agenda setters with considerable influence over the G20 declaration and IMF reform, which aimed to alter the current structure of international financial institutions. Significance The spillover effects of the intra-BRICS cooperation have made them a popular subject in International relations as many scholars view their rise and increased cooperation as a challenge to the current International power structure that is dominated by the West. Example In 2013, BRICS national security advisors met in to discuss issues ranging from cyber security, terrorism, piracy, and other threats to international security

Shadow of the Future

is a basic game theory concept that when applied to International Relations, essentially means that state's behave differently when they expect to interact repeatedly in the future. This is most commonly used to describe how a State's concern about the future can influence their likelihood to cooperate in the international arena through the lens of the Prisoner's Dilemma. This can lower the incentive for States to defect on agreements if the value of payoffs in the future are considered with those of the current. Significance-It's thought that international institutions can use the shadow of the future to promote cooperation by regularizing interactions among states, as well as facilitating flows of reliable information about state's actions

Transparency

refers to a state or organization's level of honesty and openness about their actions or behavior and transparency is viewed as a normative component of good governance. mportant for facilitation of national agreements and state cooperation so IOs can contribute to transparency by monitoring compliance to agreements and provide flows in information about state behavior Ex:WHO facilitates transparency by getting states to report on disease outbreaks and public health measures.

The Power of Expert Authority

the concept that many issues of global governance require technical expertise held by a small group of people. The internal structure of the World Health Organization is a useful example of the power of expert authority as their expertise allows them rule against the interests of states who interfere with their mission.

International Institutions

the rules that govern elements of world politics and the organizations that help implement those rules" IGOs and INGOs are types of International institutions Significance the debate over International institutions plays a major role in IR where some view them as insignificant actors in international politics. Other end of the spectrum is that they are the solution to global problems, advocating a move toward global governance and the end of states. Or They can help provide order to the international system but cannot alone provide a solution Example they can reduce transaction costs, increase transparency, provide focal points, monitor compliance with agreements, provide venues for repeated interaction

Repeated interaction

when states interact more than once or expect to interact with each other in the future which can discourages short-term opportunism as states current actions can be conditioned on past actions. Significance to this course is that it is a method that IO's can use as solution to the prisoner's dilemma because repeated interactions build trust and make cooperation more likely. Example: States that are apart of the UN are more willing to work with each other than states outside of UN as they are unfamiliar of the state's characteristics