Leadership and Management Final

A shared set of basic assumptions or shared way of doing things that is based upon the underlying values and beliefs of the members of a particular society or of a group might best be called a(n): a. Organizational vision. b. Strategic plan. c. Code of ethics. d. Organizational culture.

Organizational culture.

4. An aspirational description of the future state of an organization that identifies the organization's primary goals would best be called a: a. Vision statement. b. Strategic plan. c. Policy and procedure. d. Mission statement.

Vision statement.

Which of the following have contributed to the proliferation of evidence-based practice and evidence-based management? a. The development of processes, practices, and specifi c tools to enable health-care professionals to fi nd, evaluate, and use evidence to inform their clinical decisions b. A dramatic increase in the access to evidence over the past several decades because of the Internet and open-access publishing c. Higher expectations for the training and skills of occupational therapy practitioners d. All of the above

1. All of the above

3. Which of the following best describes an ethical dilemma? a. A conflict between ethical beliefs involving choices between alternatives that appear equally morally acceptable b. A conflict in which there is a clear moral choice and a clear immoral choice (the right versus wrong scenario) c. A conflict in which there is no true moral option (the lesser of the two evils scenario) d. A conflict between approaches to distribution of available resources and rewards

A conflict between ethical beliefs involving choices between alternatives that appear equally morally acceptable

5. Which of the following is true in regard to expectancy violations theory? a. EVT supports the notion by Hall that there is a most desirable personal space that remains constant across cultures. b. A violation of expectations can be perceived as either positive or negative. c. Violations in expectations are always undesirable because they lower attention and make it less likely that your message will be heard. d. All of the above are true.

A violation of expectations can be perceived as either positive or negative.

Which of the following is most accurate in regard to AOTA offi cial documents such as concept papers, guidelines, or position papers? a. AOTA offi cial documents represent a consensus opinion of experts, so they should influence practice and action but are not always the "fi nal word" in decision-making. b. AOTA offi cial documents represent legal opinions published by AOTA on behalf of the profession and must be followed. c . AOTA offi cial documents are historical only in nature; they refl ect past practices and not current recommendations for practice or action. d. AOTA offi cial documents represent a consensus opinion of experts and are often offi - cially sanctioned and accepted by the federal government.

AOTA official documents represent a consensus opinion of experts, so they should influence practice and action but are not always the "final word" in decision-making.

Whichof the followingis the beststrategy for occupational therapymanagerswho do not have easy access to electronic bibliographic databases to fi nd evidence? a. Return to graduate school for an advanced degree in order to access relevant databases. b. Access free databases such as PubMed or ProQuest, which are accessible with membership or certifi cation through occupational therapy organizations c. Rely on articles and evidence found on the Internet through Internet search engines. d. Rely only on data and other forms of evidence published in the public domain by commercial publishers.

Access free databases such as PubMed or ProQuest, which are accessible with membership or certification through occupational therapy organizations.

Groups of providers that provide care associated with a defined population of patients across multiple settings while being held responsible for the quality and cost of care delivered to that population would best be called: a. Patient-centered medical homes. b. Post-acute care bundles. c. Home health agencies. d. Accountable care organizations.

Accountable care organizations.

4. Which of the following is not one of the management approaches to supervision presented in this chapter? a. Systematic management approach b. Achievement approach c. Human relations approach d. Contingency (or situational) approach

Achievement approach

8. The stage of strategic planning that includes deciding exactly what you are going to do to get to where you want to be and to attain the goals and objectives established earlier in the planning process would best be called: a. Planning to plan. b. Environmental assessment and monitoring. c. Business modeling. d. Action planning.

Action planning.

Based on data on trends in self-pay (i.e., outof-pocket) as a payment source for complementary medicine, which of the following is most accurate? a. Most adults are highly unlikely to pay for complementary health care out-of-pocket and utilization is very low when there is no third-party payment. b. Third-party payment for complementary medicine is essentially nonexistent, so almost 100% of payment for these approaches is out-ofpocket. c. Complementary health care is an essential benefi t of the ACA and therefore self-pay approaches need not be considered. d. Adults are likely to pay for complementary approaches to health care when they have the resources, and approximately a third of selfpay payments are for complementary health care.

Adults are likely to pay for complementary approaches to health care when they have the resources, and approximately a third of self-pay payments are for complementary health care.

. Which of the following are examples of common challenges faced by communicators regardless of the mode of communication? a. Communicator acceptability, or identifying the characteristics of the audience, how they might respond, and what the likely rewards or punishments for communication might be b. Signifi cation, or choosing the appropriate verbal and nonverbal means to create meaningful messages, accurately interpreting the signs from the communication partner or audience, and making the greatest impact on the listener c. Achieving communicative outcomes, or discovering how you can construct a message in order to most effectively achieve the goal for your intended communication d. All of the above

All of the above

2. Which of the following best describes the purpose of the AOTA code of ethics? a. To guide members toward ethical courses of action in professional and volunteer roles b. To outline the standard of conduct the public can expect c. To delineate enforceable principles and standards of conduct that apply to AOTA members d. All of the above

All of the above

4. Which of the following is an impetus for the increased focus on interprofessional teams? a. A complex globally connected health system b. Shortage of health professionals and limited resources c. Legislation that promotes increasingly coordinated care d. All of the above

All of the above

5. Appreciative inquiries include which of the following? a. Discovery b. Dream c. Design d. All of the above

All of the above

7. Commonly recognized formal steps in a performance appraisal system include which of the following? a. Intermittent review b. Assessment c. Performance planning d. All of the above

All of the above

7. Which of the following is concerned with ethics and ethical practice? a. National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy b. American Occupational Therapy Association c. State regulatory boards d. All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following was described as a function of the manager? a. Recruiting and retaining staff b. Developing and implementing policies and procedures c. Establishing performance standards and measuring, evaluating, and correcting performance d. All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following statements best describes the free-market system as it applies to our health-care system? a. All principles of the free-market system apply to health care in the same way as they apply to all other products. b. All principles of the free-market system apply to health care in the same way as they apply to all other products except competition, because competition is limited. c. All principles of the free-market system apply to health care in the same way as they apply to all other products except supply and demand, because supply and demand are totally under government control. d. All principles of the free-market system apply to health care, but in complex ways that limit consumers' free choice in various ways.

All principles of the free-market system apply to health care, but in complex ways that limit consumers' free choice in various ways.

3. Which of the following is a key difference between a group and a team ? a. Teams work collaboratively, whereas groups are typically self-focused. b. Although both are task focused, teams can emphasize performance to a much more significant extent. c. The key distinguishing factor between a group and a team is the frequency and duration of interaction. d. Groups pursue individual awards via individual performance and teams pursue collective rewards.

Although both are task focused, teams can emphasize performance to a much more significant extent.

. Which of the following is most accurateregarding the typologies you might select to evaluate evidence related to management questions? a. Because using an evidence-based approach to occupational therapy management is so new, there have not been any appropriate typologies for evaluating related evidence identifi ed. b. Although there are variations in the approaches used by different scholars and sources, most use similar approaches to assigning a level to the evidence that is being examined. c. There is wide variation in the approaches used in various typologies for evaluating evidence and they have little in common. d. There is a single universal typology for evaluating all forms of evidence that has been identifi ed for use with the occupational therapy management literature

Although there are variations in the approaches used by different scholars and sources, most use similar approaches to assigning a level to the evidence that is being examined.

1. Which of the following is a professional body incorporated in 1917 to represent the interests and concerns of occupational therapy practitioners and students of occupational therapy and to improve the quality of occupational therapy services? a. National Board for Certification of Occupational Therapy, Inc. b. American Occupational Therapy Association c. Fund to Promote Occupational Therapy d. American Occupational Therapy Political Action Committee

American Occupational Therapy Association

Paralinguistics is best described as: a. Aspects of communication not related to content or words, such as tone, pitch, inflection, or volume. b. The study of cultural influence on how words originate and their meaning. c. Aspects of communication that relate to expectations established between the person speaking and the person listening and what happens when these expectations are violated. d. The study of the influence of space on interpersonal communication.

Aspects of communication not related to content or words, such as tone, pitch, inflection, or volume.

6. Service competency is best defined as: a. Assuring that the OTA performs tasks in the same way that the OT would and achieves the same outcome. b. A designation that employee orientation has been successfully completed. c. A category of feedback typically provided during the review step of a performance appraisal cycle. d. None of the above.

Assuring that the OTA performs tasks in the same way that the OT would and achieves the same outcome.

7. Which of the following best describes the purpose of the performance audit and gap analysis stage of strategic planning? a. It compares current performance against measurable quantitative and qualitative outcome indicators of success related to the departmental or organizational mission. b. It identifies the gap between the current and desired indicators of performance. c. It substantiates the needed financial resources for budget planning. d. Both A and B.

Both A and B: It compares current performance against measurable quantitative and qualitative outcome indicators of success related to the departmental or organizational mission AND It identifies the gap between the current and desired indicators of performance.

Rebecca works part-time for AOTA as an associate in the Practice Department. When she functions in this paid work role, it is most appropriate to say she is working within a structure most accurately described as a(n): a. Association. b. Bureaucracy. c. Trade bureau. d. Professional hierarchy.

Bureaucracy.

6. A common type of business document that outlines the needs, costs, and benefi ts of a new program in order to justify obtaining new resources would best be called a: a. Grant request for proposals. b. Market analysis. c. Business plan. d. SWOT plan.

Business plan.

7. Which of the following best defines the term collaborative competencies ? a. Competencies that each profession identifies as its own in order to promote more effective teamwork and prevent conflict by delineating clear professional roles. b. Competencies that each profession identifies that other professions must develop in order to most effectively work with others, with patients and families, with nonprofessionals and volunteers, within communities, and at a broader policy level. c. Competencies specifically focused on interpersonal communication, such as effective conflict resolution, and that promote teamwork. d. Competencies that each profession needs to work together with others, such as other specialties within a profession, between professions, with patients and families, with nonprofessionals and volunteers, within and between organizations, within communities, and at a broader policy level

Competencies that each profession needs to work together with others, such as other specialties within a profession, between professions, with patients and families, with nonprofessionals and volunteers, within and between organizations, within communities, and at a broader policy level.

which of the following would be least likely to impact your decision? a. Country of origin of the evidence b. Strength of the evidence c. Quality of the evidence d. Level of the evidence

Country of origin of the evidence

2. Which of the following best names a team composed of persons with specific expertise and knowledge from different functional areas who work together to achieve an assigned goal or fulfill a specific purpose for the organization, where each member brings his or her expertise and contributes in a unique way to the team's functioning and outcomes? a. Functional work team b. Cross-functional work team c. Multi-professional team d. Self-directed team

Cross-functional work team

3. A model of supervision in which supervisory skills are modified as the person serving as supervisor moves from a beginner toward an advanced practitioner would best be called: a. Integrationist models. b. Developmental models. c. Motivational models. d. Psychotherapy-based models.

Developmental models.

A commonly recognized form of organizing in hospital systems where a managerial hierarchy is duplicated for physicians and nonphysicians would best be called: a. Dual pyramid. b. Medical-model. c. Mirror model. d. Traditional administrative model.

Dual pyramid.

8. The process of ethical decision making is often as important as the outcome. The first step in the ethical decision making process is: a. Gather relevant information. b. Consult the ethics committee. c. Explore practical alternatives. d. Use ethics theories to analyze the problem.

Gather relevant information.

8. A theory of motivation that identifies factors related to employee satisfaction and employee dissatisfaction along different continua is best named: a. Maslow's hierarchy of needs. b. Content or process theory. c. Vroom's expectancy theory. d. Herzberg's hygiene theory.

Herzberg's hygiene theory.

A legislative act that provides for free and appropriate education for children with disabilities in the least restrictive environment and includes requirements for the states to develop EI programs would best be called the: a. Patient Protection, Education and Affordable Care Act. b. Individuals With Disabilities Education Act. c. Health Insurance Portability, Accountability and Education Act. d. Rehabilitation Services Education Act.

Individuals With Disabilities Education Act.

Two types of values related to the means to achieve the ends, as well as the ends a person wishes to achieve, are commonly referred to as: a. Instrumental values and terminal values. b. Personal values and cultural values. c. Organizational values and societal values. d. Formative values and summative values.

Instrumental values and terminal values.

6. Which of the following best describes the relationship between interprofessional education and the provision of optimal health services? a. Existing health-care teams are spurred to provide optimal health services when they are the benefi ciaries of interprofessional continuing education. b. Interprofessional education helps to prepare a workforce ready for collaborative practice that then promotes the provision of optimal health services. c. The provision of optimal health-care services promotes increased collaboration between team members on an interprofessional team. d. There is no proven relationship between interprofessional education and the provision of optimal health services.

Interprofessional education helps to prepare a workforce ready for collaborative practice that then promotes the provision of optimal health services.

The primary characteristic of double-loop (generative) learning would best be described as which of the following? a. It emphasizes concrete problem-solving and application of solutions in the here and now. b. It emphasizes continuous experimentation and feedback in an ongoing examination of the very way organizations go about defining and solving problems. c. It is most applicable for slow-paced environments where there is little change. d. It focuses on learning from the past and applying that learning to the present.

It emphasizes continuous experimentation and feedback in an ongoing examination of the very way organizations go about defining and solving problems.

1. One often- cited difference between leadership and management mentioned in this chapter is : a. Leaders are born, whereas managers are made. b. Leaders focus on strategic change, whereas managers focus on the "status quo." c. Leadership has been researched in depth, whereas little research exists on management. d. Leadership skills are a distinct set of skills used at particular times, whereas management skills are broad skills used in almost every situation.

Leaders focus on strategic change, whereas managers focus on the "status quo."

All of the following were identifi ed as challenges to using an evidence-based approach to management by occupational therapymanagers except : a. Access to electronic journals and scientifi c forms of evidence. b. Time to fi nd and carefully assess the evidence. c. Little evidence exists on management-related questions. d. The amount of evidence available can be overwhelming.

Little evidence exists on management-related questions.

. A state-run program that is jointly funded by states and the federal government for people who have limited income or high medical expenses where eligibility for the limited income cohort is based on the family income and size in relation to the national poverty level would best be called which of the following? a. Medicare b. Medicaid c. Workers' compensation d. Sliding scale self-pay

Medicaid

One accurate summary statement about what we know about the evidence on gender and leadership would be: a. Women are typically perceived as more effective leaders than men as long as they present themselves as stereotypically female. b. Men have consistently shown to be more effective leaders than women. c. Men and women are perceived as more effective as leaders when the approaches they use match their presentation as more "masculine" or "feminine" as perceived by followers. d. Evidence on gender and leadership has established that there is essentially no difference in how male and female leaders are perceived.

Men and women are perceived as more effective as leaders when the approaches they use match their presentation as more "masculine" or "feminine" as perceived by followers.

1. A statement that sets forth an organization's or department's purpose, including definitions, products, and services, is best called a: a. Vision statement. b. Mission statement. c. Purpose statement. d. Business statement.

Mission statement.

3. A management tool that describes why your department or organization exists and its key functions would best be called a: a. Vision statement. b. Strategic plan. c. Policy and procedure. d. Mission statement.

Mission statement.

A theory of communication often used in occupational therapy that helps us examine interpersonal communication through the use of stories and storytelling is best named: a. Proxemics. b. Dramatism. c. Cybernetics. d. Narrative

Narrative

8. Which of the following is not one of the identifi ed phases of controlling? a. Establishing standards b. Negotiating goals c. Measuring performance d. Correcting deviations

Negotiating goals

5. Which of the following is true regarding state regulatory boards? a. The role of state regulatory boards is to enforce rules established to define and regulate occupational therapy, which are established at a national level. b. Less than half of the states in the United States have a state regulatory board responsible for oversight of some aspect of occupational therapy practice. c. State regulatory boards refer all issues related to ethical breaches or other disciplinary matters to AOTA for review and determination. d. None of the above is true.

None of the above is true.

5. Which of the following regarding supervision of others by occupational therapy practitioners is not true? a. State licensure laws supersede organizational policies or official documents of AOTA. b. Establishing service competency is an important step in determining the amount and type of supervision that is appropriate. c. Occupational therapy practitioners may only formally supervise others in client-related tasks and job functions.

Occupational therapy practitioners may only formally supervise others in client-related tasks and job functions.

. A type of system that is capable of selfmaintenance within a larger context or environment, and in which the influence of internal and external environments are keenly recognized, is best called a(n): a. Rational systems organization. b. Natural systems organization. c. Open systems organization. d. Market economy systems organization.

Open systems organization.

4. A document that includes a coordinated set of tasks for carrying out the goals delineated in a strategic plan, goes into greater detail specifying specific time frames and deadlines for activities, and assigns activities to specific organizational members to aid accountability would best be called a(n): a. Business plan. b. Operational plan. c. Case statement. d. SOAR plan.

Operational plan.

2. In strategic planning, a SWOT analysis includes all of the following domains of analysis except which of the following ? a. Strengths b. Weaknesses c. Operations d. Threats

Operations

1. Deciding which staff are most appropriate to work on a specific patient care unit and assigning them work tasks would best be described as which of the following key functions of a manager? a. Planning b. Controlling c. Organizing and staffing d. Directing

Organizing and staffing

Which of the following is the bestdescription of grey literature ? a. Papers, reports, and other documents from private industry that often may be biased because of private funding b. Papers, reports, and other documents referred to as grey because of the weak evaluation of their accuracy and usefulness c. Papers, reports, and other documents controlled by commercial publishers that have passed the highest levels of review and academic scrutiny d. Papers, reports, and other documents from government, the academy, business, and industry that are not controlled by commercial publishers but are a valid form of eviden

Papers, reports, and other documents from government, the academy, business, and industry that are not controlled by commercial publishers but are a valid form of evidence

Which of the following pairs includes two theories of leadership that could both be categorized as supervisory theories of leadership? a. Path-Goal Theory of Leadership and Servant Leadership Theory b. Transactional Leadership Theory and Charismatic Leadership Theory c. Transformational Leadership Theory and Transactional Leadership Theory d. Path-Goal Theory of Leadership and Transactional Leadership Theory

Path-Goal Theory of Leadership and Transactional Leadership Theory

1. Power that is obtained because of knowledge, personal attractiveness, or demonstration of effort is best defined as: a. Legitimate authority. b. Organizational influence. c. Personal power. d. Individualized control.

Personal power.

2. Determining the costs for staff salaries and benefits, equipment, and other operational expenses, as well as the amount of revenue anticipated, would best be described as which of the following functions of a manager? a. Planning b. Controlling c. Organizing and staffing d. Directing

Planning

6. The stage of strategic planning in which you identify your key customers and their expectations; identify other key stakeholders and their expectations; identify your key suppliers, partners, and collaborators; and assess the health of your relationships with all of these persons would best be called: a. Planning to plan. b. Environmental assessment and monitoring. c. Business modeling. d. Action planning.

Planning to plan.

. A key element of Shannon and Weaver's information theory related to improving the reliability and use of information is: a. Reduction of uncertainty. b. Visual mapping. c. Information coding. d. None of the above.

Reduction of uncertainty.

3. As an alternative to the traditional SWOT analysis, a SOAR analysis includes all except which of the following elements? a. Strengths b. Opportunities c. Aspirations d. Research

Research

. Which of the following best describes the approach you should take to fi nding and eva luating evidence related to management questions? a. Only use evidence obtained through searches on well-established and recognized search tools such as PubMed. b. Search using multiple sources and strategies, considering all forms of evidence, but carefully evaluate the quality and strength of the evidence that you use. c. Limit your search and use of data to the field or discipline (e.g., occupational therapy) to exclude evidence from other fields or disciplines that may not be directly related to your question. d. Limit your search to only consider evidence developed through the strongest experimental methods such as randomized control designs.

Search using multiple sources and strategies, considering all forms of evidence, but carefully evaluate the quality and strength of the evidence that you use.

When comparing Servant Leadership Theory and Transformational Leadership Theory, which of the following bestdescribes the motivation of the leaders? a. Transformational leaders are concerned about work groups only and typically do not consider the development of the individual, whereas servant leaders focus only on the individual. b. Servant leaders tend to see all persons as equal and valued, whereas transformational leaders value individuals but more in relation to helping the organization succeed. c. Servant leaders and transformational leaders are both thought to have a strong orientation toward the individual rather than consideration of the organization's success.

Servant leaders tend to see all persons as equal and valued, whereas transformational leaders value individuals but more in relation to helping the organization succeed.

8. The four elements of SBAR communication are: a. Situation, background, assessment, resolution. b. Symptoms, background, assessment, recommendation. c. Situation, background, assessment, recommendation. d. Symptoms, background, appraisal, resolution.

Situation, background, assessment, recommendation.

A theory of leadership that focuses on identifying the relationship between task characteristics and employee readiness and matching a supervisory response is bestcalled: a. Servant Leadership Theory. b. Path-Goal Theory of Leadership. c. Transformational Leadership Theory. d. Situational Leadership Theory.

Situational Leadership Theory.

A description of the appropriate ratio of OTs, OTAs, and service extenders or aides needed to provide care that is effective but also cost efficient would best be called a: a. Staffing plan. b. Skill mix. c. Case mix ratio. d. Staffing index.

Skill mix.

6. Which of the following is not a commonly cited purpose of organizational structures discussed in Chapter 4? a. Structures produce outputs to achieve organizational goals. b. Structures minimize or regulate the influence of individuals on the organization. c. Structures are the settings in which power is exercised, decisions are made, and activities are carried out. d. Structures dictate administrative policies and procedures that guide organizational decisionmaking.

Structures dictate administrative policies and procedures that guide organizational decision-making.

5. Which of the following is the most accurate definition of interprofessional education? a. Students from two or more professions learn about, from, and with each other to enable effective collaboration and improve health outcomes. b. Students from two or more professions are educated in the same university or college to gain effi ciencies in space and faculty. c. Students from two or more professions are placed in the same setting for their clinical fieldwork education following completion of their classroom education. d. Students from two or more professions have educational programs with similar curricular elements such as basic science courses (e.g., biology or anatomy).

Students from two or more professions learn about, from, and with each other to enable effective collaboration and improve health outcomes.

6. Which of the following is accurate regarding the governance structure of AOTA? a. AOTA is governed by a single governing body responsible for the association's policy, finances, and promotional activities. b. All members of the governing bodies of AOTA are paid professionals hired to carry out their roles and responsibilities. c. The executive director of AOTA must be an OT with at least 10 years of experience as defined in the bylaws of the association. d. The Representative Assembly is AOTA's "congress" and is responsible for oversight of professional policy as one of the association's two main governing bodies.

The Representative Assembly is AOTA's "congress" and is responsible for oversight of professional policy as one of the association's two main governing bodies.

7. Which of the following is not true of mentoring programs based on the discussion and evidence presented in this chapter? a. Both naturally occurring and formally structured mentoring experiences can be beneficial to newer employees. b. Mentoring relationships often transition and "end" when goals are met, the mentee has gained skills and experience, and he or she is ready to establish a new relationship with his or her mentor as an equal colleague. c. The advantage of mentoring as an approach to staff development is that there is a standard defi nition of the concept that is widely accepted and utilized. d. Orchestrated mentoring relationships are often less intense and often last for a shorter period of time than naturally occurring mentoring relationships.

The advantage of mentoring as an approach to staff development is that there is a standard definition of the concept that is widely accepted and utilized.

2. The term span of control is best defined as: a. The number of immediate subordinates who report to any one supervisor. b. The range of influence that any supervisor or manager has in an organization. c. The extent to which you have requisite authority over employees in a department. d. How broadly or narrowly your reports are distributed over a geographic area.

The number of immediate subordinates who report to any one supervisor.

4. Which of the following is true regarding the American Occupational Therapy Political Action Committee (AOTPAC)? a. AOTPAC only provides contributions to candidates from the ruling majority party. b. The purpose of AOTPAC is to further the legislative aims of AOTA by attempting to influence the selection, nomination, election, or appointment of persons to elected office. c. AOTPAC is a committee of the Association under direct authority of the AOTA Board of Directors.

The purpose of AOTPAC is to further the legislative aims of AOTA by attempting to influence the selection, nomination, election, or appointment of persons to elected office.

8. Which of the following best describes the skills necessary for effectively leading an interprofessional team? a. The skills for effectively leading an interprofessional team are substantially different from those required to effectively lead other types of teams. b. The skills for effectively leading an interprofessional team are broad, such that they encompass all of the necessary skills for effective leadership of other teams and include several other areas of competency. c. The skills for effectively leading an interprofessional team are very similar to those of leading other types of health-care teams and there is little difference in general. d. The skills for effectively leading an interprofessional team are narrower than those required for effectively leading other types of teams and are essentially a subset of skills.

The skills for effectively leading an interprofessional team are very similar to those of leading other types of health-care teams and there is little difference in general.

7. Which of the following is most accurate regarding communication in virtual meetings and social media? a. Use of virtual meetings and social media is uncommon and not recommended for effective communication in occupational therapy practice. b. The strategies for virtual meetings are essentially the same as in face-to-face meetings. c. These meetings are preferred because the implicit and explicit rules for participation are more commonly understood. d. There can be significant advantages in terms of time, cost, and efficiency, but you must be careful of some of the inherent problems with using these communication venues.

There can be significant advantages in terms of time, cost, and efficiency, but you must be careful of some of the inherent problems with using these communication venues.

Which of the following is most accurate in regard to variability in licensure laws in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and Guam? a. There is considerable variation in issues such as practicing without a referral, continuing education requirements, and supervision requirements for OTAs b. Due to the NBCOT certification examination, all licensure laws are 100% consistent across the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and Guam. c. There is considerable variation in whether or not occupational therapists can practice without a referral, but all other elements of licensure laws are consistent across the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and Guam. d. Most elements of licensure laws are consistent across the 50 states, but there is much variation in the territories, including the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and Guam.

There is considerable variation in issues such as practicing without a referral, continuing education requirements, and supervision requirements for OTAs.

Which of the following would be most accurate in regard to current thinking about the relationships between human traits and leadership effectiveness? a. Human traits are predetermined at birth and there is little ability to change them as we develop. b. Trait Theory is a new development in leadership research; although there is limited empirical evidence, the research to date appears promising as an explanation for leader effectiveness. c. Traits may help us understand how a particular leader might be perceived, but there is little recent research to validate Trait Theory as effective in linking leaders with leadership outcomes. d. The connection between traits and leader outcomes has only been shown to have a strong correlation in strategies related to Transactional Leadership Theory.

Traits may help us understand how a particular leader might be perceived, but there is little recent research to validate Trait Theory as effective in linking leaders with leadership outcomes.

Two leadership theories that were developed separately but are recognized as most effective when they are combined are: a. Transactional Leadership Theory and Transformational Leadership Theory. b. Situational Leadership Theory and Servant Leadership Theory. c. Charismatic Leadership Theory and Servant Leadership Theory. d. Path-Goal Leadership Theory and Situational Leadership Theory.

Transactional Leadership Theory and Transformational Leadership Theory.

In regard to the additive effect of t ransformational l eadership and t ransactional l eadership , which of the following is generally accepted as true? a. Transactional leadership and transformational leadership are not contradictory styles but instead are complementary and can be used together. b. The impact of transformational leadership on follower satisfaction is limited and only shown to occur when strategies are added to transactional leadership strategies. c. There is no additive effect, as transformational leadership and transactional leadership have been proven to be contradictory in nature. d. There is no relationship between transformational leadership and transactional leadership because one is a strategic approach and the other is a supervisory approach.

Transactional leadership and transformational leadership are not contradictory styles but instead are complementary and can be used together.

1. Which of the following best names a team without discipline-centered boundaries on which team members collaborate, prepare, and supervise the sharing of disciplinary functions while retaining ultimate responsibility for services provided in their place by other team members? a. Interdisciplinary team b. Multidisciplinary team c. Transdisciplinary team d. Interprofessional team

Transdisciplinary team

An organizational chart is a management tool that: a. Shows the location of an organization in a larger system such as a city or county. b. Visually depicts the lines of authority, organization, and reporting in an organization. c. Defines the sources of revenue and expenses and how these affect the tax status of an organization. d. Helps leaders determine the impact of an organization's culture to guide leaders in choosing the most effective leadership styles.

Visually depicts the lines of authority, organization, and reporting in an organization.

Occupational therapy managers often need to access data, information, and other forms of evidence to guide decision-making and the development and implementation of programs. Which of the following is most accurate regarding the process of obtaining and interpreting such evidence in the current environment? a. Data, information, and other forms of evidence are easily accessible, easy to organize, and easy to interpret due to the abundance of resources available to the modern-day occupational therapy manager. b. Despite the Internet and online data sources, access to relevant data, information, and other forms of evidence remains elusive; it is often difficult for occupational therapy managers to fi nd the necessary evidence. c. With the rise of the Internet and the development of many systems for storing and accessing data, information, and other forms of evidence, occupational therapy managers may fi nd an overwhelming amount of evidence and may have to focus on organized and strategic approaches to gathering and interpreting the most appropriate evidence. d. Not much has changed in the last decade; because it is often impossible to validate the sources of data, information, and other forms of online evidence, occupational therapy managers should stick to formal literature searches using electronic search engines.

With the rise of the Internet and the development of many systems for storing and accessing data, information, and other forms of evidence, occupational therapy managers may find an overwhelming amount of evidence and may have to focus on organized and strategic approaches to gathering and interpreting the most appropriate evidence.

Which of the following is most accurateregarding involvement of key stakeholders in the EBP process? a. You may present an evidence brief or summary to key stakeholders to discuss the evidence, pros and cons of different options, what is feasible in your setting, and what barriers might exist to implementation. b. It is best not to discuss evidence with key stakeholders because many have not been exposed to or properly trained in EBP approaches. c. Key stakeholders should only be involved in identifying the questions to be answered through an EBP process. d. Key stakeholders may be a useful source of data, information, and other forms of evidence but you must be extremely careful of the bias this introduces to answering evidence-based management questions.

You may present an evidence brief or summary to key stakeholders to discuss the evidence, pros and cons of different options, what is feasible in your setting, and what barriers might exist to implementation.