ITE 221 chapter 4 review questions

The word size of recent processor generations such as the Intel Core2 and IBM POWER 8 is ______ bits.

64

The ____ section of the CPU performs all computation and comparison operations. a. register b. ALU c. shifter d. control unit

ALU

A(n) ____ instruction generates the result true if both of its data inputs are true. a. AND b. inclusive OR c. exclusive OR d. NOT

AND

A(n)________________ instruction performs multiplication or division

ARITHMETIC SHIFT

A(n)_______________ is a measure of CPU or computer system performance when carrying out one or more specific tasks.

BENCHMARK

A ____ instruction causes the processor to depart from sequential instruction order. a. MOVE b. COMPARE c. BRANCH d. HALT

BRANCH

____ is a philosophy of processor design that deliberately includes complex instructions. a. CISC b. RISC c. OR d. XOR

CISC

In an electrical computer, ______________________ is performed by forcing electricity to flow through millions of electrical switches and wires.

COMPUTATION

The capability of an element or a substance to enable electron flow is called ____________________.

CONDUCTIVITY

The ________________ of the CPU keeps track of the next program instruction location by incrementing a pointer after each fetch.

CONTROL UNIT

____ instructions represent combinations of primitive processing operations. a. Standard b. Complex c. High-order d. System

Complex

___________________ transistors are a bridge between electrical and optical computer components.

ELECTRO-OPTICAL

____ is the flow of electrons from one place or device to another. a. Electrical voltage b. Electrical current c. Electrical resistance d. Electrical conduction

Electrical current

A perfect conductor can be described as one having maximum resistance. a. True b. False

False

According to Moore's Law, the doubling of transistor density is achieved with a 50% increase in unit cost. a. True b. False

False

Arithmetic SHIFT instructions are more complex when applied to twos complement values because the rightmost bit is a sign bit. a. True b. False

False

Binary addition works with complex data types, such as floating-point and double-precision numbers. a. True b. False

False

Compared with RISC processors, CISC processors have some advantages for computationally intensive applications. a. True b. False

False

Current fabrication technology is capable of squeezing more than a billion transistors onto a wafer of silicon approximately one square centimeter. a. True b. False

False

Electricity travels through a trace at approximately 70% of the speed of light. a. True b. False

False

Low voltage circuits are less susceptible to damage from voltage surges and static electricity. a. True b. False

False

MOVE tests the bit values in the source location and moves these values to the destination location. a. True b. False

False

Practical optical processors will probably appear first as full-fledged computer processors. a. True b. False

False

RISC is a philosophy of processor design that deliberately includes complex instructions. a. True b. False

False

The ALU component of the CPU moves data and instructions between main memory and registers. a. True b. False

False

The control unit cannot execute instructions without assistance from the ALU. a. True b. False

False

The operand of a CPU instruction cannot contain the location of a data item. a. True b. False

False

Transistors and the tracks that interconnect them are the fundamental building blocks of all CPUs. a. True b. False

False

A(n) _________ is a circuit that can perform a processing function on a single binary electrical signal, or bit.

GATE

____ are used only by the currently executing program. a. Reserved registers b. Kernel registers c. Instruction registers d. General-purpose registers

General-purpose registers

____ hold frequently used data items such as loop counters and array indexes. a. Reserved registers b. Kernel registers c. Instruction registers d. General-purpose registers

General-purpose registers

A(n) ____ instruction suspends the normal flow of instruction execution in the current program. a. COMPARE b. ADD c. JUMP d. HALT

HALT

A(n) __________________ is an object specifically designed to absorb heat and rapidly dissipate it via air or water movement

HEAT SINK

CPU and computer system clock rates are expressed in cycles per second, also called _____________ .

HERTZ

A(n)_______________ is a command to the CPU to perform a primitive processing function on specific data inputs.

INSTRUCTION

The collection of instructions that a CPU can process is called the CPU's ____________________ .

INSTRUCTION SET

When manipulating single-precision floating-point numbers, CPU performance is measured in ____. a. watts b. MHz c. MFLOPS d. MIPS

MFLOPS

A(n) _________________consists of billions of electrical devices on a single chip.

MICROCHIP

A(n) _____________________ is a microchip containing all the circuits and connections that implement a CPU.

MICROPROCESSOR

____ has been the primary basis for CPU speed and clock rate improvement since the first electrical computer. a. Consolidation b. Cooling c. Power d. Miniaturization

Miniaturization

____ is based on the observation that the rate of increase in transistor density on microchips had increased steadily, roughly doubling every 18 to 24 months. a. Lamb's Law b. Newton's Law c. Rock's Law d. Moore's Law

Moore's Law

____ describes any CPU architecture in which duplicate CPUs or processor stages can execute in parallel. a. Uniprocessing b. Scaled processing c. Hyperprocessing d. Multiprocessing

Multiprocessing

A(n) ________ instruction transforms the Boolean value true (1) into false (0) and the value false into true.

NOT

___________________ is a method of organizing CPU circuitry so that multiple instructions can be in different stages of execution at the same time.

PIPELINING

The instruction pointer (IP) can also be called the "__________________."

PROGRAM COUNTER

_______________ are storage locations that hold inputs and outputs for the ALU.

REGISTERS

The _______________ of most materials increases as their temperature increases.

RESISTANCE

____ states that the cost of fabrication facilities for the latest chip generation doubles every four years. a. Rock's Law b. Moore's Law c. Nelson's Law d. Lamb's Law

Rock's Law

The conductivity of ______________________________ varies in response to the electrical inputs applied.

SEMICONDUCTORS

A ____ instruction copies data bits to storage locations and can copy data between any combination of registers and primary storage locations. a. JUMP b. LOAD c. STORE d. MOVE

STORE

A(n) __________ operation is a data transfer from a register into primary storage.

STORE

Electronic _____________ control electrical current flow in a circuit and are implemented as transistors.

SWITCHES

Conductive molecules are typically arranged in straight lines, generically called wires or __________.

TRACES

_____________________ are made of semiconductor material that has been treated, or doped, with chemical impurities to enhance the semiconducting effects

TRANSISTORS

. Traditional bus interfaces are too slow and power hungry to provide sufficient data transfer capacity between many processors or between processors and primary storage. a. True b. False

True

A CPU is a complex system of interconnected electrical switches. a. True b. False

True

A benchmark program performs specific tasks that can be counted or measured. a. True b. False

True

A microprocessor that fails to perform reliably at a higher clock rate might still be usable and rated for sale at a lower clock rate. a. True b. False

True

Complex instructions are a tradeoff between processor complexity and program simplicity. a. True b. False

True

Data inputs are accessed from storage or extracted directly from the operands and stored in one or more registers. a. True b. False

True

Early Xeon processors filled an important niche in the small server market but weren't powerful enough to perform processing duties in many large-scale servers. a. True b. False

True

Integrated circuits reduced manufacturing cost per circuit because many chips could be manufactured in a single sheet, or wafer. a. True b. False

True

One action that occurs during the fetch cycle is incrementing a pointer to the location of the next instruction. a. True b. False

True

Pipelining is a method of organizing CPU circuitry so that multiple instructions can be in different stages of execution at the same time. a. True b. False

True

Shifting an 8-bit twos complement value to the right by seven positions is a simple way to extract and test the sign bit. a. True b. False

True

The BRANCH command has one operand containing the memory address of the next instruction. a. True b. False

True

The CPU alternates constantly between fetch and execution cycles. a. True b. False

True

The PC revolution wouldn't have been possible without standardized microprocessors. a. True b. False

True

The earliest computers were constructed with ordinary copper wire and vacuum tube switches and were unreliable because of the heat the vacuum tubes generated. a. True b. False

True

With bit strings, NOT treats each bit in the bit string as a separate Boolean value. a. True b. False

True

In a(n)______________ instruction, the processor always departs from the normal execution sequence

UNCONDITIONAL BRANCH

A ____ performs specific tasks that can be counted or measured. a. benchmark program b. metric program c. compiler d. system program

benchmark program

The frequency at which the system clock generates timing pulses is the system's ____. a. clock cycle b. clock rate c. pulse rate d. clock pulse

clock rate

Substances that electrons can flow through are called ____. a. resistors b. semiconductors c. conductors d. insulators

conductors

In most CPUs, the ____ is the time required to fetch and execute the simplest instruction in the instruction set. a. cycle time b. block time c. hold time d. rest time

cycle time

Silicon and germanium are basic elements with resistance characteristics that can be controlled or enhanced with chemicals called ____. a. resistors b. dopants c. reactants d. reagents

dopants

A(n)____ instruction generates the value true if either (but not both) data input is true. a. AND b. exclusive OR c. inclusive OR d. NOT

exclusive OR

During the ____ cycle of the CPU, the transformation takes place and data output is stored. a. execution b. fetch c. store d. wait

execution

During the ____ cycle of the CPU, data inputs are prepared for transformation into data outputs. a. execution b. store c. fetch d. wait

fetch

A(n) ____ instruction generates the value true if either or both data inputs are true. a. exclusive OR b. AND c. inclusive OR d. NOT

inclusive OR

A(n) ____ is the lowest-level command that software can direct a processor to perform. a. cycle b. process c. operand d. instruction

instruction

When the control unit fetches an instruction from memory, it stores it in the ____. a. load register b. instruction register c. first general-purpose register d. control register

instruction register

Several transistors and their interconnections on a single chip form a(n) ____. a. optimized circuit b. combination circuit c. integrated circuit d. reduced circuit

integrated circuit

A ____ operation is a data transfer from main memory into a register. a. store b. load c. jump d. move

load

The ____ can extract a single bit from a bit string. a. logic SHIFT b. ROTATE c. ADD d. NOT

logic SHIFT

The first group of bits in an instruction represents its unique binary number, commonly called the ____. a. data word b. op code c. operand d. operator

op code

Subsequent groups of bits after the first group in an instruction hold its input values, called ____. a. operands b. op codes c. operators d. words

operands

The register that holds bit values (flags) that describe comparison operation results, control conditional BRANCH execution, or indicate actual or potential error conditions ____. a. load register b. instruction register c. program status word d. control register

program status word

Quantum computing uses quantum states to simultaneously encode two values per bit, called a ____. a. bi-bit b. neobit c. qubit d. sim-bit

qubit

The loss of electrical power that occurs as electrons pass through a conductor is called ____. a. resistance b. voltage c. amperage d. wattage

resistance

The term ____ describes instructions executed after the guess but before the final result is known with certainty. a. speculative execution b. consecutive execution c. parallel execution d. symmetric execution

speculative execution

The ____ is a digital circuit that generates timing pulses, or signals, and transmits the pulses to other devices in the computer. a. data clock b. memory clock c. variance clock d. system clock

system clock

A(n) ____ is an electrical switch with three electrical connections. a. transistor b. resistor c. insulator d. conductor

transistor

Each clock cycle the CPU spends waiting for a slower device is called a ____. a. suspend state b. block state c. hold state d. wait state

wait state

A ____ is a unit of data containing a fixed number of bytes or bits and can be loosely defined as the amount of data a CPU processes at one time. a. block b. unit c. word d. pixel

word