Law quiz 2

Theta is a professional engineer who is employed on a full-time basis by MajorEng. a large engineering firm. However, for a number of reasons, Theta is unhappy and for some time has been thinking about looking for a new job. Although Theta's current employment at MajorEng provides good pay and interesting work, Theta is finding it difficult to work with Omega, a P.Eng. who is Theta's supervisor at MajorEng. • Since joining MajorEng a year ago, Omega has frequently made derogatory jokes and remarks about Theta's race and religion — sometimes even in meetings with other engineers and clients. On many occasions, Theta has informed Omega that such remarks are offensive, hurtful and inappropriate and has asked Omega to stop. Omega refuses to do so and says that Theta should "toughen up and learn to take a joke" if Theta expects to have a successful career at MajorEng. • Recently Theta met with a P.Eng. colleague who is a Vice President at EngCo, another engineering company. Upon hearing that Theta was interested in considering other opportunities, the colleague offered Theta a part-time job to work in the evenings and on weekends on a trial basis as an engineer for EngCo. If, after a trial period of a few months, Theta preferred working at EngCo, Theta would resign from MajorEng and become a fulltime employee of EngCo.

(a) Omega is in violation of the code of ethics an professional misconduct. The relevant sections include: • • 77.1.iii personal honor and professional integrity • • 77.7.i act towards practitioners with courtesy and good faith, and • • 77.7.iii if his speech injured the reputation of Theta • The code of ethics is not enforceable but violations of the section on professional misconduct do require discipline. In this case we have • • 72(2)j conduct that would reasonably be regarded as disgraceful, dishonorable or unprofessional. • Furthermore, Omega has violated the Ontario Human Rights Code. • (b) Theta has already spoken to Omega regarding the issue and, since Omega is the supervisor, the next best course of action will be going to HR or, if it exist, an internal ethics office or ombudsperson. It is always best practice to attempt to solve problems internally. If that doesn't work then Theta may alert the Complaints Committee at PEO. • (c) In order for Theta to take on the part-time employment he must make complete disclosure per the section on misconduct, 72(2).i, particularly i.4, as well as the code of ethics, 77.5, 77.1.i and 77.1.iii.(a) Omega is in violation of the code of ethics an professional misconduct. The relevant sections include: • • 77.1.iii personal honor and professional integrity • • 77.7.i act towards practitioners with courtesy and good faith, and • • 77.7.iii if his speech injured the reputation of Theta • The code of ethics is not enforceable but violations of the section on professional misconduct do require discipline. In this case we have • • 72(2)j conduct that would reasonably be regarded as disgraceful, dishonorable or unprofessional. • Furthermore, Omega has violated the Ontario Human Rights Code. • (b) Theta has already spoken to Omega regarding the issue and, since Omega is the supervisor, the next best course of action will be going to HR or, if it exist, an internal ethics office or ombudsperson. It is always best practice to attempt to solve problems internally. If that doesn't work then Theta may alert the Complaints Committee at PEO. • (c) In order for Theta to take on the part-time employment he must make complete disclosure per the section on misconduct, 72(2).i, particularly i.4, as well as the code of ethics, 77.5, 77.1.i and 77.1.iii.

Consulting Engineer

- A designation not a license - Identifies an engineer with significant experience in independent practice providing services to public - Currently engaged in independent practice w/at least 2 years experience - Overall 5 years experience required - Either the practitioner holds a CoA or is the partner or employee of CoA holder and is designated as person of responsibility - A recognition of experience, not technical knowledge

Membership

- A person who holds a "license" is a member • Does not include temporary, provisional, or limited licenses

Duty to Report

- Any time engineers see a defect in a design, an unsafe plan, a faulty conclusions in an analysis, or an incomplete evaluation; or hear poor advice or insufficient direction within their practice, they have a duty to report • The duty to report relates to situations related to engineers' ability to apply judgment based on their professional training, experience and competence • The duty is applied when engineers are engaged in the practice of professional engineer

Aristotle's Virtues-Based

- Happiness is achieved by developing virtues, or qualities of character, through deduction and reason. An act is good if it is in accordance with reason. This usually means a course of action that is the golden mean between extremes of excess and deficiency. - Conflict • What exactly is a virtue and how do they apply in various scenarios? • The concept of finding a "happy medium" has appeal and is often useful in ethics.

Misrepresentation

- Identifying yourself as a professional engineer (PEng) or limited license holder is subject to, on conviction, a $10k fine for the first offence and $25k for each subsequent offense.

Limited License

- Limits the practice of engineering to the services specified in the limited license • Education: 3 year tech diploma or 4 year honors BS or equivalent • 13 years Experience • Payment of fee • Pass PPE • Good character - Must return license when holder ceases to provide the services that limited license was granted - Can identify themselves as holder of a Limited Engineering License (LEL) - An engineering technologist class of LEL may use the designation Licensed Engineering Technologist (LET)

Reporting

- Members should work out issues internally if possible before reporting to the PEO Registrar if no solution can be found

Engineering Intern

- Requirements • Provide written notice • Enrolled in the engineering intern program • Has applied for a license • Meets the academic requirements for a license • Pay fee of $75 per year - Privileges • Local chapter voting rights • Can attend member meeting and council meeting but no voting rights • Can serve on committees unless barred by Act, regulations or bylaws

Provisional License

- Same as regular except for 12 month Canadian experience - Valid for 12 months - Must be supervised by PEng and all final work signed and sealed by supervisor

Temporary License

- Specified project, employer, client, time period, and collaborator (if one exists) - Must demonstrate one of: • Residence in Canada and member of equivalent association in their Province or Territory • Wide recognition in the field (a specialist or expert) • or qualification equivalent to PEO requirements • Only a Member or a temporary license holder who is registered in another Province may call themselves a Professional Engineer (PEng)

Engineer duty to employers

- acting as faithful agents -regarding client information as confidential -disclosing conflicts of interest - immediatley disclose any direct or indirect interest that might prejudice

application of fiber laser

- communications -medicine -sensing (temperature and strain) -spectroscopy

Professional Misconduct IV

- conduct or an act relevant to the practice of professional engineering that having regard to all the circumstances would reasonably be regarded by the engineering profession as disgraceful, dishonourable, or unprofessional - failure by a practitoner to abide by the terms conditions or limitations of the practitioners licence, -failure to supply documents or information requested by an investigator acting under section 33 of the act - permitting, counselling or assisting a person who is not a practitoner to engage in the practice of professional engineering except as provided for in the act -harassment

Professional Misconduct III

- failure to make prompt, voluntary, and complete disclosure of interest, direct or indirect, that might in any way be, or be construed as prejudicial to the professional judgement: 1. accepting compensation in any form for a particular service from more than one party 2. submitting a tender or acting as a contractor in respect of work upon which the practitioner may be performing as a professional engineer 3. participating in the supply of material or equipment to be used by the employer or client of the practitioner 4. contracting in the practitoners own right to perform professional engineering services for other than the practitioners employer 5. expressing opinions or making statements concerning matters within the practice of professional engineering of public interest where the opinions or statements are inspired or paid for by other interests

Benefits of Diversity

- groups with greater diversity were shown to have a greater innovation and creativity - diverse groups have a greater range of perspectives and are able to generate more high quality solutions than less diverse groups - diversity increases constructive group processes and is positivley associated with performance - diversity is associated with increased sales revenue, greater market share, more customers, and greater profit

Misconduct

- is an action that should be disciplined

Professional Misconduct

- negligence -failure to make reasonable provision for the safeguarding of life -failure to act to correct or report a situation that the practitioner believes may endanger the safety or the welfare of the public -failure to make responsible provision for complying with applicable statures, regulations, standards, codes, by laws and rules

Engineers have a clearly defined duty to society

- regard the duty to public -above their duties to clients or employers

Profession

- self selected, self disciplined group of individuals who hold themselves out to the public as possesing a special skill derived from training and education and are prepared to exercise that skill -legal recognition -professional associations -testing of competence -licensed practitoners -code of ethics -self regulation

Professional Misconduct (regulation)

-(Reg. 941 Section 72)

Ethical Dilemma 1 (rights)

-- Engineer A has a right to privacy. At this point there is no proof that his coding is the problem

Locke's Rights-Based

-All individuals are free and equal, and each has a right to life, health, liberty, possessions, and the products of his or her labor. - Conflict • When does one person's rights infringe on another person's rights? - You want to smoke. - You want to eat high calorie foods excessively. • What exactly are "essential" rights?

Mill's Utilitarianism

-An action is ethically correct if it produces the greatest benefit for the greatest number of people. The duration, intensity, and equality of distribution of the benefits should be considered. - Conflict • How do we evaluate the benefits? Not easily quantified in many cases. • Benefits can't favor specific groups or personal gain.

N2O: Nitrous Oxide(fertalizer)

-As the global population increases in the next few decades, the use of fertilizer will also greatly increase, to meet higher demands for food.

Green house gas emiisions

-Detection of Greenhouse gas emissions can lead to an understanding of how to minimize them. - Developing environmentally friendly fertilizer can increase efficiency and therefore reduce emissions. - We can monitor how emissions change given different environmental conditions.

Kant's Duty-Based

-Each person has a duty to follow those courses of action that would be universal principles for everyone to follow. Human life should be respected, and people should not be used as a means to achieve some other goal. - Conflict • When a universal principle may cause harm, e.g., a white lie may violate a principle but the truth may cause harm. - Duty • The concept of duty clearly arises in engineering work - you have a duty of care to the public - not to be outweighed by personal gain

Harassment

-Engaging in a course of vexatious comment or conduct that is known or reasonably to be known as unwelcome and that might be reasonably regarded as interfering in a professional engineering relationship

Ethical Dilemma 1 (action)

-Engineer B could try one last time to get A to seek help. - Large companies usually have Employee Assistance Programs (EAP), Engineer B could contact them - Lastly, Engineer B may need to go to the Project Manager to report the concern

Ethical Dilemma 1 (duty)

-Engineer B has a duty to support her friend - Engineer B has a duty to the team and the company - Engineer B has a duty to protect the public (what if there are hidden errors that later cause a huge failure and power outage?) - Protecting the public is part of the Code

Ethical Dilemma 1 (Virtue)

-Excessive substance abuse is undesirable and action should be taken to discourage

Code of efthics (Reg. 941 sec 77)

-Guideline on how Member should behave -Not following the Code is not necessarily professional misconduct (misconduct being defined in Section 72) and, consequently, will not result in discipline

Ethical Dilemma 1(Utilitarianism)

-Harm to the team, company, or public versus harm to Engineer A's career

ESN Nitrogen

-Improved Agronomics - Improved N-use efficiency - Reduced number of fertilizer applications - Greater seed safety - Consistent nutrient supply and plant growth • Reduced environmental risk - Coated nitrogen is less exposed to losses - Reduced nitrate leaching and runoff - Reduced greenhouse gas emissions from denitrification and ammonia volatilization

CH4: Methane

-Livestock is one of the sources of Methane. - Increases the greenhouse effect of the atmosphere. - 28 times more destructive than CO2.

Ethics(4 theories)

-Mill's Utilitarianism - Kant's Duty-Based - Locke's Rights-Based - Aristotle's Virtue-Based

N2O: Nitrous Oxide

-Nitrous oxide (N2O) gas is a minor constituent in the earth's atmosphere (~300 ppbv). - N2O contributes to the destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer. - Increases the greenhouse effect of the atmosphere. - 300 times more destructive than CO2.

Stamping

-On completion, the practitioner takes responsibility for the content by affixing the seal and signing - the document is said to be sealed - It is a statement to others that the contents can with confidence be relied upon • Date must be legible • Original should be kept unsealed by licensee with copies sealed and distributed • Internal documents need not be sealed • ONLY final documents are sealed (not preliminary, draft, etc.) • Digital copies may be digitally sealed but also need digital signature • Mark of reliance but not a guarantee

Code of Ethics (Reg. 941 Section 77) (clauses)

-Oneself (goals and ideals) • Employers • Clients • Employers and clients (moonlighting) • Other professionals • Other practitioners • The Profession

meat and dairy consumption

-People are consuming more meat and dairy products every year. Global meat production is projected to more than double from 229 million tonnes in 1999/2001 to 465 million tonnes in 2050.

General Approach to dilemas

-Recognize the Problem and gather information (who, what, when, where, why...) • Define the problem and any constraints • Generate alternative solutions (synthesis) • Evaluate benefits/costs (analysis) • Choose (or iterate if you believe you have missed something in the recognition/definition) • Implement the best solution - Engineering: Do the best you can with the resources available

Engineering Profession

-The practice of professional engineering means any act of planning, designing, composing, evaluating, advising, reporting, directing, or supervising that requires the application of engineering principles and concerns the safeguarding of life, health, property, economic interest, the public welfare, or the environment, or the managing of any such act.

Ethics

-The study of right and wrong, good and evil, obligations and rights, justice, social and political ideas.

peo code of ethics

-basic guide for professional conduct and imposes duties on practitioners with respect to society, employers, clients, colleagues

Code states " duty of a practitioner to the public....."

-fairness and loyalty to the practitoners associates, employers, clients, subordinates, and employees -fidelity to public needs -devotion to high ideals of personal honour and professional integrity -knowledge of developments in the area of professional engineering relevant to any services that are undertaken -competence in the performance of any professional engineering services that are undertaken

Professional Misconduct II

-signing or sealing a final drawing, specification, plan, report or other document not actually prepared or checked by the practitioner -failure of a practitioner to present clearly to the practitioners employer the consequences to be expected from a deviation proposed in work, if the professional engineering judgement of the practitioner is overuled by non technical authority - breach of the act or regulations, other than an action that is solely a breach of the code of ethics - undertaking work the practitioner is not competent to perform by virtue of the practitioners training and experience

Types of Fiber Laser

-single wavelength fiber laser(single longitudinal mode fiber laser) -multi wavelength fiber laser(multi longitudinal mode laser)

Code of Ethics (Reg. 941 Section 77)

1. It is the duty of a practitioner to the public, to the practitioner's employer, to the practitioner's clients, to other members of the practitioner's profession, and to the practitioner to act at all times with, i. fairness and loyalty to the practitioner's associates, employer, clients, subordinates and employees, ii. fidelity to public needs, iii. devotion to high ideals of personal honour and professional integrity, iv. knowledge of developments in the area of professional engineering relevant to any services that are undertaken, and v. competence in the performance of any professional engineering services that are undertaken.

Enumerated Protected Grounds

1. age, 2. ancestry, 3. colour, 4. race, 5. citizenship, 6. ethnic origin, 7. place of origin, 8. creed, 9. disability, 10.family status, 11.marital status (including single status), 12.gender identity, gender expression, 13.sex (pregnancy and breastfeeding), 14.sexual orientation and 15.Analogous Grounds

Certificate of Authorization

A CoA is required for a practitioner or business to offer engineering services to the public - A PEng can practice as • An employee • An owner • An individual for personal projects - A practitioner cannot accept a contract to provide services to a business unless they have a CoA

Advertising

A Member or CoA may advertise only • In a professional and dignified manner • In a factual manner without exaggeration • In a manner that doesn't directly or indirectly criticize a Member, CoA holder, or employer • Cant use or show seal or PEO logo

- Discipline Committee

Acts on misconduct (being referred from complaints committee) and incompetence • At least 1 Member from Council, 1 Member from Council appointed by LG in Council and 1 non-PEO member of Council appointed by LG in Council • The committee determines guilt and appropriate penalty

Professional Engineers act II

Additional Objects establish, maintain, and develop standards of: - Knowledge and skill among its members - Qualifications and practice - Professional ethics - Promote public awareness of the role of PEO - Perform any other duties and exercise powers as imposed or conferred upon PEO by the Act.

Negligence

An act or omission in carrying out the work of the practitioner that constitutes failure to maintain the standard that a reasonable and prudent practitioner would maintain

- Complaints process

Any member of the public or the Association can make a complaint • Complaints Committee - At least 2 Members and 1 member of Council appointed by LG in Council - Review complaint, examine records, inform Member and request response, ask for more information from complainant » Refer to Discipline Committee for hearing or "stipulated order" (where the practitioner has essentially pled guilty or pled to a lesser charge) » Dismiss the complaint » Advise the practitioner that actions are short of misconduct but concerning

Engineering Intern - Tracking your Experience

Application of Theory • Describe how you have applied engineering fundamentals in analysis, design, synthesis, testing methods, implementation methods. - Practical Experience • Describe your practical engineering experience in relation to the function of components as part of a larger system, limitations of practical engineering, significance of time in the engineering process, knowledge and understanding of codes, standards, regulations and laws - Management of Engineering • Describe situations involving planning, scheduling, budgeting, supervision, project control, risk assessment. - Communication Skills • Describe how you communicated your engineering ideas through written work, oral presentations, and presentations to the general public. - Knowledge of the Social Implications of Engineering • Describe situations involving the benefits of the engineering work to the public, safeguards, the relationship between the engineering activity and the public, the role of regulatory agencies.

Regular License

At least 18 years old - BEng from CEAB accredited program (or equivalent as determined by Academic Requirements Committee) - Pass the Professional Practice and Ethics (PPE) exam - 48 months engineering experience • 12 months max from co-op • At least 12 months in Canada - Good character - Note that the license does not specify field of engineering but the practitioner must ensure he/she is competent in the area of a particular project or it would be deemed professional misconduct

GHGs closely associated with human activities

Carbon dioxide (CO2) : Fossil fuels • Nitrous oxide (N2O): Fertilizer • Methane (CH4): Livestock and landfills These GHGs absorb the sun's infrared radiation, increasing Earth's temperature and thus contributing to climate change.

Gender terms

Cisgendered Halal Two Spirited Functional Limitation Lone Parent MAD identified Binary gender Survivor Colonized Perspective Racialized

Discipline Committee also deals with Incompetence

Displays in his/her responsibilities a lack of knowledge, skill, or judgment or disregard for public welfare... demonstrating that he/she is unfit to carry out duties • Suffering from a condition or disorder that renders him/her unfit

- Alpha is downsizing because it lost a bid to Beta. You manager says you are likely to be cut. Beta calls you offering a job on the same project you have been working on while at Alpha.

Downsizing - Unless you have a non-compete this is not an issue - However, you should disclose to Alpha and you should not take anything proprietary or confidential

Ethical Dilemma 1

Engineers A & B are both senior employees at Company C. They currently work on a 10-person team designing a software control system for a new electric power generation station. • A & B are good friends. Engineer A drinks excessively and occasionally uses illicit drugs. Engineer B thinks A may have a substance abuse problem. • Project Manager P has cautioned Engineer A about absenteeism. Engineer B has occasionally covered for A by fixing errors and taking on some of A's work. • Engineer B has tried to get A to seek treatment but A denies that there is a problem. • During the first testing milestone the software has failed and Engineer B believes that the fault is in Engineer A's coding. Company C will not be paid until it meets this milestone and the team will need to work quickly, forego holidays, and delay other work until a fix can be determined. What action, if any, should Engineer B take regarding Engineer A?

Council of Association

Governing body • 15 elected members for 2 year terms - 3 at large - 2 each from 5 regions - President-elect and vice president (elected) • (up to 12) Appointees by Lieutenant Governor in Council - Executive Committee • 5-7 Members and 3-5 non-members - President, VP(appointed), past president, VP(elected), president-elect, + one or more other Members appointed by Council (currently 3, 2 of whom are LG-in-Council appointments) - Registrar • Appointed by Council • Is a Member • Administration of PEO - reports to Council

Code of Ethics (Reg. 941 Section 77)

Guideline on how Member should behave • Following the Code will help prevent Member from engaging in professional misconduct • Not following the Code is not necessarily professional misconduct (misconduct being defined in Section 72) and, consequently, will not result in discipline • Other Provinces have enforceable codes - Main clauses dealing with • Oneself (goals and ideals) • Employers - (moonlighting) • Clients • Other professionals • Other practitioners • The Profession • Society

Certificate of AuthorizationII

If you "hang out your shingle"; advertise and promote yourself - either personally or through a legal entity such as a company or partnership - as offering professional engineering services, a C of A is required. - If you provide professional engineering services to the public through the sale of a product that is custom-designed or an original (as opposed to an off-the-shelf product), a C of A is required. - If you work for others, but offer professional engineering services directly to the public on a part-time, moonlighting, or volunteer basis, you must hold a C of A. Under these circumstances, you should also, as a matter of professional courtesy, inform your employer that you are undertaking such work, in order to avoid potential conflicts of interest. In addition, you should provide your client with a written statement of the nature of your status as an employee and the attendant limitations on your services to the client

What does inclusion really mean

Integration vs assimilation • Mainstream vs margins • Understanding vs acknowledging • Being part of the change and not an observer • Oppression and power

Whistleblowing

No One is Listening: when PEng's advice is not accepted and client or employer has no intention of correcting the situation. - If after exhausting all internal resources, the health and safety of any person is being, or is imminently, endangered, it may be necessary for the PEng to report these concerns to some external authority, such as a designated regulatory body, a government ministry or ombudsperson. - Only in exceptionally rare cases would going directly to the media or a private watchdog agency be justified. Because PEngs have obligations both to clients and employers, they must exercise discretion in bringing situations to the attention of people outside the business of their employers or clients. - Risky proposition since the whistleblower is violating moral and legal obligations owed to the employer or client. No one should take this step without seriously considering whether it is necessary. - If an engineer has reported the situation through the entire internal management chain, most people would agree that he or she has fulfilled the duty to report. But like civil disobedience, whistleblowing is sometimes the morally correct response to a intolerable situation, especially if people are in danger. - Any engineer faced with this decision may also contact PEO for guidance. The association can provide advice to a professional engineer who is dealing with an uncooperative or willfully negligent client or employer.

Human Rights even mean

Protect • Promote • Implement • Governed by Law • International, Federal, Provincial

You randomly meet a friend from Beta at the pub. Your friend informs you that Beta is hiring for new project and offers to introduce you. Under Beta's hiring policies, he would receive a small bonus if you are hired.

Random Meeting - It was random. - It wasn't an offer but an invitation - Your friend benefitting is irrelevant, a Beta policy, and was disclosed to you.

Professional Engineers Act (1922)

Regulate the practice of professional engineering and to govern its members and holders of certificate of authorization and holders of other types of licenses in accordance with the Act, regulations and bylaws, in order that the public interests be served and protected

Discipline Penalties can include

Revoke license or CoA • Suspend license or CoA • Limit professional work to specified extent • Impose other terms or conditions • Impose specific restrictions including supervision, reprimand or admonish • Revoke or suspend specific designations (e.g., consulting engineer) • Impose fines to a maximum of $5,000; • Publish findings in Engineering Dimensions; • Fix and impose costs to be paid to PEO • Direct that the penalty be suspended or postponed pending some terms (e.g., take PPE again)

Sexism and Engineering

Socialization • Masculine Culture • Sexual Harassment/Violence

You are preparing a bid for a major project. Your friend at Beta, also bidding on the project, tells you they are hiring and that if you brought detailed information on Alpha's proposal that you would certainly receive a good offer

Targeted Contact - Red flags all over the place - you can't take specific information from Alpha and hand it over to Beta - A more intriguing scenario is where you have developed skills at Alpha that Beta would like to incorporate into their company.

Duty to Report II

Though each professional engineer "shall regard the practitioner's duty to protect the public welfare as paramount" (section 77(2).i, O. Reg. 941/90), the duty to report isn't intended to make professional engineers full-time guardians of the public interest, responsible for pointing out all of society's faults. - Instead, they are expected to report only on those issues that come to their attention during the course of their professional practice. This is why references to the duty to report emphasize clients and employers; rarely would professional engineers have sufficient awareness and knowledge of situations outside of their usual practice that they could be compelled to report them. - And, unless engineers have the appropriate authority to make changes or order work, their duty is only to report, not to solve the problem. Often, the responsibility for solving the problem rests with someone else. The engineer is required only to make that person aware of the situation.

To obtain CoA

To obtain CoA - Designate the person or persons who hold PEng that will be responsible for and supervise the services provided. - State that the designee(s) are either the applicant, employee of the applicant, partner of applicant, or employees of partners - Certify that they are insured against professional liability (see 74(1) details) • Or show - Participating in Indemnity Plan of the Ontario Association of Architects - Substantially all claims covered under other insurance 74(2b) - not required due to uninsurable nature of work (pollution, nuclear, ...) - Notifies each person to whom services are provided that they are not insured - CoA is for 1 year - renewable on date of expiry • If designees are all temporary license holders then expires at latest date of temporary holder or 1 year whichever is less

Fairness & Equity

Unfair & unethical behavior, such as discrimination or harassment based on race, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, sex, age, mental or physical disability, sexual orientation or gender identity has no place in any profession - and is illegal in Canada under the Criminal Code and Human Rights legislation.

Misrepresentation & Misuse

Use of a seal by an unlicensed engineer can lead to a $10k fine for the first offence and $25k for each subsequent offense. - Misuse of a seal by a licensed practitioner is defined as misconduct • e.g., signing or sealing a document that you didn't prepare

Cattle-rearing

generates more global warming greenhouse gases, as measured in CO2 equivalent, than transportation, and smarter production methods, including improved animal diets to reduce enteric fermentation and consequent methane emissions, are urgently needed,