Life-Span Development Psych Ch. 3
which of the following accurately describe age related physical changes?
-age related muscle loss usually occurs at a rate of 1% - 2% per year after the age of 50. -bone loss usually accelerates in one's 50's.
regarding adolescent and body image, which statements are true:
-body image issues are especially intense during puberty -body dissatisfaction is higher in puberty than in any other stages of adolescence.
which of the following changes does a developing child's brain enable?
-children can make strides in language development -children can plan their actions -children can attend to stimuli more effectively.
which of the following is true regarding neuron changes during the first year of life:
-connections among dendrites increase -synaptic connections between dendrites and axons increase -myelination begins prenatally
which of the following are two significant ways that neurons change during the first years of life.
-connectivity among neurons increases -myelination for visual pathways occurs rapidly
what are some of the problems that early maturing girls might have:
-early sexual experiences -cigarette use -alcohol use
because of the lack of development of the prefrontal cortex, adolescents do poorly at...
-exhibiting self-control -reasoning -decision making
which of the following are biological theories of aging?
-genetic/cellular process theory -hormonal stress theory -evolutionary theory
the explanation for why some children are shorter is:
-growth hormone deficiency -an emotional difficulty -maternal smoking during pregnancy
what are some factors that affect the timing of puberty?
-health -nutrition -family stress
In middle to late childhood, the increased pathways and circuitry in the prefrontal cortex are related to:
-improved attention -improved cognitive flexibility -improved cognitive control
experts on aging reccommend that consistent blood pressure above 120/80 be treated to reduce risks of which of the following?
-kidney disease -heart attack -stroke
infant brain mapping is being used to assess what:
-language -vision -hearing
which statements about the rate of physical changes in the middle adulthood years is true:
-lifestyle factors have been implicated on whether and when chronic diseases appear. -genetic makeup plays an important role in whether and when chronic diseases appear. -also deals with weight loss, weight gain, and height loss
regarding the debates as to whether experiences lead to biological changes in the brain, or biological change precedes experience, which of the following is true?
-scientists have yet to determine whether biological changes come first or if experience stimulates biological changes. -when adolescents resisted peer pressure, the prefrontal cortex thickened and neural connections formed.
which statements regarding menopause are true:
-the average age of menopause is 52 -as puberty is occuring earlier over the years, menopause is occuring later and later in women. -the decline in estrogen may lead to nausea, fatigue, and rapid heartbeat.
Regarding the hormone related link, which statements are true.
-the link between hormones, mood, and behavior is complex -depression has an impact on hormonal activity -stress, eating patterns, sexual activity, and depression can affect hormone level
Fastest growth occurs at the top; physical growth and feature differentiation gradually work from top to bottom.
Cephalocaudal
motor control censors are sufficiently developed to enable an infant to reach out and grab a near by object
two months
compared to younger adults (20 years old), researchers found that the brain ____________ was 5-10 percent less in adults (90 years old)
weight
which statement regarding bone loss is true?
women experience twice the rate of bone loss than men.
a loss of fat and COLLAGEN in underlying tissues leads to sagging skin and ____________, a classic sign of aging.
wrinkles
noticing the difference between the colors red and pink. functions by vision.
Occipital lobes
Neural connections that are used:
encourage dendritic growth and are strengthened
small declines in memory as well as alzheimer's disease.
severe reductions in dopamine results in this:
which of the following is a hormone associated with girls and their breasts, uterine, and skeletal development?
estradiol
the infant begins to experience depth perception
four months
aging occurs because cells produce unstable oxygen molecules that damage DNA
free radical theory
frontal lobes are involved in voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality. (the personality trait of extroversion).
frontal lobes
the _______________, which are also called sex glands, are the testes in males, and the ovaries in females.
gonads
aging lowers resistance to stress and disease
hormonal stress theory
The _______________ that produce the changes associated with puberty and powerful chemical substances are carried through the body of the bloodstream
hormones
high blood pressure is referred to as _____________.
hypertension
high blood pressure is referred to as...
hypertension
after the age of 70, most adults no longer exhibit the _____________ ________________ reflex.
knee jerk
the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other is called
lateralization
the number of years that an average person is born in a specific year will most likely live is called....
life expectancy
refers to the upper boundary of life
life span
the _____________ system is the seat of emotions and rewards.
limbic
which is the seat of emotions and where rewards are experienced, matures much earlier than the prefrontal cortex and is almost completely developed by early adolescence
limbic
a girl's first menstrual period is called...
menarche
is the term in middle age, usually in the late forties or early fifties, when a woman has not had her menstrual period for a full year.
menopause
aging is caused by the decay of tiny cellular bodies that supply energy for function, growth, and repair.
mitochondrial theory
the process by which nerve cells are coated with insulation that enhances the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system as ______________.
myelination
the speech centers are sufficiently developed that the infant can begin to talk
one year
maintaining the motor control used for jump roping. (plays an important role in registering spacial location, attention, and motor control).
parietal lobes
Developmental Social Neuroscience involves connection between development, the brain, and ___________ processes.
socioemotional
Improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive control in children are all linked to the increased pathways and circuitry in the ____ cortex
prefrontal
the highest level of the brain is.............
prefrontal cortex
the highest level of the frontal lobes involved in reasoning, decision making, and self-control
prefrontal cortex
remembering to pick up the dry cleaning (have an active role in hearing, language processing, and memory).
temporal lobes
a study found that a higher self rating of social competence in 9-14 year old boys is associated with higher levels of the hormone _______________.
testosterone
is a hormone associated with boys with the development of genitals, increased height, and deepening of the voice
testosterone
middle-aged men experience a decline in the production of the hormone ______________ at a rate of 1% per year.
testosterone
what part of the limbic system is known as the seat of emotions?
the amygdala
Synaptic ____ is the term used to describe the process by which unused neural connections are replaced by other pathways or disappear.
pruning
a structure in the brain, which is involved with eating and sexual behavior.
the hypothalamus
an important endocrine gland, controls growth and regulates other glands:
the pituitary gland
Some adolescent behavior may be due to:
the relatively immature prefrontal cortex being unable to adequately control the strong emotions produced by the amygdala
T or F: Behaviors can affect hormones
true
what is the typical age range for the beginning of puberty in boys.
10- 13 1/2
the newborns brain is about:
25% of its adult weight
what is the average infant height at two years of age?
32-35
what percentage of women in their early 80's have hypertension?
60%
the average north american new born weighs ______________ and its height is ____________
7 1/2 pounds and 20 inches
The average life expectancy of people born in america today is:
78.8 years old
age-related loss of muscle mass and strength
sarcopenia
There is a lower risk of cardiovascular disease when:
HDL is high, and LDL is low
infant brain activity mapping is being conducted through the use of _______________ imaging.
MEG
important in the maturation of a number of abilities, including some motor and cognitive skills
Myelination
growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities
Proximodistal
Which statement about sids is true?
SIDS is the highest cause of infant death in the U.S.
impaired ability to plan and carry out motor activities; severe reductions are linked with Parkinson disease.
severe reductions in acetycholine results in this:
T or F: An entire hemisphere of the brain can be removed, and the other hemisphere will take over functions that the other hemisphere previously performed
True
the ____________ gland interacts with the pituitary glands and plays a role in the pubertal development, and is particularly involved in adolescent boys behaviors.
adrenal
the prefrontal cortex does not completely develop until the emerging ____________ years, which occurs between 18-25 years of age.
adult
researchers have found that in late adulthood higher levels of __________ have been linked with a greater volume in the hippocampus and with a better memory.
aerobic exercise
when LDL is too high, it sticks to the lining of blood vessels, a condition that can lead to ________________`
atherosclerosis
Why can women expect to live longer than men?
because of social factors such as health attitudes, habits, lifestyle, and occupations are probably important.
what is the normal age range in which menarche occurs?
between 9 and 15
hemispheres have started to specialize
birth
aging results in cells becoming less capable of dividing and telomeres becoming shorter.
cellular clock theory
the term ____________ is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines.
climacteric
the large bundle of axon fibers the connects the brains right and left hemisphere is the ......
corpus callosum
the large bundles of axon fibers that connects that brains left and right hemisphere is the: (it also thickens in adolescence which improves the ability to process information.)
corpus callosum
in the United States, the average age of menarche has ___________________ since the mid-nineteenth century.
declined significantly
What were the results of Berkeley Longitudinal study about early maturing boys?
early maturing boys perceive themselves more positively and had more successful peer relations