LearnSmart Chp. 14 Biotechnology and Genomics

Choose the two (2) main components necessary for the polymerase chain reaction to occur.

- DNA polymerase - nucleotides

Which of the following are uses of comparative genomics?

- Determining evolutionary relationships - Comparing genomes over time - Finding model organisms to test human gene therapies

Genetically modified organisms include:

- bacteria - plants - animals

Which of the following are direct applications of bioinformatics?

- comparison of our genome to model organisms - determining the function of genes discovering the interplay of gene and proteins in our cells

Which of the following explain why we need a broader definition of gene?

- genes can be split across several loci across the genome - the end product of some DNA is RNA (not protein) - some prokaryotes have RNA genes

Transposons are able to:

- play a role in evolution of organisms - regulate the activity of other genes

Which of the following are applications of transgenic bacteria?

- production of insulin - production of growth hormone - clean up of oil spills

Which of the following enzymes have a role in recombinant DNA production?

- restriction enzymes - DNA ligase

Which of the following are possible functions of introns in eukaryotic genes?

- they allow a variety of proteins to be made from a single gene - they can regulate gene expression

Which of the following are possible function of introns in eukaryotic genes?

- they can regulate gene expression - they allow a variety of proteins to be made from a single gene

Which of the following are considered intergenic sequences?

- transposons - unknown sequences - repetitive elements

Arrange the steps used to clone a mammal sequentially.

1. An egg is collected from a donor and enucleated. 2. Inject nucleus of somatic cell from different donor into enucleated egg. 3. The donor egg is induced to start dividing 4. The dividing egg is implanted into a surrogate 5. A clone (of the DNA donor) is born.

List the sequential order of events that occur during the production of recombinant DNA (rDNA).

1. Identify an mRNA from a target gene 2. use reverse transcriptase to produce a complementary DNA 3. cleave the cDNA and vector DNA with the same restriction enzyme 4. introduce DNA ligase to connect sticky ends of DNA 5. allow vector to reproduce to clone the gene

List the sequential order of events in ex vivo gene therapy of the disease familial hypercholesterolemia.

1. a portion of the patient's liver is removed 2. liver cells are injected with virus carrying corrected gene 3. removed liver portion is reconnected in the patient's body

List the sequential order of events in ex vivo gene therapy of the disease SCID.

1. bone marrow is removed from the patient's body 2. bone marrow cells are injected with a virus carrying a corrected gene 3. bone marrow cells are injected into the patient 4. normal bone marrow cells divide to produce normal blood cells

The human genome is composed of about ______ repetitive DNA elements.

50%

Why was sperm often used as the source of DNA for the Human Genome Project?

Because of the high ratio of DNA to protein

______ is a field of study that relies heavily on computer technologies to analyze genomic and proteomic data.

Bioinformatics

______ genomics compares the human genome to that of other organisms.

Comparative

Which enzyme is use during recombinant DNA production to link foreign DNA to vector DNA?

DNA ligase

______ gene therapy uses cells takes from the body that have been genetically modify and then re-injects those cells back into the body.

Ex-vivo

Cloning mammals now has a high success rate.

False

Gene cloning refers to cloning of whole organisms.

False

Tandem repeats are synonymous with interspersed repeats.

False

The large amount of introns in eukaryotic genes appears to have no function.

False

The primary purposes of genomic studies are to determine the sequence of nucleotide bases and to search for extraterrestrial life forms.

False

______ genomics seeks to determine the role of the genome in cell and organisms.

Functional

The ______ Project sought to determine the complete sequence of human DNA.

Human Genome

Which of the following from a human contains the most functional pieces?

Proteome

______ is the study of the complete collection of proteins produced by an organism.

Proteomics

______ enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific points during recombinant DNA production.

Restriction

______ polymorphisms differ by only one DNA base between an individuals two chromosomes, or between 2 individuals in a population.

Single nucleotide

______ genomics is a field of study seeking the sequences of DNA bases and the amount of genes in organisms.

Structural

What is the purpose of creating knockout organisms?

To study the affect of NOT having a gene

"Unknown sequences" of intergenic DNA can be transcribed into RNA.

True

A gene can be a sequence of RNA or a sequence of DNA that produces RNA.

True

A gene's final product can be either RNA or protein

True

As organism complexity rises, so does its genome's proportion of non-gene DNA.

True

Copy number variations in DNA may be a driving force of evolution.

True

In general, the more complex the organism, the more complex their genes are.

True

Interspersed repeats appear to have a role in evolution of organisms.

True

Modern science has been able to successfully clone a mammal.

True

The proteome contains a greater number of constituents than the genome.

True

Since female mice embryos injected with the human SRY gene become male, that gene is associated with maleness. This is an example of:

a transgenic animal study

If reverse transcriptase acted upon a pre-mRNA transcript in eukaryotic DNA, the cDNA product would contain:

both introns and exons

______ is produced during recombinant DNA production by the action of reverse transcriptase on mRNA.

cDNA

The type of cloning trough which identical copies of a functional unit of DNA are made is called ______ cloning.

gene

They type of cloning through which identical copies of a functional unit of DNA are made is called ______ cloning.

gene

A scientist seeking to study the complete genetic makeup of an organism is studying in the field of ______.

genomics

If there are two different genes that code for the same protein, these are considered ______ genes.

homologous

DNA regions that reside between genes on a chromosome are called ______ sequences.

intergenic

A(n) ______ repeat is a type of repetitive DNA element that is spread across several regions of a chromosome.

interspersed

Because cDNA was reverse transcribed from an mRNA transcript, it does not contain:

introns

DNA ______ is an enzyme that links DNA fragments together.

ligase

The cloning of mammal organisms now has a ______ success rate.

low

A DNA ______ is a type of functional genomics study utilizing DNA fragments to detect and measure gene expression.

microarray

Gene therapy can be used for ______ disease(s) in ______ body location(s).

multiple; multiple

Gene ______ describes the production of pharmaceuticals using transgenic animals.

pharming

DNA fingerprinting is useful for CSI studies, evolutionary studies, and illegal transport of organism identification. But to do these you must first use the ______ to get enough of the target DNA.

polymerase chain reaction

The _____ is a technique that uses DNA polymerase with heating/cooling cycles to produce millions of copies of a particular piece of DNA.

polymerase chain reaction

An individual's genetic ______ shows their genome, including mutations.

profile

After the polymerase chain reaction makes copies of short tandem repeats (STR), they can be analyzed and compared to other individuals short tandem repeat pattern. This is called STR ______.

profiling

The entire collection of proteins resulting from translation of genes is called a(n) ______.

proteome

A segment of DNA containing genes from both mice and humans would be called ______ DNA.

recombinant

The segment of DNA containing genes from both mice and humans would be called ______ DNA.

recombinant

The sequence AAGCTTCGTTC is found five different places on a chromosome. It is a(n):

repetitive DNA element

A(n) ______ repeat is a type of repetitive DNA element in which repeats occur one after another on a chromosome.

tandem

Gene ______ is a correction of detrimental DNA mutation by inserting new DNA into the genome.

therapy

Genetically modified organisms that have had foreign DNA inserted into their genome are said to be ______ organisms.

transgenic

DNA sequences able to randomly move from one site to another in the genome are called ______.

transposons

A plasmid is often used in biotechnology applications as a(n) ______ to transfer foreign genetic material.

vector

A human receiving a pig hear during organ transplant would be an example of ______.

xenotransplantation