learning theory 4th test
components of self regulation
1. Autogenic Training 2. Visualization 3. Auto Conditioning
formal operations
11 and up, can reason in hypothetical situations, abstract thought.
meaningful learning and elaboration
Effective learning strategies
preoperational
In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
sensorimotor
In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
disequilibrium
Inability to explain new events with existing schemes; tends to be accompanied by a sense of discomfort.
piaget equilibrium
Keeping balance by creating new concepts.
mnemonics
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
comprehension monitoring
Process of checking oneself to be sure one understands and remembers newly acquired information.
object permanence
The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
inquiry learning
approach in which the teacher presents a puzzling situation and students solve the problem by gathering data and testing their conclusions
epistemic beliefs
beliefs about the nature of knowledge and learning
internalization
process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thereby conditioning the individual to conform to society's expectations
apprenticeships
structured training programs that mandate that each beginner serve as an assistant to a fully trained worker before gaining full credentials to work in the field
illusion of knowing
thinking that one knows something that one actually does not know
visualization
A mental image that is similar to a visual perception
method of loci
A mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations
class inclusion
A skill learned during the concrete operational stage of cognitive development in which individuals can think simultaneously about a whole class of objects as well as relationships among its subordinate classes.
reciprocal teaching
A strategy designed to develop comprehension where students and teacehrs exchange roles in developing metacognitive strategies, means that students take turns explaining to each other and learning from each other.
metacognition
A term used to describe what, how, and why people know what they know when they know it. thinking about thinking
note taking
A versatile prewriting method that can take many forms, such as listing, free-writing, mapping, charting, bulleting, and so forth.
conservation
Ability to recognize that objects can be transformed in some way, visually or phycially, yet still be the same in number, weight, substance, or volume
accomodation
Adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.
scaffolding
Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance
peer tutoring
Approach to instruction in which one student provides instruction to help another student master a classroom topic.
discovery learning
Approach to instruction in which students develop an understanding of a topic through firsthand interaction with the environment.
organization
Arranged in an orderly way.
theory of mind
People's ideas about their own and others' mental states -- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict
piaget vs. vygotsky
Piaget thought that development of thought precedes language, think then communicate, must know mental representations before attaching names to things. Vygotsky says language and thought develop together, first attempts to speak are efforts to establish and maintain social context.
piaget stages of development
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete, Formal Operations
zone of proximal development
The difference between a child's actual development level and his or her level of potential development
self talk
The internal conversations we have with ourselves
robbie case
Theorist who argues that cognitive processes increase as the capacity to process information increases. proposed the Neo-Piagetian theory, accepted Piaget's stages and applied them to information processing
autogenic training
a relaxation technique that involves imagining one's limbs to be heavy, warm, and tingling
pegword method
a strategy for memorization in which images are used to link lists of facts to a familiar set of words or numbers
dynamic assessment
an innovation consistent with Vygotsky's zone of proximal development, an adult introduces purposeful teaching into the testing situation to find out what the child can attain with social support
mediated learning experiences
discussion between an adult and a child in which the adult helps the child make sense of an event they have mutually experienced
superimposed meaningful structure
familiar shape, word, sentence, poem, or story imposed on information in order to facilitate recall
vygotsky sociocultural theory
how culture the values beliefs customs and skills of a social group is transmitted to the next generatio
egocentricism
in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
concrete stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
guided participation
the process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations
actual developmental level
upper limit of tasks that a learner can successfully perform independently
level of potential development
upper limit of tasks that a learner can successfully perform with the assistance of a more competent individual
verbal mediation
word or phrase that forms a logical connection or bridge between 2 pieces of information
