Khan academy
A parent marrying a child violates which type of norm? A. Law B. Folkway C. More D. Taboo
A- beyond just legal is moral B- no bc not inoffensive everyday thing C- while more does tell us it is wrong to marry the child it is more than merely violating the difference btwn right and wrong (like don't bully or don't do drugs) D- yes bc marrying child is an extreme version of a wrong more (more would be don't marry in family) and this extreme ex of marrying child is so neg that it's forbidden. its an extreme example of violating a more that is taboo
What is atonia in REM? A. Total muscle paralysis B. Skeletal muscle paralysis C. Rapid muscle twitching D. Complete muscle relaxation
A- can't have total muscle paralysis bc still breathe B- yes C- no bc no strength to twitch D- no bc again smooth muscle not relaxed totally
pathway as light enters the eye
conjuctiva, cornea, aqeous humor, lens, vitreous humor, and retina
sensory adaptation
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
merkel cells
fire to constant pressure, deep pressure and texture
pacinian corpuscle
fire when pressure first applied and released, respond to deep pressure and vibration
meissner corpuscle
fire when pressure first applied and released, respond to light touch
Under normal conditions, what stimulates the release of somatostatin from Antral D-cells? -The decreased presence of D-cells relative to other cell types within the stomach is accompanied by measurable increases in gastric acid production, and a decrease in luminal pH
given that less somatostatin inc acid and dec pH, prob does neg feedback on these things. so normally somatostatin triggered by gastric acid and turns it off.
spatial inequality
the unequal distribution of wealth or resources in a geographic area, so that some places are richer than others
thesis vs anti-thesis
thesis is status quo (police raid to maintain homophobic env) and anti-thesis is response (raids in retaliation)
universalism
thought determines language
efficacy vs effectiveness
treatments that work in controlled trials (efficacy) might not work in routine care conditions (effectiveness)
urease -urease, the effect of which is to produce a more neutral environment
urea to ammonia and CO2. obv break down urea based on name, and if neutralizes acidic stomach must have basic products
G-cells
secrete gastrin to induce parietal cells to make HCL. this HCl then induces chief cells to make pepsinogen.
temporal lobe
auditory cortex, lang processing, memory and emotion, interpret visual stimuli
Neuroticism
anxiety, insecurity, emotional instability
fusiform gyrus
high level visual processing and recognition
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram negative, microaerophilic bacterium. which is characteristic? A. Teichoic acids B. singe lipid layer c. thick peptidoglycan d. needs oxygen
- Gram neg means thin peptidoglycan w 2 lipid bilayers - Techoic acids gram pos, this make lipopolysaccharide - needs oxygen
recognition of facial expressions 1)sadness 2) disgust 3)anger
1)subcallosal cingulate 2)basal ganglia and insula 3) left superior temporal sulcus
Assuming all are approximately 8 nucleotides in length, which of the following would be effective as primers during the reverse transcription step of the experiment described above? 1. A multitude of random, scrambled primers 2. Primers specific to the first intron of POMC 3. A string of thymine nucleotides 4. The same set of primers as used in the PCR amplification step
1. The reverse transcription step of this experiment requires that at least one POMC mRNA yield a complementary cDNA. In other words, this step does not require specificity. PCR amplification will exponentially and specifically multiply any POMC cDNA generated. Therefore, with enough random 6 - 8 nucleotide primers, one would expect to amplify at least a small fraction of POMC mRNA. 2. no bc introns not in mRNA 3. yes bc mRNA has poly A tail that thymine can bind to to reverse 4. Yes bc these are spec to the cDNA so will also bind to desired spots on mRNA
A high diversity of antibodies is an essential part of a healthy adaptive immune system. Which of the following contribute to antibody diversity? 1. point somatic hypermutation 2. point gene fragment rearrangement 3. Junctional flexibility 4. point affinity maturation
1. this results in inc chance of mutation in all CDR and inc variability 2. yes 3. yes 4. no, when antibodies randomly mutate thru somatic hypermutation this selects for the ones whose mutations gave them higher affinity for the antigen
Which B-cell process(es) would one expect to occur in a germinal center of a lymph node? 1. point affinity maturation 2. B-cell maturation 3. somatic hypermutation 4. productive rearrangement of Vh, Dh, Jh gene fragments
2 and 4 happen in the bone marrow where the B cell matures and the heavy chains of the antibody are formed 3 is after B cell recognizes antigen and starts dividing while 1 is how cell gets better affinity for antigen through 3.
What is a masking stimulus? A. A masking stimulus is shown immediately after a first visual stimulus, which causes a failure to perceive the first stimulus. B. A masking stimulus is shown simultaneous to another stimulus, which causes a failure to perceive the first stimulus. C. A masking stimulus is shown immediately before a first visual stimulus, which causes an enhancement in the perception the first stimulus. D. A masking stimulus is shown seconds after another stimulus, which causes an enhancement in the perception of the first stimulus.
A
The English noblemen had to choose a course of action after their rebellion. Which approach would they have predominantly used? A. Exchange-rational choice theory B. Social constructionism C. Conflict theory D. Functionalism
A rational choice theory is abt ind decision making and since had to make choices abt the future this is what they'd use - this is defining concepts as soc but doesn't tell us how to start a new soc - this will impact planning but won't actually help devise a plan - this is the roles diff institutions play and will impact planning but isn't the driving force on what course of action to take
What is the most important ethical consideration when researching the progression of Alzheimer's disease? A. Accurate responding B. Generalizability C. Confidentiality D. informed consent
A and B aren't ethical concerns C- not rly inc in alzheimer's research D- since patients can't rly give consent as easily this is a bigger concern than usual
If there were 44 VH, 27 DH, and 6 Jh gene segments, how many potential SEQUENCES (x) can the antibody heavy chain have? A. x > 44 * 27 * 6 B. x=44∗27∗6x C. x=1 D. X < 44 * 27 * 6
A bc at least 44x6x27 combos but since gene fragment variation is not the only thing that varies btwn fragments but also mutations and stuff there will be lots more
overt symptom
A symptom that is obvious to a client, such as pain, fatigue, or a bruise.
What conclusion can the doctors draw from the pattern they observed when monitoring Patient B? (mostly beta waves) A. Patient B's dreams were extremely vivid B. Patient B experienced mostly Stage 3 sleep C. Patient B was awake most of the night D. Patient B experienced mostly REM sleep
A- can't say anything abt dream B- no C- most likely D- while REM is beta waves this isn't as likely as B just not sleeping esp bc REM usu intersperse other sleep stages- if lots of REM prob getting sleep
The recurrent acute stress experience associated with PTSD would most probably manifest in which physiological symptom? A. Bronchoconstriction B. Bronchodilatation C. Bradycardia D. Vasodilation
A- def not B- yes breathe more C- no tachycardia D- only in the core, in the periphery actually vasoconstriction to redirect blood to more needed areas
Which coping strategy best describes the deep breathing program? A. Appraisal focused coping because it challenges patient's assumptions about cancer and relaxation. B. Avoidance focused coping because patients distance themselves from their physiological reaction to stressful experiences. C. Problem focused coping because the program is aimed at learning more about stress and taking control. D. Emotion focused coping because it teaches patients to manage emotions that accompany perception of stress.
A- deny or distance from reality of cancer, change goals and values B- similar, deny reality (but deep breathing try to confront stress response rather than avoid it w like drugs) C- not trying to take control of treatment D- yes try to confront emotional stress response
The researcher decides to ask a participant from study 2 why she chose to place the blue rope with the yellow rope. The child replies, "The ropes are best friends and the blue rope was sad without the yellow rope!" The child also mentions that she doesn't understand why anyone would choose to put the blue rope with the blue stick. Based on her statement and information from the passage, what stage of Piaget's cognitive development is this child mostly likely in? A. Preoperational B. Formal operational C. Sensory motor D. Concrete operational
A- egocentric bc can't understand other perspectives, and human characteristics to objects
Hunger is another motivation that has a physiological basis. The brain is able to detect levels of sugar to release insulin or glucagon into the bloodstream. The ventromedial hypothalamus is able to maintain homeostasis throughout the day by recognizing fullness or satiety by the presence of which hormone? A. Ghrelin B. Insulin C. Leptin D. Glucagon
A- hunger long term B- yes! signals fullness short term C- yes is satiety but more long term energy homeostasis rather than day to day D- hungry short term
What condition favors gluconeogenesis over glycolysis? A. High glucose levels B. Starvation/fasting C. Pyruvate deficiency D. Ethanol consumption
A- if lots of glucose not need gluconeogenesis B- if starving need glucose yes! C- If no pyruvate more glycolysis D- if eat ethanol make more NADH and stop lactate from going back to pyruvate but NADH also stop glycolysis
Based on the information in the passage, other than hyperglycemia, what symptoms would one expect to find in an individual who does not produce insulin? A. Obesity B. Loss of muscle mass C. Decreased ketone levels D. High energy (Due to high blood glucose)
A- if not make insulin can't take up glucose so start breaking down fatty acids and proteins, so rapid weight loss *Type 2 diabetes less sensitive to insulin so usu caused by/assoc w obesity bc prob eat lots of glucose so alw lots of insulin so body less sensitive B- muscles can't take up glucose so lose mass C- bc can't use glucose for energy use ketones D- no bc can't use glucose for energy
Which of the following explains why we see movement in a flip-book or stop-motion animation? A. Central executive B. Visuospatial sketchpad C. Echoic memory D. Iconic memory
A- just connects visual-spatial sketchpad and phonological loop (image and words/numbers) B- just takes in images C- sounds D- yes! coordinates motion btwn images, big part of change detection and connects changes into moving pic
Which theory would support the viewpoint: the Pirahã have not needed a counting system that uses numbers beyond two and when a better numbering system is necessary, their language will create it? A. Whorfian B. Weak linguistic determinism C. Vygotsky D. Piaget
A- language determines thought B- linguistic structure influences but doesn't determine context C- yes soc and env influence bio dev of lang D- child's interactions w objects dev lang
What stage of conflict best describes the development of Jane's behavior? ("She is trying to be independent. Jane, a preschooler, insists on dressing herself each morning for school, even though she generally selects mismatching outfits, misses buttons, and wears her shoes on the wrong feet. When mother tries to dress her or fix her outfit, she brushes mother off and insists on doing it herself.") A. Trust vs. Mistrust B. Initiative vs. Guilt C. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt D. Industry vs. Inferiority
A- learn to trust from caregivers (0-1) B- sense of purpose and can initiate activities and do smtg to some end vs fear of punishment or failure(3-6) C- exert control and choice like how to dress yourself (1-3) D- competent and accomplishment, can exercise abilities, affect the world vs trouble completing work and w self-esteem and inadequacy (6-12)
The term 'LBFS (Look But Failed to See) accident' has crept into the nomenclature to describe an accident where the driver looked in a direction, only to be hit by an oncoming vehicle that should have been highly visible from that same direction. Which of these would NOT account for this problem? A. Saccadic masking occurrence, in which moving eyes are rendered temporarily blind B. Driving on an unfamiliar road C. An experienced driver's existing schema does not match an oncoming car D. Domain-general and domain-specific interference
A- makes sense B- no bc unfamiliar road shouldn't interfere w cognition C- yes bc not expect to see car coming so don't see it (doesn't match schema) D- yes bc focusing on diff things interferes w visual perception
Which of the following brain areas registers which part of Amelie's body is in pain and how intense her pain is? A. Periaqueductal gray B. Anterior cingulate cortex C. Somatosensory cortex D. Thalamus
A- mediate pain perception B- register phys and emotional feelings C- yes D- just relay sensory info to other parts of brain
Which of the following is least likely to be associated with Amelie's phantom limb pain? A. Glutamate B. Epinephrine C. Substance P D. GABA
A- mild pain B- no bc instant not chronic pain C- lots of pain D- would help morphine relieve pain
A different professor from the psychology department believes that all students have the capacity to be equally intelligent, because students can be trained to learn anything as long as the topic is presented in a certain way. What school of psychology best fits this professor's ideas? A. Humanism B. Psychoanalysis C. Biological psychology D. Behaviorism
A- more free will, self-actualization, not rly a theory of learning but more personality B- no bc not mention internal desire C- not mention innate skill D- yes bc everything learned and can be shaped
Which of the following terms best describes the in class behavior of the students who filed complaint B? "We agree with the professor in class to protect our grades, but privately we believe that drugs are powerful substances that can hijack the brain, rendering individuals helpless in making future choices" A. Informative influence B. Public conformity C. Power influence D. Private conformity
A- no bc don't think prof is correct and this would describe how prof affect student behavior not rly describe student behavior B- yes bc conforming to prof C- no bc this could explain the effect prof has on students but doesn't describe student behavior D- no bc don't privately believe prof
If Sarah was placed in a classroom environment each day with high achievers who constantly encouraged each other, each had self-confidence, and were extroverted, how might Sarah's own self-identity change as a result of imitation and role expectations? A. She will remain reserved and timid. B. She will gain self-confidence and become extroverted over time as a result of understanding she is a high-achiever. C. She will become much more confident and extroverted, but still won't gain a high self-efficacy in her ability to get good grades. D. She will initially gain her own self-confidence but it will fade over time.
A- no bc imitate them B- yes bc by imitating them and taking on role and getting encouraged her self-esteem goes up, sees how others are like her C- no she will have higher self-efficacy bc she will be encouraged and see herself like the other smart ppl D- shouldn't fade
What impact could an in-group acceptance of profanity cause when the speaker is surprised or in pain? A. The speaker would be less likely to utilize profanity with the in-group. B. The speaker would still find profanity unacceptable in most instances. C. The speaker would replace profane words with neutral words when around the social group. D. The speaker would not use profanity in all instances.
A- no bc in group accepts B- yes, while conform to in-group in behavior not necessarily conform in thought C- no bc no need D- they would for surprise or pain around the in-group
What is a possible confound to Terrace et al? A. Nim was not actually producing sign language. B. The researchers allowed for too much variation in the signs accepted. C. The researchers gave Nim semantic cues to what he was supposed to communicate. D. Nim was an adult before his training in ASL started.
A- no bc is ASL B- was a way to make evaluation easier not rly interfere w Nim learning language C- yes bc would mean he didn't learn language just learned cues D- no bc start at 2 weeks
If a researcher wanted to quantify the genetic influence on temperament looking at genetic variability within a controlled environment, which type of study would be most appropriate? A. Separated monozygotic twin study B. Adoption study C. Monozygotic twin study D. Non-twin sibling study
A- no bc no genetic variability B- yes bc can compare shared genes w bio parents to no shared genes w adoptive parents in controlled env C- no bc no genetic variability D- no bc hard to sep effects of env and genes
There is some evidence of a positive correlation between parental abuse sustained during early childhood and characteristics of antisocial personality disorder. Which personality theory would best support this? A. Behavioral theory B. Psychoanalytic theory C. Trait theory D. Humanistic theory
A- no bc no reinforcement B- yes C- no bc no traits D- no bc focus on developing strength and skills, and would look at self-esteem and growth
What category of stressors best describes the unexpected bleeding of a major vessel for the surgeon practicing a laparoscopic appendectomy? A. Ambient B. Significant life change C. Daily hassle D. Catastrophic
A- no bc not in background (like traffic)- chronic, non-urgent, unavoidable B- no bc nothing bad happen to patient (also sim) C- yes bc this type of error prob happens all the time for a surgeon and is just practice D- no bc practice and prob regularly happens
Which of the following signaling components are shared by the nervous and endocrine systems? A. Mechanism of signal propagation B. Cell type responsible for signal initiation C. Latent period immediately following signal release D. Use of the hypothalamus
A- no bc only nervous saltatory conduction B- no bc neurons vs other cells C- no endocrine no latent period D- yes bc both try to maintain homeostasis
What does randomization allow the researcher to assume? A. Generalizability of results and ability to make inferences B. Predictive validity of the treatments C. Equivalency in treatment characteristics between groups D. Baseline equivalency in smoking behaviors between groups
A- no from random sampling B- no bc not trying to use results from treatment to predict performance in some other field. C- no bc not tell us about treatment characteristics, not say anything abt how treatment is administered and besides each gp diff treatment D- yes makes sure that smoking, the variable in question, is equal across groups for internal validity - maybe think abt it more like what does randomization allow the researcher to ensure? that they r all the same in smoking bc if one group has more extreme smokers than another can't rly compare effectiveness of treatments. i was confused bc he measured baseline smoking so not need to assume anything, but randomization was why he was able to measure an equivalent baseline across groups. due to randomization, he technically could've assumed if he wanted to but chose to measure ig. also measures baseline of each person at beginning and then randomizes into groups, so assuming even distribution of baselines to get equal average baselines per group, and can assume equal distributions of baselines due to randomization.
If an individual has to make a judgment regarding the distance of a traffic light on a foggy morning, which of the following theories attempts to explain how the judgment is made? A. Gestalt principles B. Bismarck's theory C. Weber's Law D. Signal detection theory
A- no just filling in the lines B- no some gov theory C- no bc not abt difference D- yes bc see how internal and external factors affect threshold of sensation and perception. how we make decisions abt distance of traffic light when uncertain
When looking more deeply at the data on marital infidelity, the sociologists find that even when respondents felt cheating was not normal or acceptable behavior, they were more likely to cheat on a partner themselves if they had close friends or family members that had cheated in a relationship. Which theory of deviance best describes this phenomenon? A. Labeling Theory B. Strain Theory C. Differential Association D. Collective Behavior
A- no not labelled as cheaters causing them to cheat B- nothing abt social structures pushing them to cheat C- yes bc who they assoc w influence D- no bc not acting as a group
Based on the information from Table 1, what brain area is associated with the patient's largest memory deficits? (working memory worst, then procedural, then episodic) A. Amygdala B. Hippocampus C. Prefrontal lobe D. Occipital lobe
A- no this just fear response and emotional B- no long term C- yes short term/working D- no bc can see
High-resolution dependent vision, such as reading, relies on light entering the eye to fall on the fovea. Which of the following choices does not account for the fovea's visual acuity? A. The fovea has excellent temporal resolution B. The fovea lies along the optical axis. C. The fovea lacks a layer of neurons and axons that is present in the rest of the retina. D. The fovea is rich in cones, resulting in color vision.
A- nope bc good for color ad form of still stimuli not moving B- true C- yes bc respond fast but bad at successive action potential so not many neurons and why can't track change in motion D- yes
If there were a severe lack of potassium in the body, what effect would it have on audition? A. The auditory nerve would continue to function normally. B. Hair cells would be over stimulated, and thus the cortex would receive too much auditory input. C. The tympanic membrane would rupture, and thus the cortex would receive no auditory input. D. Hair cells would be unable to fire action potentials and thus the cortex would receive no auditory input.
A- nope bc need Na/K channels to be normal B- nope no signal C- nope D- yes bc rely on K to depolarize unlike other neurons
Individuals with social anxiety disorder may use medication along with therapy to treat their symptoms. After analyzing the data, the researcher finds out that the majority of participants in the CBT group were taking medication, and none of the participants in the control group were taking medication. Given the results of the study, the use of medication by the individuals in therapy poses the greatest threat to which type of validity? (trying to see effect of CBT on anxiety) A. Construct validity B. Face validity C. External validity D. Internal validity
A- nope bc still research can still accurately measure soc anxiety B- nope bc still addressing question of effect on CBT on anxiety its just there's another potential variable C- nope bc sample still rep of gen pop D- yes bc sig confound so maybe not measuring what it means to measure
When the women were presented with the prize, their heart rate significantly increased and their blood pressure became elevated as well. Some critics of the study argued that their physiological arousal did not have to occur for the women to feel happy. Which theory of emotion supports their criticism? A. James-Lange B. Schachter-Singer C. Lazarus D. Cannon-Bard
A- nope says need phys for emotional B- nope says need phys+cog for emotional C- nope says need cog for phys/emotional but not counter role of phys in emotional D- yes directly countered needing phys and said stimulus leads to phys/emotion at same time.
After comparing the results of his test with other current information on Alzheimer's, the doctor realizes that he made a mistake by only testing long-term episodic memory. What psychometric property has he compromised? A. External validity B. Content validity C. Internal consistency D. Re-test reliability
A- nope still generalizable B- yes bc not measuring all aspects of episodic memory so possible his data isn't accurately representing the episodic memory of patients C- bc not expecting similar scores across memory categories for patients not a thing D- just bc not measure one aspect of memory not mean patients won't score similarly on the same test a second time
If alcohol dehydrogenase, acetaldehyde, and NADH are mixed together in a reaction, which of the following measurements would be the best way to determine the activity of the enzyme? A. Measure the increase in ethanol concentration over time. B. Measure the amount of carbon dioxide produced over time. C. Measure the decrease in absorbance at 340nm over time. D. Measure the pH over time
A- not easy to measure conc of molecules directly w/o some measurable property like absorbance B- no CO2 in this rxn C- yes bc see how NADH becomes NAD+ (also gives this chart... think abt why!) D- not relevant
Which of the following is correct with regards to the transduction of a sound wave into an electrical impulse? A. The kinocillia attached to hair cells within the tympanic membrane respond to fluid movement caused by pressure waves. B. The ear is not sensitive to sounds with a frequency higher than 5,000 Hz. C. The sound wave causes air within the cochlea to stimulate sensory hair cells. D. The organ of corti is responsible for transducing fluid movement within the cochlea into an electrical impulse.
A- not in tympanic memb in cochlea B- false up to 20,000 Hz C- false not air is fluid D- true organ of corti does transduce
One smoker from the twelve step treatment stated that while he was in the program he was influenced by the sobriety of those around him and felt he had to comply with the no smoking standards, but once the group was over he started smoking again, because he really didn't believe smoking was hurting him or that quitting completely was the right decision. What likely influenced his decision to start smoking again? A. Classical conditioning B. Normative beliefs C. Subjective norms D. Perceived behavioral control
A- not mention smoking as conditioned response to some stimulus B- this is why he quit smoking w societal pressure C- yes, his perception on smoking is why he started again D- never mentions perceived ease or lack of ease in quitting
Which of the following scenarios would test the patient's episodic memory? A. The doctor asks the patient to recall a series of words. B. The doctor asks the patient to describe her wedding day. C. The doctor asks the patient about the current president. D. The doctor asks the patient to button a blouse.
A- short-term memory B- yes describe an event C- semantic (facts) D- procedural
Social norms are hard to change because of the reciprocal expectations of people within the same society. The most appropriate method of studying these interactions and the "key nodes" in these groups would be: A. Survey analysis B. Macro sociological analysis C. Social network analysis D. Micro sociological analysis
C bc look at nodes who are ppl with lots of influence. show soc relationships and interactions
Why might the individuals from the IP group be able to sense changes in temperature at all? "indifference to heat/pain (IP group)" A. Because changes in temperature causes thermoceptors in the skin to activate, which leads to sensation. B. Because changes in temperature cause proprioceptors to activate, which leads to sensation. C. Because changes in temperature cause nociceptors to deactivate, which leads to sensation. D. Because changes in temperature cause corresponding changes in pressure, which leads to sensation.
A- should have faulty thermoceptors bc not detecting heat as well B- nothing to do w heat C- nociceptors should activate w inc temp but these ppl have faulty nociceptors D- since temp inc P, inc P in cells can be detected w pressure receptors
A sociologist using the symbolic interactionism approach would most likely ask which question? A. How did the Stonewall Riots change the way the US viewed homosexuality? B. Did the boycott have lasting affects on the prod and consumption of goods in India? C. Would indian independence mov be the same if Gandhi had had a diff upbringing? D. How did signing magna carta change role of monarchy in England?
A- symb inter is how we act towards symbols and meanings. this can include how we act towards diff identities and groups. its how we interpret the symbols and interact w each other based on that. soc constructionism is how we make those constructs as a society but sym interactionism is how we then use those symbols in our lives. so while sexuality might be the construct how we perceive homosexuality and how it defines our interactions w those ppl is symbolic interactionism
If projections from the vomeronasal organ synapsed onto the olfactory bulb, what behavioral effects would be expected? A. Pheromones would no longer bind to GPCR's. B. Standard odor molecules would no longer elicit a response. C. Pheromones would activate glomeruli normally activated by standard odor molecules. D. Pheromones would cause the odor receptors to hyperpolarize.
A- they always bind GPCR B- these will still work C- yes bc instead of going to accessory olfactory bulb now going to main one D- nope
One participant from Cohort A reports high levels of eating disorder symptoms and thin-ideal internalization. This would indicate that being thin is incredibly important to her and that she feels that her shape and weight define her worth as a person. Which of the following actions could make her most uncomfortable and cause her to feel dissonance during the program? A. Writing down characteristics associated with the thin-ideal B. Listening to other participants as they critique the thin-ideal C. Discussing how many women in society meet the thin-ideal D. Watching a video about the history of the thin-ideal in today's society
A- this not enough to challenge B- too passive she could just write them off C- yes bc if so few ppl actually meet it would make her uncomfy bc she think most ppl thin which is why she tryna be thin D- too passive and not rly address issue
What is not a critique of learning theory of language? (we learn through repetition and reinforcement) A. "daddy shoe" cannot be passively learned B. no new sentences would be made C. language is more complex than tying shoes D. language is unorganized and interrupted- not suitable to teach
A- true bc adults don't say this so where would we learn to repeat this from B- true C- true D- just bc unorganized doesn't mean it can't be taught
Individual stereocilia are connected to one another by which structure? A. Tip link B. Coiled coil C. Islet cells D. Kinocilium
A- yes B- DNA structure C- in pancreas D- long stereocilia
Which of the following would indicate that a patient has something other than GBS? (GBS is an autoimmune disease, most often triggered by a specific bacterial infection whose surface proteins mimic the cell surface molecules of the nervous system. This tricks the immune system into attacking host cells in addition to the bacteria. Patients present with progressive weakness or numbness in their limbs, and symptoms often progress very quickly.) A. Pain due to increased firing of afferent nerves B. Decreased tendon reflexes C. Weakness in only one side of the body D. Facial muscle weakness
A- yes as neurons degrade can fire more and cause pain B- yes bc neurons slower to respond generally C- no bc should be systemic D- yes bc cranial nerves also part of PNS
Patient K has reported that she is unable to sleep through any type of noise. Given this symptom, which of the following brainwave patterns would you expect? A. Very few K-complexes B. High-amplitude theta waves C. Mostly delta waves D. A high frequency of sleep spindles
A- yes bc K complex when suppress outside stimulus which she can't do B- no reason for this C- no bc no deep sleep D- no bc no reason for spike in memory and learning in her sleep
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fifth Edition (DSM-555) separates mental disorders into groups based on whether or not their symptoms have similar characteristics. Which of the following disorders would be classified in the same group as panic disorders? A. Selective mutism, which is characterized by social anxiety and lack of speech in select social situations B. Brief psychotic disorder, which is characterized by sudden onset of positive psychiatric symptoms C. Somatic symptom disorder, which is characterized by onset of several somatic symptoms like pain or fatigue D. Post-traumatic stress disorder, which is characterized by onset of fear-based emotional or behavioral symptoms
A- yes bc anxiety disorder B- no bc psychotic disorder C- no bc somatic symptom disorder not anxiety disorder bc come from phys symptoms of pain which is diff from heart rate and BP D- PTSD have trauma/stress while panic have no source for the panic
How would functionalists explain deviance? A. Societies socialize their members to desiring cultural goals, however, some are not able to achieve these goals in socially acceptable ways. Deviants are people who give up on these goals or use unaccepted means to attain them. B. Everyone is propelled toward deviance but most of us conform because of an effective system of social control. C. People learn to deviate by associating with others. D. The group in power imposes its definitions of deviance on other groups, so "bad behavior" is really defined by a set group of power elites in the justice system.
A- yes bc functions include promoting norms so socialize members into goals for unity but some ppl give up
Which of the following medical issues is most likely to be a problem for an individual with congenital analgesia? (no heat/pain sensation) A. Sleep apnea B. Osteoporosis C. Anhidrosis D. Psychopathy
C- can't sweat bc not know hot
As environmental differences are more tightly controlled in a given population, the heritability of studied traits in that population is: A. Directed B. Unaffected C. Increased D. Decreased
as control more for env, more of variability in traits can be attributed to genes, so heritability inc
How did the stem cell transplant affect the immune system of the Berlin Patient? A. The transplant caused the Berlin Patient to begin to make HIV resistant white blood cells B. The transplant allowed the Berlin Patient to manufacture white blood cells, which had been halted by the HIV C. The transplant gave the Berlin Patient enough HIV resistant white blood cells to fight both the cancer and the virus D. The transplant replaced the HIV target cells with the resistant white blood cells from the donor
A- yes bc inject bone marrow and change genotype B- no bc HIV not stop production of WBC just kill them C- no bc not give WBC give progenitor cells (bone marrow) D- no bc not give WBC
Assuming that the IDH mutation discussed in the passage confers a loss of function on the protein associated with the gene, which of the following would be the most likely immediate effect in cancer cells harboring the IDH mutation? (protein reduces NADP+ to NADPH) A. Decreased concentration of electron-donating molecules. B. Decreased concentration of electron-accepting molecules. C. Decreased concentration of proton-donating molecules. D. Decreased concentration of proton-accepting molecules.
A- yes bc lose NADPH so can't donate its electrons - other molecules prob involved in other rxns the only thing directly controlled by this enzyme is NADP. so can rly only say for sure there is a dec in NADPH which means a dec in electron donating molecules nothing abt any other molecules.
Which of the following features of HIV does NOT hinder the immune response? A. The error-prone reverse transcriptase B. The viral RNA genome C. The glycosylated outer envelope D. The immune system target
A- yes bc mutate so much hard to kill B- nope bc immune system prepped for viral RNA/DNA C- yes bc protect it from immune response D- yes bc target T cells
The Stages of Change Model assesses readiness for change. The participants in the study responded to an ad that offered free therapy for social anxiety disorder. Which stage of change are the participants most likely experiencing when they respond to the ad for free therapy? A. Contemplation B. Action C. Precontemplation D. Preparation
A- yes bc thinking abt changing behavior and are seeking help B- nope bc haven't started carrying out plan for change yet (doing therapy) C- nope bc recog prob D- nope bc not actively planning change yet merely seeking help to get started (plan w therapist)
Why did the researchers require the drivers to keep their hands on the wheel during the simulation? A. Some people may attempt to act out the visual or motor conditions. B. Ethically, the researchers must require the drive to use both hands on the wheel. It is unsafe to drive with only one hand. C. Driving performance is increased when driving with both hands on the wheel. D. The researchers wanted to make the tasks harder.
A- yes makes sense then the responses would be based on acting it out and not based on cognition, wouldn't be able to evaluate pure cognitive distraction B- nope simulation C- not necessarily D- nope
How would Noam Chomsky interpret the data shown in Table 1? A. Nim is not creating new meaning with longer phrases and the word constructions used lack syntax. B. Nim has developed language that fits his biological and social needs. C. Nim has learned language through the teaching of Terrace and the other researchers. D. Nim has produced meaning, but not language. Other apes have demonstrated language capabilities, however.
A- yes, apes can't create lang (nativist/biological) B- Vygotsy thought lang bio and soc (interactionist) C- Skinner thought learning and reinf (behavioral/learning) D- he wouldn't say he even made meaning
Critics of Study B argue that the lack of engagement in aggressive behavior does not mean that the children and adolescents in China did not learn aggressive behavior. Which of the following theories supports their notion? A. Learning-performance theory B. Drive theory C. Terror management theory D. Attribution theory
A-yes we learn w/o performing behavior B- nothing abt red internal tension C- nothing about fear of inevitable death D- nothing abt attributing behavior
Which of the following features of Kiki's history leading to her anxiety is contradictory to the humanist view? A. She has poor self-esteem and turns to cigarettes for comfort. B. She grew up in a growth-promoting climate. C. She gets angry with people that she doesn't know very well. D. Her struggles worsened when she went to college.
B A- supports humanism bc low self-esteem B- yes bc if in growth promoting env wouldn't have anxiety C- irrelevant D- supports humanism bc in tough env
Cochlear implants do not contain which of the following? A. Receiving coil B. Electro-tympanic array C. Electrode array D. Microphone
B A- yes internal part w stimulator C- yes internal part D- yes external part w transmitting coil
What type of odorant receptor is present in the olfactory epithelium? A. Hormone receptor B. GPCR C. Gated ion channel D. Receptor tyrosine kinase
B bc odorant ligand bind activating many secondary pathways and activates cAMP D- binds peptide/protein hormones
Individuals with PTSD sometimes use deep breathing techniques to decrease their anxiety. Which type of operant conditioning does this describe? A. Negative reinforcement B. Positive punishment C. Negative punishment D. Positive reinforcement
B bc reduce behavior of anxiety by adding deep breathing. bc want to reduce anxiety is implied that anxiety is the behavior and so it is the punishment (Reduction) while adding breathing is positive
Patient K is unable to name items presented to her, even though she is able to pick them up and use them correctly. What disorder does Patient K most likely have? A. Broca's aphasia B. Anomia C. Agraphia D. Wernicke's aphasia
B- can't name objects C- can't write
Which biomolecule would be the least digested if the pancreatic juices no longer entered the small intestine? A. Proteins B. Fats C. Carbohydrates D. Nucleic Acids
D bc nucleases ONLY in small intestine A- stomach B- there are lipases in mouth and stomach C- mouth
How would a nativist end this sentence: "A child learning a first language is like... (The Nativist approach posits the existence of a "language acquisition device". The LAD is used to explain the idea of a Universal Grammar programmed into our brains that allows five year olds to master language.) A. A computer using a pre-programmed algorithm to solve a math problem B. A bird migrating to the same spot each year, using the sun and stars as a guide C. A mouse running a maze trying to find cheese and avoid being shocked D. A lone wolf trying to join a new pack
B- more than a specific pre-programming the LAD is more of a guide towards accepted principles of grammar the way the sun and stars are a guide to a specific migration spot
Suppose that researchers chose to assay IDH enzyme activity using the exact same methods as stated in the passage, except that a cell line derived from a GBM patient harboring the IDH mutation was used in place of the cell line used in the original experiment. What changes would one most likely find with respect to the results depicted in Figure 2? (vector+WT highest NADPH, just vector and vector+mutant much lower when vector contained IDH) A. Reduced NADPH concentration in the "vector + wt IDH" group; no measurable NADPH concentration in the "vector" and "vector + mutant IDH" groups. B. Reduced NADPH concentration in the "vector + wt IDH" group, the "vector" group, and the "vector + mutant IDH" group. C. No change in NADPH concentration in the "vector + wt IDH" group; no measurable NADPH concentration in the "vector" and "vector + mutant IDH" groups. D. No change in the NADPH concentration in the "vector + wt IDH" group, the "vector" group, and the "vector + mutant IDH" group.
B- reduced in all bc there are enzymes besides IDH that make NADPH so would never have zero NADPH like in A and C, and there would be a reduction in NADPH bc still losing IDH in all the samples so less NADPH formation overall
The researcher conducts both studies again with rigorous recruitment standards, and finds similar results for both age groups. What do her results suggest about her method for testing cognition and language? A. Her test could be unreliable and invalid. B. Her test could be both reliable and valid. C. Her test could be reliable, but not valid. D. Her test could be valid, but not reliable.
B. Bc she is rigorously controlling for confounds and gets similar results her method should be reliable and valid
Which of the following is an example of bottom-up processing? A. Seeing a novel object for the first time. B. Inferring that a car is driving down the street based on the sound it makes without actually seeing it. C. Trying to identify a suspect in a police line-up. D. Looking for your keys.
Bottom up processing is data-driven, object recognition by parallel processing and feature detection. Top- down processing is concept driven and based on memories and expectation that allow the brain to quickly recognize the whole object w/o analyzing parts. A- bc unfamiliar can't use concepts and have to study details to understand whole, so is bottom-up B- based on mems not details so top-down C- based on memories D- based on expectations
Researchers want to measure different aspects of health care access. Which of the following is NOT a measure of health care access? A. Measures of the ultimate outcome of good access to care. B. Assessments by patients of how easily they can gain access to health care. C. Measures of income levels of patients, grouped by race. D. Measures of the presence or absence of specific resources that facilitate health care, such as having health insurance or a usual source of care.
C
What do you expect the EEG readings of REM sleep to look like? A. very low frequency delta waves B. alpha waves as seen in relaxed wakefulness C. high frequency saw-tooth waves D. full of sleep spindles and K complexes
C
Patient J was originally diagnosed with global aphasia. After he has been in the clinic a few weeks, however, the staff notices that his speech is becoming more fluent, even though the words he puts together don't make sense. What is Patient J's disorder most likely to be reclassified as? A. Broca's aphasia B. Anomia C. Wernicke's aphasia D. Conduction aphasia
C A- can't speak B- can't name shapes C- can't understand but can speak so say nonsensical things D- can't repeat back but can understand and speak
Suppose there is a related kinase to Abl called Abc, coded by the gene Abc. Which of the following genetic occurrences would be the LEAST likely to result in a constitutively active Abc kinase? A. A point mutation in the promoter region for the Abc gene B. A deletion of the portion of the gene that codes for Abc's regulatory domain. C. A two nucleotide insertion at the beginning of the coding region. D. A reciprocal translocation that separates two halves of an intron
C A- might make more active? B- can't regulate then yes active C- frameshift would lose function so not active D- might affect splicing but could make it more active?
How might a memory reconsolidation theorist explain the results from Experiment 2? A. Reconsolidation only occurs during the lightest stage of sleep, which is similar to light meditation—thus, both groups reconsolidated their memories. B. Because the passage was not related to survival, there was no evolutionary need to reconsolidate the information C. Reconsolidation only occurs during deep sleep stages, which people cannot reach within 20 minutes—thus, neither group reconsolidated their memories. D. Recalling information after only 20 minutes does not require reconsolidation.
C A- no this happens in deep sleep B- they don't address evolution C- yes they say u only reconsolidate in deep sleep D- no just that it can't happen in light sleep
Which of the following would represent a threat to internal validity? A. The participants felt obligated to live up to the expectations of the researchers. B. The participants are released into significantly different parole environments. C. The results don't apply to other addictions, like alcohol or gambling addiction. D. The prison population is not representative of the majority of prison populations across the US.
C and D are external validity bc generalizability. A effect of researcher on participant hurts external validity bc indicate that research conditions impact results in way that other groups of people not in the research env would be affected. So can't apply results to ppl outside lab. B yes bc intro lots of confounding
Which system of the working memory model was the researcher testing by utilizing the backwards digit span test? (Each backward digit span test began with two digits and was read at a rate of one digit per second. The digit span length increased until there were three incorrect attempts. The digits must be repeated in reverse order by the subject) A. Central exec B. Episodic buffer C. Phonological store D. articulatory rehearsal
C. A- supervises overall cog process B- integrate phonological loop (information heard) and visio-spatial sketchpad (information seen) with a sense of time, so that things occur in a continuing sequence so memories coordinated and not discrete C- hear numbers and must repeat backward D- no time to rehearse
Antibodies against a bacterial strain were isolated from a patient one week after infection and again four weeks after infection. How will the dissociation constant, Kd, of the antibodies isolated after four weeks compare to the Kd of the antibodies isolated after one week? A. It will be slightly larger. B. It will be much larger. C. It will be smaller. C. It will remain the same.
C. after weeks of infection almost all of the antigen is bound and the antibody will have developed a strong affinity for the antigen so Kd is small
A hypothetical study hopes to determine the epidemiology of osteoporosis and ARO in the United States, and attaches a survey to an annual political election ballots routinely over ten years, with a yearly sample size of nearly 10 mil. The survey asks simple yes/no questions regarding if the individual (the voter) has ever had either of the two conditions. Are the results of the epidemiology study valid, why/why not, and what can be concluded about the incidence of ARO in the United States from this study? A. Yes, the results are valid. The sample size is sufficient, the study is blinded, and the extensive timeframe of the study minimizes the effect of bias. It can be concluded that the number of new cases of ARO each year did not significantly change across ten years. B. No, the results are not valid. Although the sample size is large, it is affected by non-response bias. The only conclusion that can be drawn is that there were fewer cases of ARO in the United States in 2000 than in 1990 C. No, the results are not valid. Although the sample size is large, it is affected by considerable bias. No conclusions about osteopetrosis can be made. D. Yes, the results are valid. The sample size is large, randomized, and likely to represent the study population as a whole. It can be concluded that there have been no new cases of ARO each year.
C. not valid bc tons of bias, exclude anyone not of voting pop and since congenital disease kids would prob have it. can't say anything abt incidence (new cases in a time period) bc only look at prevalence (ant of pop that have ever had condition)
What control experiment would be necessary to run in conjunction to the experimental condition? (In a study conducted on sensation and perception, researchers sought to determine the sensory thresholds of individuals with indifference to pain (IP group) as compared to individuals with normal sensitivity to pain (control group) . Each participant was exposed to changes in temperature, and asked to detect when the change occurred and how drastic the temperature change was) A. Determine the mean sensory thresholds of Ip and control group individuals for small changes in temperature. B. Determine mean reaction times of IP and control group individuals to changes in pressure that are not temperature related. C. Determine the mean response time to flashes of light in the right and left visual field as a measure of sensory ability. D. Determine mean subjective pain responses of IP and control group individuals to changes in temperature.
Control would want to show that rxn time to other stimuli intact so any diff in perception time are due to diff in sensory threshold and not due to slow rxn times A- experimental condition is already trying to determine sensory threshold B- yes bc then can see if response centers still working w other stimuli and if so then diff in rxn time due to dec receptor sensitivity and not universally slower rxn times C- not tryna eval vision and not refer to diff gps D- not want subjective pain bc not good standard
Somatosensation is the ability to perceive sensations through the body surface. Which of the following statements is LEAST accurate regarding somatosensation? A. Mechanoception works in conjunction with proprioception to produce the sensation of our body's position in space. B. Nociception and thermoception utilize similar receptors in response to environmental stimuli. C. Mechanoception, thermoception, nociception and proprioception are categories within somatosensation. D. Somatosensation relies on the sensory and motor cortex to produce sensation.
D
What is the chance of a father with a Robertsonian translocation involving chromosome 21 and a mother with a normal genotype producing a phenotypically normal zygote? A. 1/6 B. 1/4 C. 0 D. 1/3
D
Which of the following could appear on the MRI scan to support a diagnosis of schizophrenia? A. Elevated levels of dopamine type 2 receptors B. Decreased prefrontal brain function C. Increased temporal lobe gray matter D. Decreased temporal lobe gray matter
D A- is in schiz but can only be seen w PET scan or postmortem B- yes but only see w PET or fMRI C- no D- yes loss gray matter but not white matter, can see w MRI
If a participant is able to solve the problem by thinking about his general knowledge or broad principles, and applying that to the specific situation, what type of thought process did he use? A. Divergent problem solving B. Means-end analysis C. Inductive reasoning D. Deductive reasoning
D A- using creative and innovative solutions B- break big problem into smaller probs and solve one at a time C- apply specific situations to broad priniciple D- apply broad principles to spec situation
The oncologists decide to redesign the study. Which of the following strategies would be the best option to help them to increase power and strengthen the study? A. Recruit a larger number of patients with different types and stages of cancer to expand the breadth of the research B. Strengthen assessment of stress by adding salivary cortisol measurements before and after each program session C. Strengthen assessment of stress by adding a qualitative component in which patients are interviewed regularly D. Recruit a larger number of patients and randomly assign them to the deep breathing program or a waitlist control group
D inc power by inc number participants. but if do that, want to control for confoundings or random error offsets benefits of inc power. A wrong bc in prelim studies want homogeneity as control not need to be generalizable yet. need to est as reliable and valid b4 applicable to all. if not homogeneity then must control other way like in D.
how many nucleotides in a 167 AA gene? A. 167x3 +3 B. 167X3 +6 C. 167x3 D. greater than 167x3 +3
D bc introns
Which of the following describes why rewarding Tiger with a treat for every 3 minutes of play could be more effective in changing his behavior than taking away his bed? (want to inc Tiger's play behavior) A. variable reinforcement is learned more quickly than fixed reinforcement B. Punishment is not the best way to shape an animal's behavior C. Neg reinforcement is extinguished more quickly than pos D. More immediate feedback following desired behavior makes for a stronger consequence
D. A- no variable reinforcement described B- no punishment bc trying to inc behavior in both situations C- no evidence for c in general society D- it's true that immediate feedback is more powerful in shaping behavior
Increased epigenetic influence on behavior trait within a population would cause measured heritability to: A. Remain constant B. Increase C. Alternate cyclically D. Decrease
D. Epigenetics is how the env affects gene expression thru methylation/acetylation (nongenetic influences on gene expression). So if there is an inc effect of epigenetics then there is more env influence and less genetic, so heritability dec
Labelled lines model
Every taste cell has their own line towards a specialized part of the cortex
Lazarus theory
Experience of emotion depends on how the situation is labelled. We label the situation, which then leads to emotional and physiological response -can label sitch as nonthreatening and then just have no emotional or physical response
Fear vs. Anxiety
Fear- emotional response to real or perceived imminent threat that is known, activates fight or flight Anxiety- anticipation of future and maybe unknown threat
opponent-process theory
Motivation that stems from the contrasts in opposite stimuli, like pain and pleasure: when one is experienced, the other is suppressed. So the pleasure of drugs is able to suppress the pain of withdrawal. - when drug taken repeatedly body try to counteract effects by changing physiology which is what leads to tolerance
In one of the UNICEF's open defecation pilot communities, a community member said: "Toilet is more than a necessity. It's a pride." Which of the following sociological concepts best reflects the concept behind this quote? A. Symbolic interactionism B. Cultural relativity C. Normative behavior D. Economic rationalism
Not about conforming but give meaning to toilet is symbolic interactionism
Suppose the last six nucleotides of a Dh gene segment are 5'G-T-C-G-A-T-3'. A P-addition was made, forming a palindromic sequence on the 3' end. If the original double-stranded DNA was cleaved three nucleotides from the 5' end, what sequence of complementary nucleotides would repair enzymes add to the resulting open strand? (P-addition involves the creation of a DNA hairpin at the ends of gene segments, which causes unpairing of nucleotides to form a single strand. Repair enzymes then add complementary nucleotides, generating a new palindromic sequence.) A. 5'-G-A-T-A-T-C-3' B. 5'-C-T-A-T-A-G-3' C. 5'-C-T-A-A-T-C-3' D. 5'-G-A-T-T-A-G-3'
Only A bc that's the only one that shows a palindrome that would come from a hairpin with one of the cleaved sequences
fMRI vs PET
PET more invasive, but more free to move, radioisotope decays faster can't move at all during fMRI (can't talk at all)
round window
The membrane that relieves pressure from the vibrating waves in the cochlear fluid.
extinction burst
When an animal no longer receives regular reinforcement, its original behavior will sometimes spike (meaning increase dramatically) - this is known as an extinction burst.
arcuate fasciculus
a bundle of axons that connects Wernicke's area with Broca's area; damage causes conduction aphasia
symbolic interactionism
a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions ex. Through the process of social interaction, the meaning and interpretation of marijuana usage is transformed. this is how social gps can inc drug use
within-subjects design
a research design that uses each participant as his or her own control; for example, the behavior of an experimental participant before receiving treatment might be compared to his or her behavior after receiving treatment - all subjects exposed to all experimental conditions
lower motor neurons
innervate skeletal muscles - autonomic neurons for smooth muscle and glands
linguistic determinism vs linguistic relativity
lang affects thought vs type of determinism that structure of lang affects thought
how to determine baseline levels of protein from graph and inc in one sample
look at control bar for baseline and compare to control to det if inc from normal
objective personality test
measures specific personality characteristics based on a set of discrete options
ruffini cylinder
mechanoreceptor that fires at constant pressure; associated with perceiving stretching of skin
episodic vs semantic memory
memory for specific life events and experiences vs memory for facts, not tied in specific time or place (like details of a story)
upper motor neurons
motor neurons in the central nervous system that control the lower motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system - if lost can't inhibit some excitatory structures so spasms
residual schizophrenia
no interest and withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared
archenteron
primitive gut
kinesthesia
sense of motion
proprioception
sense of position and balance