KHAN ACADEMY APUSH REVIEW

Source: US Census The difference in slave populations depicted in the graph was most directly a result of which of the following factors?

A difference in the dependence on enslaved labor to produce major cash crops

"It has been much urged that a bank will give great convenience in the collection of taxes . . . yet the Constitution allows only the means which are 'necessary,' not those which are merely 'convenient' . . . there is not one [power] which ingenuity may torture into convenience, in some instance or other, to someone so long a list of enumerated powers. It would swallow up all the delegated powers, and reduce the whole to one power . . . . Therefore it was that the Constitution restrained them to the necessary means; that is to say, to those means without which the grant of the power would be nugatory (useless)." -Source: Thomas Jefferson on the National Bank, 1791 Which of the following Framers of the Constitution would have been most likely to disagree with Jefferson's views, as expressed in this excerpt?

Alexander Hamilton

Adapted from Herbert S. Klein, The Atlantic Slave Trade, 2010 Which of the following best explains the changes in the population of enslaved Africans from 1801 to 1820?

America ended the Atlantic slave trade in 1808 as a condition of the Three-Fifths Compromise.

A map showing the colonies in 1775, with a demarcation line from the Proclamation of 1763. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons Which of the following best describes the most immediate impact of the Proclamation of 1763 on the British North American colonies?

Colonists disobeyed the Proclamation of 1763, moving westward past the Appalachian Mountains.

"In being compelled to labor, not for himself, but for a master. . . the slave may appear to be degraded from the human rank, and classed with those irrational animals which fall under the legal denomination of property. In being protected, on the other hand, in his life and in his limbs, against the violence of all others, even the master of his labor and his liberty; and in being punishable himself for all violence committed against others, the slave is no less evidently regarded by the law as a member of the society, not as a part of the irrational creation; as a moral person, not as a mere article of property. The federal Constitution, therefore, decides with great propriety on the case of our slaves, when it views them in the mixed character of persons and of property. This is in fact their true character." -Source: The Federalist Papers, No. 54, 1788 Which of the following best describes the core ideas behind the Three-Fifths Compromise?

Enslaved persons were counted as three-fifths of a person for purposes of representation.

"The insurgents who were assembled at Worcester in Massachusetts have disbanded. The people at Boston seem to be glad at this event and say it was the effect of fear. But the fact is that the insurgents effected their object . . . The commotions of Massachusetts have wrought prodigious changes in the minds of men in that State [with regard to] the Powers of Government. Everybody says they must be strengthened and that unless this shall be effected there is no Security for liberty or Property. Such is the State of things in the east, that much trouble is to be apprehended in the course of the ensuing year." -Source: Henry Knox, letter to his former commander George Washington, 1786 Which of the following groups would have been most likely to support the author's views expressed in the excerpt?

Federalist

"Be it enacted and it is hereby enacted by the Representatives of the Freemen of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. . . That all persons, as well negroes and mulattoes as others who shall be born within this state, from and after the passing of this act, shall not be deemed and considered as servants for life or slaves; and that all servitude for life or slavery of children in consequence of the slavery of their mothers, in the case of all children born within this state from and after the passing of this act as aforesaid, shall be and hereby is utterly taken away, extinguished and forever abolished." Pennsylvania Act, 1780 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following social changes after the American Revolution?

Growing support for the abolition of slavery in northern states

"Be it enacted and it is hereby enacted by the Representatives of the Freemen of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. . . That all persons, as well negroes and mulattoes as others who shall be born within this state, from and after the passing of this act, shall not be deemed and considered as servants for life or slaves; and that all servitude for life or slavery of children in consequence of the slavery of their mothers, in the case of all children born within this state from and after the passing of this act as aforesaid, shall be and hereby is utterly taken away, extinguished and forever abolished." Pennsylvania Act, 1780 The law above emerged most directly from the context of which of the following?

Increased awareness of inequalities in society during and after the American Revolution

"We found ourselves rather pressed, the Ohio Company appeared to purchase a large tract of the federal lands, about 6 or 7 million of acres— ;and we wanted to abolish the old system and get a better one for the Government of the Country— ;and we finally found it necessary to adopt the best system we could get. . . . When I drew the ordinance which passed (in a few words excepted) as I originally formed it, I had no idea the States would agree to the sixth Art. prohibiting Slavery— ; as only [Massachusetts] of the Eastern States was present—; and therefore omitted it in the draft—; but finding the House favourably disposed on this subject, after we had completed the other parts I moved the art—; which was agreed to without opposition." -Source: Nathan Dane, in a letter to Rufus King after the passage of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, 1787 Which of the following describes an accomplishment of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?

It established procedures by which territories could become states.

"The American Revolution launched an idea of popular sovereignty that, together with the cost of the war, helped to provoke the downfall of the French monarchy. The French Revolution, dramatic as was its influence on the Old World, also became a fundamental event in the New World because it was eventually to challenge slavery as well as royal power." Robin Blackburn, historian, "Haiti, Slavery, and the Age of the Democratic Revolution", William and Mary Quarterly, 2006 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that the American Revolution had on France?

It helped to inspire the French Revolution

"It may be a reflection on human nature, that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government. But what is government itself, but the greatest of all reflections on human nature? If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself." -Source: The Federalist Papers, No. 51, 1788 Which of the Founders would be most likely to disagree with Madison's statements in the excerpt above?

Patrick Henry

"Whereas, the honorable House of Commons in England have of late drawn into question how far the General Assembly of this colony hath power to enact laws for laying of taxes and imposing duties, payable by the people of this, his majesty's most ancient colony: . . . the House of Burgesses of this present General Assembly have come to the following resolves:-- . . . Resolved, That . . . without interruption enjoyed the inestimable right of being governed by such laws, respecting their internal polity and taxation, as are from their own consent, with the approbation of their sovereign, or his substitute; and that the same hath never been forfeited or yielded up, but hath been constantly recognized by the kings and people of Great Britain." -Source: Patrick Henry, Virginia Resolves, 1765 The author of this excerpt was most likely inspired by which of the following movements?

The Enlightenment

"It may be a reflection on human nature, that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government. But what is government itself, but the greatest of all reflections on human nature? If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself." -Source: The Federalist Papers, No. 51, 1788 How were the Federalists and Anti-Federalists able to reach a compromise to ratify the Constitution?

The Federalists guaranteed that they would vote to add a Bill of Rights to the Constitution as a series of Amendments.

"I have long been of Opinion that a well-conducted western Colony, if it could be settled with the Approbation of the Indians would be of great National Advantage with respect to the Trade, and particularly useful to the old Colonies as a Security to their Frontiers. I am glad to find that you, whose Knowledge of Indian Affairs and the Temper of those People far exceeds mine, entertain the same Sentiments, and think such an Establishment in the Ilinoias [sic] Country practicable. . . . "It grieves me to hear that our Frontier People are yet greater Barbarians than the Indians, and continue to murder them in time of Peace. I hope your Negociations [sic] will prevent a new War, which those Murders give great Reason to apprehend; and that the several Governments will find some Method of preventing such horrid Outrages for the future." -Source: Benjamin Franklin, In a letter to Sir William Johnson, 1766 The ideas of Benjamin Franklin, as expressed in the excerpt, had most in common with the ideas of which of the following groups? Choose 1 answer:

The Quakers of Pennsylvania

"I will allow that bodily strength seems to give man a natural superiority over woman; and this is the only solid basis on which the superiority of the sex can be built. But I still insist that not only virtue but the knowledge of the two sexes should be the same in nature, if not in degree, and that women, considered not only as moral but rational creatures, ought to endeavour to acquire human virtues (or perfections) by the same means as men, instead of being educated like a fanciful kind of half being— one of Rousseau's wild chimeras." -Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1792 Which of the following events best represents a continuity of the sentiments expressed in the excerpt?

The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848

"This is the Country, which the French have many Years envied us, and which they have been long meditating to make themselves Masters of: They are at length come to a Resolution to attack us. . . in one of the best of those Colonies, Virginia; and in that part of it which lies on the River Ohio. . . . The French however if they find their Way to the Coast of Virginia, will easily over-run the provinces, because each Province considers itself as independence of the Rest, and the Invaders from Canada all act under one Governor; to unite 13 Provinces which fill an Extent of 1600 Miles is not easy . . . Canada must be subdued." The Maryland Gazette, 1755 The excerpt is describing which of the following conflicts in the 1700s?

The Seven Years' War (the French and Indian War)

"In being compelled to labor, not for himself, but for a master. . . the slave may appear to be degraded from the human rank, and classed with those irrational animals which fall under the legal denomination of property. In being protected, on the other hand, in his life and in his limbs, against the violence of all others, even the master of his labor and his liberty; and in being punishable himself for all violence committed against others, the slave is no less evidently regarded by the law as a member of the society, not as a part of the irrational creation; as a moral person, not as a mere article of property. The federal Constitution, therefore, decides with great propriety on the case of our slaves, when it views them in the mixed character of persons and of property. This is in fact their true character." -Source: The Federalist Papers, No. 54, 1788 Which of the following Constitutional compromises does this excerpt support?

The Three-Fifths Compromise

-Source: John Plumbe, United States capitol, Wikimedia Commons, 1846 The architecture in the image is best seen as evidence for which of the following?

The emergence of a new national culture that was distinct from British culture.

"In a single republic, all the power surrendered by the people is submitted to the administration of a single government; and the usurpations are guarded against by a division of the government into distinct and separate departments. In the compound republic of America, the power surrendered by the people is first divided between two distinct governments, and then the portion allotted to each subdivided among distinct and separate departments. Hence a double security arises to the rights of the people. The different governments will control each other, at the same time that each will be controlled by itself." -Source: Publius (James Madison), The Federalist Papers, no. 51, 1788 Which of the following best summarizes the author's argument?

The federal government and state governments should have their power checked by each other.

"In a single republic, all the power surrendered by the people is submitted to the administration of a single government; and the usurpations are guarded against by a division of the government into distinct and separate departments. In the compound republic of America, the power surrendered by the people is first divided between two distinct governments, and then the portion allotted to each subdivided among distinct and separate departments. Hence a double security arises to the rights of the people. The different governments will control each other, at the same time that each will be controlled by itself." -Source: Publius (James Madison), The Federalist Papers, no. 51, 1788 Which of the following best summarizes the author's argument? Choose 1 answer:

The federal government and state governments should have their power checked by each other.

"To describe the present state and circumstances of the Union we may declare in one word that we are at the Eve of a Bankruptcy and of a total dissolution of Government. Since the close of the war there has not been paid into the general Treasury as much money as was necessary for one years interest of the domestic and foreign debt and Congress have been reduced to the dreadful alternative of borrowing principal to pay interest. Our efforts at home to this end were ineffectual abroad where we were not known and, where enthusiasm for liberty has enrolled us among the most deserving of mankind, we were more successful. The deception cannot much longer be kept up and unless something can be done before the close of the ensuing year we must cease to be a unified government." -Source: William Blount, speech to the General Assembly of North Carolina, 1787 The excerpt reflects which of the following beliefs many Americans had at the time about the federal government?

The federal government under the Articles of Confederation was not strong enough to face the nation's issues.

"I will allow that bodily strength seems to give man a natural superiority over woman; and this is the only solid basis on which the superiority of the sex can be built. But I still insist that not only virtue but the knowledge of the two sexes should be the same in nature, if not in degree, and that women, considered not only as moral but rational creatures, ought to endeavour to acquire human virtues (or perfections) by the same means as men, instead of being educated like a fanciful kind of half being— one of Rousseau's wild chimeras." -Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1792 Which of the following developments best represents a logical extension of the ideas expressed in the excerpt?

The growing movement towards granting women suffrage in the 1800s

"It is certainly much to be regretted that party discriminations are so far Geographical as they have been; and that ideas of a severance of the Union are creeping in both North and South. In the South it is supposed that more government than is expedient is desired by the North. In the North, it is believed, that the prejudices of the South are incompatible with the necessary degree of Government and with the attainment of the essential ends of National Union. In both quarters there are respectable men who talk of separation, as a thing dictated by the different geniusses [sic] and different prejudices of the parts. But happily their number is not considerable—& the prevailing sentiment of the people is in favour of their true interest, union." -Source: Alexander Hamilton, in a letter to George Washington, Founders Online National Archives, 1792 Based on the text, which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with?

While a new national identity emerged in the United States, variations appeared in the North and South.

". . .From the numerous avocations to which a professional life exposes gentlemen in America from their families, a principal share of the instruction of children naturally devolves upon the women. It becomes us therefore to prepare them, by a suitable education, for the discharge of this most important duty of mothers. . . . The equal share that every citizen has in liberty and the possible share he may have in the government of our country make it necessary that our ladies should be qualified to a certain degree, by a peculiar and suitable education, to concur in instructing their sons in the principles of liberty and government." Benjamin Rush, Thoughts upon Female Education, 1787 The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following?

Women should be responsible for teaching republican values to their families

A political cartoon published in The Massachusetts Centinel on August 2nd, 1788. Image credit: Library of Congress Federalists were able to reach a compromise with Anti-Federalists over the strength of the new central government by agreeing to which of the following?

a system of checks and balances within the federal government

"If your majesty has no more skillful man to employ, I am ready to take the matter in charge and will be responsible for the treaty without compromising anyone persuaded that my zeal will better supplement my lack of dexterity than the dexterity of another could replace my zeal. The Americans are as well placed as possible; army, fleet, provisions, courage, everything is excellent; but without powder and engineers how can they conquer or how even can they defend themselves? Are we willing to let them perish rather than loan them one or two millions? Are we afraid of losing the money?" -Source: Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais, letter to the King of France, 1776 The excerpt was most likely intended to do which of the following? Choose 1 answer:

convince the French monarchy to help the Patriots in the American Revolution

"—The most powerful motive I had or have for engaging in, or continuing the study of painting has been, the wish of commemorating the great Events of our Countrys [sic] Revolution: I am fully sensible that the profession as it is generally practised, is frivolous, little useful to Society, and unworthy the attention of a Man who possesses talents for more serious occupations—but, to diffuse the knowledge and preserve the Memory of the noblest series of Actions which have ever dignified the History of Man:—to give to the present and the future Sons of Oppression and Misfortune such glorious Lessons of their rights and of the Spirit with which they should assert and support them:—and even to transmit to their descendants the personal resemblance of those who have been the great actors in these illustrious scenes. . . ." -Source: John Trumbell, In a letter to Thomas Jefferson, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-15-02-0183, 1789 Arguments similar to those expressed in the excerpt were later employed to justify which of the following?

creation of government programs that funded the arts

"Could these colonists who had been British and who had celebrated their Britishness for generations become a truly independent people? How could one united people descended from the same ancestors, speaking the same language, and professing the same Protestant religion differentiate themselves from the people of the former mother country? These questions, more than any others, bedeviled the politics of the early decades of the new Republic's history." -Source: Gordon S. Wood, Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815, 2009 Which of the following cultural shifts resulted most directly from the trends described in the excerpt?

development of a distinct national culture in the U.S.

"In my opinion it would be both just and proper to declare the treaty with France to be void--but I think it would be more advisable to direct reprisals than to declare war at present, for the public mind does not appear to me to be quite prepared for it. . . . Whenever the mass of our people are convinced that the war would be just, necessary, and unavoidable, they will be content that it should be declared, and will support it vigorously, but I doubt whether that conviction however well founded, is as yet so prevailing and general as it ought to be. . . ." -Source: John Jay, letter to William North, 1798 The excerpt best reflects which of the following?

disagreements over whether to engage in military disputes with European countries

"To what expedient, then, shall we finally resort, for maintaining in practice the necessary partition of power among the several departments, as laid down in the Constitution? The only answer that can be given is, that as all these exterior provisions are found to be inadequate, the defect must be supplied, by so contriving the interior structure of the government as that its several constituent parts may, by their mutual relations, be the means of keeping each other in their proper places." -Source: Publius (James Madison), The Federalist Papers, no. 51, 1788 The excerpt was most likely intended to do which of the following?

encourage state delegates to ratify the Constitution

"By interweaving our destiny with that of any part of Europe, [we] entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of European ambition, rivalship, interest, humor, or caprice. . . . It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world." -Source: George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796 Which of the following issues of the period was Washington most likely concerned within the excerpt?

engagement in European conflicts

"If the principles on which the present civil war is carried on by the American colonies, against the British arms, were universally adopted and practiced upon by mankind, they would turn a vale of tears, into a paradise of God: whereas opposite principles, and a conduct founded upon them, has filled the world with blood and slaughter, with rapine and violence, with cruelty and injustices, with wretchedness, poverty, horror, desolation, and despair: We cannot therefore doubt, that the cause of liberty, united with that of truth & righteousness, is the cause of God." -Source: Abraham Keteltas, God Arising and Pleading His People's Cause, 1777 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

how religion strengthened colonists' view that they were blessed with liberty

"If the principles on which the present civil war is carried on by the American colonies, against the British arms, were universally adopted and practiced upon by mankind, they would turn a vale of tears, into a paradise of God: whereas opposite principles, and a conduct founded upon them, has filled the world with blood and slaughter, with rapine and violence, with cruelty and injustices, with wretchedness, poverty, horror, desolation, and despair: We cannot therefore doubt, that the cause of liberty, united with that of truth & righteousness, is the cause of God." -Source: Abraham Keteltas, God Arising and Pleading His People's Cause, 1777 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following? Choose 1 answer:

how religion strengthened colonists' view that they were blessed with liberty

"All male white inhabitants, of the age of twenty-one years, and possessed in his own right of ten pounds value, and liable to pay tax in this State, or being of any mechanic trade, and shall have been resident six months in this State, shall have a right to vote at all elections for representatives, or any other officers, herein agreed to be chosen by the people at large; and every person having a right to vote at any election shall vote by ballot personally. . . ." -Source: Georgia State Constitution, 1777 The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following trends of the 1770s?

how southern state constitutions maintained pre-Revolutionary property qualifications for voting

"It is . . . . agreed that the western boundary of the United States which separates them from the Spanish colony of Louisiana, is in the middle of the channel or bed of the river Mississippi, from the northern boundary of the said states to the completion of the thirty-first degree of latitude north of the equator. And his Catholic Majesty has likewise agreed that the navigation of the said river, in its whole breadth from its source to the ocean, shall be free only to his subjects and the citizens of the United States. . . ." -Source: Pinckney's Treaty, Article IV, 1795 The excerpt would be most useful to historians as a source of information about which of the following?

how the United States dealt with the presence of Spanish colonies in North America diplomatically

Source: R.F. Zogbaum, The Battle of Fallen Timbers, Harper's Magazine, 1896 Which of the following most directly led to the circumstances illustrated by the image?

increased efforts by Indigenous nations to limit migration of white settlers

Source: R.F. Zogbaum, The Battle of Fallen Timbers, Harper's Magazine, 1896 The image most closely reflects which of the following developments in the political climate in the United States? Choose 1 answer:

increased efforts by the United States to gain control of Indigenous lands

"Niagara at most should be my furthest Post in that quarter . . . By this Means we may keep up a Trade with the most distant Nations, retain their good Opinion, and totally prevent any Jealousy of our intending them any ill. . . . As we increase in Numbers on this Continent, it's easy and Safe to advance our settlements in Townships, though this I would do only by Cession or by Purchase of the Lands to prevent the Shadow of an Excuse for the Indians to quarrel with us." -Source: Colonel William Eyre, as printed in The First Global War: Britain, France, and the Fate of North America, 1756-1775, 1764 The ideas expressed in the excerpt emerged most directly from a larger debate over British Parliament's decision to:

limit westward expansion beyond the Appalachian Mountains

"Instead of a powerful nation-state with imperial pretensions, the government established under the Articles of Confederation was not really much of a government at all, but rather a diplomatic conference where the sovereign states, each of which regarded itself as an autonomous nation, met to coordinate a domestic version of foreign policy. It was, in effect, designed to be weak, and lacked altogether the authority to manage a burgeoning empire." -Source: Joseph J. Ellis, historian, American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic, 2007 Which of the following actions of the central government under the Articles of Confederation directly undermines Ellis's assertions?

negotiating the Treaty of Paris of 1783

"There is a violent spirit of opposition. . . against the execution of the Stamp Act, the mob in Boston have carried it very high against Mr. Oliver the Secry (a Town born child) for his acceptance of an office in consequence of that act. They have even proceeded to some violence, and burnt him in Effigy &c. They threaten to pull down & burn the Stamp Office now building, and that they will hold every man as Infamous that shall presume to carry the Stamp Act into Execution; so that it is thought Mr. Oliver will resign." -Archibald Hinshelwood in a letter to Joshua Mauger describing colonial reactions to Andrew Oliver, a royal stamp tax collector, 1765 Which of the following describes the immediate response of the British government to the events described in the excerpt?

passing legislation that asserts British right to tax colonists

An image of farmers in Western Pennsylvania tarring and feathering a tax collector during the Whiskey Rebellion of 1791. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons The actions shown in the image depict which of the following trends in 1790s?

resistance to the increased strength of the federal government

"If the Sons (so degenerate) the Blessing despise, Let the Daughters of Liberty, nobly arise, And tho' we've no Voice, but a negative here. The use of the Taxables, let us forbear, (Then Merchants import till yr. Stores are all full May the Buyers by few and yr. Traffick be dull.) Stand firmly resolved, and bid Grenville to see That rather than Freedom, we'll part with our Tea And well as we love the dear Draught when adry, As American Patriots, --our Taste we deny . . . ." -Source: Hannah Griffitts, The Female Patriots, Address'd to the Daughters of Liberty in America, 1768 Which of the following identifies a way that women served the revolutionary cause?

spinning homemade cloth to support boycotts

A political cartoon published in The Massachusetts Centinel on August 2nd, 1788. Image credit: Library of Congress Which of the following events was this image responding to?

states ratifying the Constitution

"Who, amongst us, will not renounce. . . those vain ornaments. . . when she shall consider that the valiant defenders of America will be able to draw some advantage from the money which she may have laid out in these; that they will be better defended from the rigours of the seasons. . . . The time is arrived to display the same sentiments which animated us at the beginning of the Revolution, when we renounced the use of teas. . . rather than receive them from our persecutors. . . ." Esther DeBerdt Reed, "Sentiments of an American Woman," 1780 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following aspects of American society during the Revolution?

support for the Revolutionary War

"In being compelled to labor, not for himself, but for a master. . . the slave may appear to be degraded from the human rank, and classed with those irrational animals which fall under the legal denomination of property. In being protected, on the other hand, in his life and in his limbs, against the violence of all others, even the master of his labor and his liberty; and in being punishable himself for all violence committed against others, the slave is no less evidently regarded by the law as a member of the society, not as a part of the irrational creation; as a moral person, not as a mere article of property. The federal Constitution, therefore, decides with great propriety on the case of our slaves, when it views them in the mixed character of persons and of property. This is in fact their true character." -Source: The Federalist Papers, No. 54, 1788 Which of the following events best represents a continuity of the sentiments expressed in the excerpt?

the Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford in 1857

"Niagara at most should be my furthest Post in that quarter . . . By this Means we may keep up a Trade with the most distant Nations, retain their good Opinion, and totally prevent any Jealousy of our intending them any ill. . . . As we increase in Numbers on this Continent, it's easy and Safe to advance our settlements in Townships, though this I would do only by Cession or by Purchase of the Lands to prevent the Shadow of an Excuse for the Indians to quarrel with us." -Source: Colonel William Eyre, as printed in The First Global War: Britain, France, and the Fate of North America, 1756-1775, 1764 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?

the acquisition of new territory from France following the Seven Years' War

"To the evil of monarchy we have added that of hereditary succession; and as the first is a degradation and lessening of ourselves, so the second, claimed as a matter of right, is an insult and imposition on posterity. For all men being originally equals, no one by birth could have a right to set up his own family in perpetual preference to all others for ever, and tho' himself might deserve some decent degree of honours of his contemporaries, yet his descendants might be far too unworthy to inherit them." Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776 The excerpt above contributed most directly to which of the following developments?

the colonists' belief in the superiority of republican forms of government

"It may be a reflection on human nature, that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government. But what is government itself, but the greatest of all reflections on human nature? If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself." -Source: The Federalist Papers, No. 51, 1788 The ideas about government expressed in the excerpt are most consistent with which of the following?

the concept of checks and balances

"In a single republic, all the power surrendered by the people is submitted to the administration of a single government; and the usurpations are guarded against by a division of the government into distinct and separate departments. In the compound republic of America, the power surrendered by the people is first divided between two distinct governments, and then the portion allotted to each subdivided among distinct and separate departments. Hence a double security arises to the rights of the people. The different governments will control each other, at the same time that each will be controlled by itself." -Source: Publius (James Madison), The Federalist Papers, no. 51, 1788 The ideas expressed in the excerpt indicates a support for which of the following?

the creation of a federal system of government

"Could it be made a decree in nature, or an edict registered in heaven, and man could know it, that virtue and wisdom should invariably appertain to hereditary succession, the objection to it would be removed; but when we see that nature acts as if she disowned and sported with the hereditary system; that the mental characters of successors in all countries, are below the average of human understanding; that one is a tyrant, another an idiot, a third insane, and some all three together, it is impossible to attach confidence to it, when reason in man has power to act." -Thomas Paine, Rights of Man, 1791 Which of the following best represents continuity in the years after 1791 with the ideas that the author expressed in the excerpt?

the expansion of suffrage to all white men

"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, — That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness." -Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, 1776 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

the influence of the Enlightenment on American colonists

"If your majesty has no more skillful man to employ, I am ready to take the matter in charge and will be responsible for the treaty without compromising anyone persuaded that my zeal will better supplement my lack of dexterity than the dexterity of another could replace my zeal. The Americans are as well placed as possible; army, fleet, provisions, courage, everything is excellent; but without powder and engineers how can they conquer or how even can they defend themselves? Are we willing to let them perish rather than loan them one or two millions? Are we afraid of losing the money?" -Source: Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais, letter to the King of France, 1776 The ideas in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following?

the provision of foreign aid and resources for American troops

"To describe the present state and circumstances of the Union we may declare in one word that we are at the Eve of a Bankruptcy and of a total dissolution of Government. Since the close of the war there has not been paid into the general Treasury as much money as was necessary for one years interest of the domestic and foreign debt and Congress have been reduced to the dreadful alternative of borrowing principal to pay interest. Our efforts at home to this end were ineffectual abroad where we were not known and, where enthusiasm for liberty has enrolled us among the most deserving of mankind, we were more successful. The deception cannot much longer be kept up and unless something can be done before the close of the ensuing year we must cease to be a unified government." -Source: William Blount, speech to the General Assembly of North Carolina, 1787 The ideas in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following?

the ratification of the United States Constitution

"In the Bill of Rights for this Commonwealth it is declared that the happiness of the people & the Preservation of civil government depend upon the piety religion & morality & that the people have a right to invest their Legislature with power to require that provision be made for the public worship of God & the support of [P]rotestant teachers & require the attendance of people upon such worship instructions.... We must insist that the Continental Constitution contain a Bill of Rights which by Express shall secure to us our privileges especially our religion." -Source: Daniel Adams, at a town meeting in Townshend, Massachusetts, 1787 The ideas in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following?

the ratification of the first ten amendments to protect individual liberties and rights

"Instead of a powerful nation-state with imperial pretensions, the government established under the Articles of Confederation was not really much of a government at all, but rather a diplomatic conference where the sovereign states, each of which regarded itself as an autonomous nation, met to coordinate a domestic version of foreign policy. It was, in effect, designed to be weak, and lacked altogether the authority to manage a burgeoning empire." -Source: Joseph J. Ellis, historian, American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic, 2007 According to the excerpt and your knowledge of history, what was the purpose of the Articles of Confederation?

to create a weak national government with a unicameral legislature and no executive branch

Which of the following statements best explains the reason that the British government passed the Proclamation of 1763?

to limit costly conflicts over access to land between American colonists and indigenous communities

Source: John Plumbe, United States capitol, Wikimedia Commons, 1846 The creation of the US Capitol as depicted in the image demonstrates which of the following?

use of architecture to portray a new national identity

"In examining the question how the disturbances on the frontiers are to be quieted, two modes present themselves, by which the object might perhaps be effected; the first of which is by raising an army, and [destroying the resisting] tribes entirely, or [secondly] by forming treaties of peace with them, in which their rights and limits should be explicitly defined, and the treaties observed on the part of the United States with the most rigid justice, by punishing the whites, who should violate the same. . . . The Indians being the prior occupants, possess the right of the soil. It cannot be taken from them unless by their free consent, or by the right of conquest in case of a just war. To disposses them on any other principle, would be a gross violation of the fundamental laws of nature, and of that distributive justice which is the glory of a nation." -Source: Henry Knox, to President George Washington, 1789 The ideas in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following?

violent conflicts between white settlers and Indigenous communities over removing Indigenous peoples from western lands

"Whereas, the honorable House of Commons in England have of late drawn into question how far the General Assembly of this colony hath power to enact laws for laying of taxes and imposing duties, payable by the people of this, his majesty's most ancient colony: . . . the House of Burgesses of this present General Assembly have come to the following resolves:-- . . . Resolved, That . . . without interruption enjoyed the inestimable right of being governed by such laws, respecting their internal polity and taxation, as are from their own consent, with the approbation of their sovereign, or his substitute; and that the same hath never been forfeited or yielded up, but hath been constantly recognized by the kings and people of Great Britain." -Source: Patrick Henry, Virginia Resolves, 1765 The excerpt was most likely a challenge to which of the following concepts?

virtual representation

"All male white inhabitants, of the age of twenty-one years, and possessed in his own right of ten pounds value, and liable to pay tax in this State, or being of any mechanic trade, and shall have been resident six months in this State, shall have a right to vote at all elections for representatives, or any other officers, herein agreed to be chosen by the people at large; and every person having a right to vote at any election shall vote by ballot personally. . . ." -Source: Georgia State Constitution, 1777 According to the excerpt, which of the following was a qualification for voting?

voters had to own property

". . .From the numerous avocations to which a professional life exposes gentlemen in America from their families, a principal share of the instruction of children naturally devolves upon the women. It becomes us therefore to prepare them, by a suitable education, for the discharge of this most important duty of mothers. . . . The equal share that every citizen has in liberty and the possible share he may have in the government of our country make it necessary that our ladies should be qualified to a certain degree, by a peculiar and suitable education, to concur in instructing their sons in the principles of liberty and government." Benjamin Rush, Thoughts upon Female Education, 1787 Which of the following had the greatest impact on the change in women's roles as described in the excerpt?

women's participation in the Revolutionary War