Japanese Expansion and the International Response Review

Define the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

International agreement in which states can't use war to resolve things -This was between 63 countries that renounced war as an instrument of national policy

Lytton Commission

Investigating commission sent by the League of Nations to Manchuria during Japanese invasion. - unsuccessful precedent that Japan can get away with anything

Who won the Russo-Japanese War?

Japan - Russians severely underestimated Japan's force

Marco Polo Bridge Incident

Japanese military exercise startles china on other side, china believes there had been another invasion and shots were fired ---> soldier is reported 'missing' (start of second Sino ??)

Article 10 of the League Covenant

Members will protect territorial integrity of all members

Manchukuo

Military takeover of Manchuria by the Japanese. Was not supported by the civilian government, which fell apart in response. Condemned by the newly formed League of Nations

What happened in Nanking, China?

Rape of Nanjing: Mass murder and mass rape committed by Imperial Japanese troops against the residents of Nanjing (Nanking), then the capital of China

Article 16 of the League Covenant

Resorting to war, causes war against entire League and ultimately cost severance of all trade, financial relations with other nations

Describe the Washington Treaty System that Japan was signatory to in the 1920s.

also known as the Five-Power Treaty was to prevent an arms race after the war

who were the resistance fighters in China?

- Chiang Kai-Shek - Mao Zedong

What factors contributed to the growth of Japanese Nationalism?

- Determination to transform Japan into a "western-style" power (linked to equality with western powers) - Belief in Japanese superiority and DESTINY to lead Asia - Need for raw materials - Strategic security

Why did the LoN not take stronger actions against Japan ?

- French interests in Indio-China meant that they had much to gain from a weakened China - British was unwilling to act if they did not have interests that were at stake, as well as lacked the military means to resist japan - Great Depression made countries hesitant to spend their resources - Fear of communism meant that Japan was an ally in containing communist Russia in the Far East

How did China respond to Japanese aggression after their appeal to the LoN failed?

- Nationalist Chiang Kai-Shek formed a United Front with the communists, suspended the Chinese Civil War from 1937-41 - Communists focused on Japanese aggression in the north and continued to gain support - China was then divided by 1940: 1. Nationalist China 2.Japanese occupied China 3. Communist China

Which major factor made Manchuria a "lifeline" for Japan?

- Security buffer for Japan (protect from military strategy) - Markets to help withstand the impact of global depression - Raw materials (coal, iron, timber) - Living space for Japan's population - 4x larger than Japan

How did US policy regarding Japanese relations shift?

- Trade shifted (US supported China) - Balance of power shifted - Dec 1937, Japan sunk a US boat, The Panay - Roosevelt was not an isolationist - Moral embargo was placed - Japan needed a war of conquest to gather needed resources - US public decided for a war against Japan

Define Washington Conference System

- all signatories would be consulted in the event of a controversy between two of more of them regarding the Pacific - all members affirmed China's sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity

Matthew Perry

- commodore of the US Navy who opened up Japan with the Treaty of Kanagawa - A commodore in the American navy. He forced Japan into opening its doors to trade, thus brining western influence to Japan while showing American might.

Describe 19th century China

- factionalism - lawlessness - foreign intervention - nationalism

What effects did the Russo-Japanese War have on Japan?

- gov't mobilized 1/5 of the male working population for war service - sent 1 million people to the front - more than 100,000 casualties - immense financial cost (10x more than Sino)

What led to the full-scale start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937?

- military conflict between Republic of China and the Empire of Japan - China began a full-scale resistance to the expansion of Japanese influence in tis territory - Soviet Union and USA supported China - Rape of Nanjing

What were the main reasons for US isolationism between 1931-37?

- trade with japan - impact of ww1- No more involvement in European quarrels - Lacked credible naval force in Pacific- Japan over 4000 miles from Pearl Harbor - Great Depression- Focus on domestic issues (New Deal) - US interests and security not directly affected

What allowed Japan to conquer Korea from the Chinese in the First Sino-Japanese war?

- ultranationalism - European tech - centralized state

Kwantung Army

-army group of the Imperial Japanese Army very conservative troops who had a 2 year plan to take over Manchuria. Blew up Japan railroads and blamed it on Manchuria so Japan would invade Manchuria.

In the 1930s how did Japan split? What groups?

1. Radicals= traditional - spiritual training - military dictatorship w/ emperor (reconstruct empire) 2. Moderate= progressor - modernization of army - military influence in gov't

Mukden Incident

A "Chinese" attack on a Japanese railway near the city of Mukden (had actually been carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as Chinese); used by Japan as an excuse to seize Manchuria

What were the causes of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor? What were the Japanese hoping to achieve in attacking the naval base?

Cause: Tensions were hight due to sanctions placed on Japanese frozen assets and USA assisting China in the Second-Sino - The Japanese were hoping to destroy important American fleet units, thereby preventing Pacific fleet from interfering with Japanese conquest

Who led the Chinese nationalist army?

Chiang Kaishek (jiang jeishi)

Describe the instability in China during the early 20th century and how it influenced Japanese imperialism.

China was already suffering, due to the West. Influenced Japan because of intiminated by what the West had done to China, to sign the TREATY OF KANAGAWA - signed by Matthew Perry -caused Japan out of isolationism -modernization of Japan - limited form of democracy

Why did Japan attack China in the 1920s?

China was in the middle of their own civil war so they were weakened

Kuomintang Army

Chinese Nationalist party

How did the LoN respond to China's appeal?

requested that Japan withdraw their troops from Manchuria and the two countries negotiate a nonaggression pact

Shogun

In feudal Japan, a noble similar to a duke. They were the military commanders and the actual rulers of Japan for many centuries while the Emperor was a powerless spiritual figure.

Tripartite Pact

Signed between the Axis powers in 1940 (Italy, Germany and Japan) - pact stated that Germany and Italy would dominate Europe and leave Japan to dominate East Asia

How did war in Europe benefit Japanese expansion?

The Three Power Treaty/ Tripartite Pact offered the opportunity for Japan to seize European colonies while they were focused on fighting in Europe

How did Second Sino end?

US bombed Nagasaki and Hiroshima, causing Japan to surrender in WW2 and Second Sino

What effects did the First Sino-Japanese War have on Japanese nationalism and militarism?

Victory in this war increased public support for military and increased nationalism

Article 11 of the League of Nation's Covenant

War is concern for the whole League of Nations and any action will be taken to prevent it