Life-Span Development Psych Ch. 3

which of the following accurately describe age related physical changes?

-age related muscle loss usually occurs at a rate of 1% - 2% per year after the age of 50. -bone loss usually accelerates in one's 50's.

regarding adolescent and body image, which statements are true:

-body image issues are especially intense during puberty -body dissatisfaction is higher in puberty than in any other stages of adolescence.

which of the following changes does a developing child's brain enable?

-children can make strides in language development -children can plan their actions -children can attend to stimuli more effectively.

which of the following is true regarding neuron changes during the first year of life:

-connections among dendrites increase -synaptic connections between dendrites and axons increase -myelination begins prenatally

which of the following are two significant ways that neurons change during the first years of life.

-connectivity among neurons increases -myelination for visual pathways occurs rapidly

what are some of the problems that early maturing girls might have:

-early sexual experiences -cigarette use -alcohol use

because of the lack of development of the prefrontal cortex, adolescents do poorly at...

-exhibiting self-control -reasoning -decision making

which of the following are biological theories of aging?

-genetic/cellular process theory -hormonal stress theory -evolutionary theory

the explanation for why some children are shorter is:

-growth hormone deficiency -an emotional difficulty -maternal smoking during pregnancy

what are some factors that affect the timing of puberty?

-health -nutrition -family stress

In middle to late childhood, the increased pathways and circuitry in the prefrontal cortex are related to:

-improved attention -improved cognitive flexibility -improved cognitive control

experts on aging reccommend that consistent blood pressure above 120/80 be treated to reduce risks of which of the following?

-kidney disease -heart attack -stroke

infant brain mapping is being used to assess what:

-language -vision -hearing

which statements about the rate of physical changes in the middle adulthood years is true:

-lifestyle factors have been implicated on whether and when chronic diseases appear. -genetic makeup plays an important role in whether and when chronic diseases appear. -also deals with weight loss, weight gain, and height loss

regarding the debates as to whether experiences lead to biological changes in the brain, or biological change precedes experience, which of the following is true?

-scientists have yet to determine whether biological changes come first or if experience stimulates biological changes. -when adolescents resisted peer pressure, the prefrontal cortex thickened and neural connections formed.

which statements regarding menopause are true:

-the average age of menopause is 52 -as puberty is occuring earlier over the years, menopause is occuring later and later in women. -the decline in estrogen may lead to nausea, fatigue, and rapid heartbeat.

Regarding the hormone related link, which statements are true.

-the link between hormones, mood, and behavior is complex -depression has an impact on hormonal activity -stress, eating patterns, sexual activity, and depression can affect hormone level

Fastest growth occurs at the top; physical growth and feature differentiation gradually work from top to bottom.

Cephalocaudal

motor control censors are sufficiently developed to enable an infant to reach out and grab a near by object

two months

compared to younger adults (20 years old), researchers found that the brain ____________ was 5-10 percent less in adults (90 years old)

weight

which statement regarding bone loss is true?

women experience twice the rate of bone loss than men.

a loss of fat and COLLAGEN in underlying tissues leads to sagging skin and ____________, a classic sign of aging.

wrinkles

noticing the difference between the colors red and pink. functions by vision.

Occipital lobes

Neural connections that are used:

encourage dendritic growth and are strengthened

small declines in memory as well as alzheimer's disease.

severe reductions in dopamine results in this:

which of the following is a hormone associated with girls and their breasts, uterine, and skeletal development?

estradiol

the infant begins to experience depth perception

four months

aging occurs because cells produce unstable oxygen molecules that damage DNA

free radical theory

frontal lobes are involved in voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality. (the personality trait of extroversion).

frontal lobes

the _______________, which are also called sex glands, are the testes in males, and the ovaries in females.

gonads

aging lowers resistance to stress and disease

hormonal stress theory

The _______________ that produce the changes associated with puberty and powerful chemical substances are carried through the body of the bloodstream

hormones

high blood pressure is referred to as _____________.

hypertension

high blood pressure is referred to as...

hypertension

after the age of 70, most adults no longer exhibit the _____________ ________________ reflex.

knee jerk

the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other is called

lateralization

the number of years that an average person is born in a specific year will most likely live is called....

life expectancy

refers to the upper boundary of life

life span

the _____________ system is the seat of emotions and rewards.

limbic

which is the seat of emotions and where rewards are experienced, matures much earlier than the prefrontal cortex and is almost completely developed by early adolescence

limbic

a girl's first menstrual period is called...

menarche

is the term in middle age, usually in the late forties or early fifties, when a woman has not had her menstrual period for a full year.

menopause

aging is caused by the decay of tiny cellular bodies that supply energy for function, growth, and repair.

mitochondrial theory

the process by which nerve cells are coated with insulation that enhances the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system as ______________.

myelination

the speech centers are sufficiently developed that the infant can begin to talk

one year

maintaining the motor control used for jump roping. (plays an important role in registering spacial location, attention, and motor control).

parietal lobes

Developmental Social Neuroscience involves connection between development, the brain, and ___________ processes.

socioemotional

Improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive control in children are all linked to the increased pathways and circuitry in the ____ cortex

prefrontal

the highest level of the brain is.............

prefrontal cortex

the highest level of the frontal lobes involved in reasoning, decision making, and self-control

prefrontal cortex

remembering to pick up the dry cleaning (have an active role in hearing, language processing, and memory).

temporal lobes

a study found that a higher self rating of social competence in 9-14 year old boys is associated with higher levels of the hormone _______________.

testosterone

is a hormone associated with boys with the development of genitals, increased height, and deepening of the voice

testosterone

middle-aged men experience a decline in the production of the hormone ______________ at a rate of 1% per year.

testosterone

what part of the limbic system is known as the seat of emotions?

the amygdala

Synaptic ____ is the term used to describe the process by which unused neural connections are replaced by other pathways or disappear.

pruning

a structure in the brain, which is involved with eating and sexual behavior.

the hypothalamus

an important endocrine gland, controls growth and regulates other glands:

the pituitary gland

Some adolescent behavior may be due to:

the relatively immature prefrontal cortex being unable to adequately control the strong emotions produced by the amygdala

T or F: Behaviors can affect hormones

true

what is the typical age range for the beginning of puberty in boys.

10- 13 1/2

the newborns brain is about:

25% of its adult weight

what is the average infant height at two years of age?

32-35

what percentage of women in their early 80's have hypertension?

60%

the average north american new born weighs ______________ and its height is ____________

7 1/2 pounds and 20 inches

The average life expectancy of people born in america today is:

78.8 years old

age-related loss of muscle mass and strength

sarcopenia

There is a lower risk of cardiovascular disease when:

HDL is high, and LDL is low

infant brain activity mapping is being conducted through the use of _______________ imaging.

MEG

important in the maturation of a number of abilities, including some motor and cognitive skills

Myelination

growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities

Proximodistal

Which statement about sids is true?

SIDS is the highest cause of infant death in the U.S.

impaired ability to plan and carry out motor activities; severe reductions are linked with Parkinson disease.

severe reductions in acetycholine results in this:

T or F: An entire hemisphere of the brain can be removed, and the other hemisphere will take over functions that the other hemisphere previously performed

True

the ____________ gland interacts with the pituitary glands and plays a role in the pubertal development, and is particularly involved in adolescent boys behaviors.

adrenal

the prefrontal cortex does not completely develop until the emerging ____________ years, which occurs between 18-25 years of age.

adult

researchers have found that in late adulthood higher levels of __________ have been linked with a greater volume in the hippocampus and with a better memory.

aerobic exercise

when LDL is too high, it sticks to the lining of blood vessels, a condition that can lead to ________________`

atherosclerosis

Why can women expect to live longer than men?

because of social factors such as health attitudes, habits, lifestyle, and occupations are probably important.

what is the normal age range in which menarche occurs?

between 9 and 15

hemispheres have started to specialize

birth

aging results in cells becoming less capable of dividing and telomeres becoming shorter.

cellular clock theory

the term ____________ is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines.

climacteric

the large bundle of axon fibers the connects the brains right and left hemisphere is the ......

corpus callosum

the large bundles of axon fibers that connects that brains left and right hemisphere is the: (it also thickens in adolescence which improves the ability to process information.)

corpus callosum

in the United States, the average age of menarche has ___________________ since the mid-nineteenth century.

declined significantly

What were the results of Berkeley Longitudinal study about early maturing boys?

early maturing boys perceive themselves more positively and had more successful peer relations