KAAP221 Mastering Ch 24

Name the major excretory organs of the urinary system. (Module 24.1A) urethra kidneys urinary bladder adrenal gland ureters

kidneys

All of the following are true of the kidneys except that they are located partly within the pelvic cavity. covered by peritoneum. surrounded by a fibrous capsule. located in a position that is retroperitoneal. held in place by the renal fascia.

located partly within the pelvic cavity.

Which structure reabsorbs 25 percent of the water in the nephron? distal convoluted tubule proximal convoluted tubule nephron loop collecting system

nephron loop

Which of the tubules is impermeable to water? proximal convoluted tubule descending limb of the nephron loop distal convoluted tubule ascending limb of the nephron loop None of the answers is correct. All of the tubules are water-permeable.

ascending limb of the nephron loop

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the papillary tubule. distal convoluted tubule. proximal convoluted tubule. calyx. nephron loop.

distal convoluted tubule.

Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the renal vein. cortical radiate artery. afferent arteriole. vasa recta. efferent arteriole.

efferent arteriole.

Put the following urinary structures in order to represent the flow of newly produced urine: 1) minor calyx 2) renal pelvis 3) ureter 4) major calyx 5) renal papilla 5,1,4,2,3 5,4,1,2,3 3,1,4,5,2 1,4,2,3,5 3,2,4,1,5

5,1,4,2,3

From deep to superficial, put the following layers of the kidney in order: 1) renal capsule 2) perinephric fat 3) cortex 4) renal fascia 4, 2, 1, 3 3, 1, 4, 2 1, 2, 3, 4 3, 4, 1, 2 3, 1, 2, 4

3, 1, 2, 4

As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation? 38 1 63 99 74

99

Which of the following formulas will allow you to calculate the net filtration pressure (FP)? (Hint: GHP = glomerular hydrostatic pressure, BCOP = blood colloidal osmotic pressure, CsHP = capsular hydrostatic pressure.) FP = BCOP - GHP + CsHP FP = GHP - (CsHP + BCOP) FP = BCOP + (GHP - CsHP) FP = GHP + CsHP - BCOP FP = CsHP + GHP - BCOP

FP = GHP - (CsHP + BCOP)

What effect would increased amounts of aldosterone have on the K+ concentration in urine? (Module 24.10B) It would increase the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is retained. It would decrease the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is secreted with it. It would increase the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is secreted with it. It would not affect K+ concentration in the urine because Cl- is exchanged for Na+. It would decrease the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is retained.

It would increase the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is retained.

What effect would increased amounts of aldosterone have on the K+ concentration in urine? (Module 24.10B) It would increase the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is secreted with it. It would increase the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is retained. It would not affect K+ concentration in the urine because Cl- is exchanged for Na+. It would decrease the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is secreted with it. It would decrease the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is retained.

It would increase the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is retained.

Define countercurrent multiplication as it occurs in the kidneys. (Module 24.11A) The secretion of ions in response to hormones in the distal convoluted tubule. The exchange of substances in the adjacent limbs of the nephron loop containing fluid moving in opposite directions. The exchange of substances in the adjacent limbs of the nephron loop containing fluid moving in the same directions. The cycling of urea from the collecting duct to the nephron loop and back. The bulk reabsorption of substances in the proximal convoluted tubule and the bulk movement of water due to osmosis.

The exchange of substances in the adjacent limbs of the nephron loop containing fluid moving in opposite directions.

Where does filtration exclusively occur in the kidney? (Module 24.7B) across the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle across the simple squamous cells of the loop of Henle across the nephron loop into the vasa recta across the proximal convoluted tubule into the peritubular capillaries across the glomerular capsule into the proximal convoluted tubule

across the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle

Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system except the adrenal glands. urinary bladder. ureter. kidney. urethra.

adrenal glands.

At which point is the osmotic concentration of filtrate highest? at the deepest point of the nephron loop between the descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop as it blends with tubular fluid in the distal convoluted tubule as it leaves the glomerular capsule as it enters the proximal convoluted tubule as it enters the descending limb of the nephron loop

at the deepest point of the nephron loop between the descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop

The filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle consists of what three layers? fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and endothelium of glomerulus dense layer of glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestrations in the capsule endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores

endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits

The structure known as the juxtaglomerular complex is located near the nephron loop. collecting duct. renal papilla. glomerulus. proximal convoluted tubule.

glomerulus

Identify the three distinct processes of urine formation in the kidney. (Module 24.7A) filtration, reabsorption, and secretion filtration, reabsorption, and excretion secretion, excretion, and elimination filtration, excretion, and secretion reabsorption, secretion, and excretion

filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the corpuscular output. net filtration pressure. autoregulation capacity. glomerular filtration rate. filtration ratio.

glomerular filtration rate.

The process of filtration is driven by glomerular hydrostatic pressure. renal pumping. blood colloid osmotic pressure. facilitated diffusion. active transport.

glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

The process of filtration occurs at the glomerulus. proximal convoluted tubule. distal convoluted tubule. nephron loop. collecting duct.

glomerulus

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to decrease urinary albumin concentration. decrease secretion of aldosterone. increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands. increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex. increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.

increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. decrease urinary albumin concentration. increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands. decrease secretion of aldosterone. increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.

increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.

The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the renal cortex. renal sinus. renal papilla. renal medulla. renal pelvis.

renal pelvis

Describe filtrate. (Module 24.4A) similar to cerebrospinal fluid similar to blood plasma similar to cerebrospinal fluid without proteins similar to blood plasma without proteins, hormones, glucose, and amino acids similar to blood plasma without proteins

similar to blood plasma without proteins

The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop actively pumps what substances into the peritubular fluid? (Module 24.11B) sodium and potassium ions sodium and chloride ions potassium ions water sodium and hydrogen ions

sodium and chloride ions

If you have to urinate, but have to "hold it" until you can find a bathroom, what structure are you "holding it" with? the internal anal sphincter the internal urethral sphincter the external urethral sphincter the trigone the pyloric sphincter

the external urethral sphincter

The most abundant waste solute in urine is uric acid. protein. urea. potassium. creatinine.

urea

Urine is transported by the ________, stored within the ________, and eliminated through the ________. (Module 24.16A) ureters; urinary bladder; urethra urethra; ureters; urinary bladder ureters; urethra; urinary bladder urinary bladder; ureters; urethra urethra; urinary bladder; ureters

ureters; urinary bladder; urethra

Urine is temporarily stored in the gallbladder. prostate gland. kidneys. urinary bladder. renal pelvis.

urinary bladder.

When ADH levels in the DCT decrease, what happens to the urine osmotic concentration? (Module 24.12.D) urine osmotic concentration decreases and urine volume decreases urine osmotic concentration increases and urine volume decreases urine osmotic concentration decreases and urine volume increases urine osmotic concentration increases and urine volume increases urine osmotic concentration stays the same and urine volume increases

urine osmotic concentration decreases and urine volume increases

Compare the minor and major calyces. (Module 24.3B) The minor calyces are located in the renal medulla and the major calyces are located in the renal cortex. The minor calyces are located in the renal cortex and the major calyces are located in the renal medulla. The minor calyces collect urine from a single lobe and the major calyces collect urine from 4-5 minor calyces. The minor calyces collect urine from juxtamedullary nephrons and the major calyces collect urine from cortical nephrons. The minor calyx is an internal cavity and the major calyx is an external cavity.

The minor calyces collect urine from a single lobe and the major calyces collect urine from 4-5 minor calyces.

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of the distal convoluted tubule. the proximal convoluted tubule. the collecting duct. the nephron loop. both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct.

both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct.

Renal columns are expanded ends of the ureters. conical structures that are located in the renal medulla. internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule. the basic functional units of the kidney. bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.

bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.

The detrusor muscle compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra. functions as the external urinary sphincter. functions as the internal urinary sphincter. moves urine along the ureters by peristalsis. surrounds the renal pelvis.

compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.

Eighty-five percent of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the ________ and have short nephron loops. medulla cortex renal columns renal pelvis fibrous capsule

cortex

Eighty-five percent of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the ________ and have short nephron loops. renal pelvis cortex fibrous capsule medulla renal columns

cortex

Which event does not occur when the normal GFR is decreased? dilation of efferent arterioles contraction of mesangial cells dilation of afferent arterioles constriction of efferent arterioles

dilation of efferent arterioles

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is filtration. adjusting the urine volume. reabsorbing nutrients. secretion of acids and ammonia. secretion of drugs.

reabsorbing nutrients

The process of filtration occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule. distal convoluted tubule. nephron loop. glomerulus. collecting duct.

glomerulus

Antidiuretic hormone increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water by decreasing the number of aquaporins. release is insensitive to the osmolarity of interstitial fluid. is secreted in response to low potassium ion in the blood. increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water by increasing the number of aquaporins. causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of very dilute urine.

increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water by increasing the number of aquaporins.

In French, it's "faire de pipi," in Spanish, it's "hacer pipí," in English, it's "I have to pee." What's the medical term for this universal urge to pass urine? micturition filtration defecation mastication degustation

micturition

The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries. peritubular efferent glomerular vasa recta cortical

peritubular

Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine except uric acid. urea. hydrogen ions. creatinine. proteins.

proteins

Trace the pathway of blood from the renal artery to the renal vein. (Module 24.5A) renal artery, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein renal artery, cortical radiate arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobar arteries, segmental arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, interlobar veins, arcuate veins, cortical radiate veins, renal vein renal artery, arcuate arteries, interlobar arteries, cortical radiate arteries, segmental arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, interlobar veins, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, renal vein renal artery, glomerulus, afferent arterioles, segmental arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobar arteries, cortical radiate arteries, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein renal artery, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, segmental arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobar arteries, cortical radiate arteries, arcuate veins, cortical radiate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein

renal artery, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein

Regarding kidney function, in ________, solutes are transported from the peritubular fluid across the tubular epithelium and into the tubular fluid. reabsorption secretion filtration both reabsorption and secretion filtration, reabsorption and secretion

secretion