Lifespan Chapter 4 & 5
Which alternative MOST closely approximates the proportion of American children entering kindergarten who speak a non-English language at home? 1 in 10 1 in 6 1 in 4 1 in 8
1 in 6
Which percentage BEST approximates the proportion of U.S. children who are allergic to a specific food? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. 1 percent 25 percent 10 percent 15 percent
10 percent
The average 6-year-old child knows about _____ words. 10,000 15,000 2,000 600
10,000
When was Head Start established in the United States?
1965
By age 6, the brain weighs _____ percent of what it will weigh in adulthood. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. 90 100 50 75
90
Baby Oliver dislikes changes or disruptions and seems reserved, his temperament has been described as "slow to warm up." There is a fair chance that Oliver will develop a Type _____ attachment style. A B D C
A
Carrie is an infant neglected by her parents. She is more likely to display Type _____ attachment than if she were not neglected. C D B A
A
Which scenario BEST portrays a secure attachment? A child refusing to let other children play with his toys. A child clinging to her mother in a new environment even though the mother urges her to play. A child being willing to explore a new environment in the presence of the caregiver. A child hitting his mother when she comes to pick him up from daycare.
A child being willing to explore a new environment in the presence of the caregiver.
Which scenario BEST portrays a secure attachment? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. A child refusing to let other children play with his toys. A child clinging to her mother in a new environment even though the mother urges her to play. A child being willing to explore a new environment in the presence of the caregiver. A child hitting his mother when she comes to pick him up from daycare.
A child being willing to explore a new environment in the presence of the caregiver.
Why must parents be patient when listening to young children talk and helping them to get dressed? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Children are learning all the time and do certain tasks with intentionality. If things are not done slowly, children forget easily. A child's actions are slower because his or her ability to process information is slower than an adult's. Children speak and do things at their own pace.
A child's actions are slower because his or her ability to process information is slower than an adult's.
Reid's parents are coping with sudden unemployment and marital conflict. The heightened stress increases the likelihood that Reid will display Type _____ attachment. B A D A or D
A or D
Ronnie is 4 years old. He lives in rural Wyoming, his family is very poor, and he has dyslexia. Based on a major evaluation of Head Start programs, which statement is CORRECT? Ronnie will not be allowed to participate in Head Start. Ronnie would be negatively affected by Head Start intervention. Ronnie would benefit from Head Start to the same degree as other students in the program. There will be an apparent benefit to Ronnie if he participates in the Head Start intervention.
There will be an apparent benefit to Ronnie if he participates in the Head Start intervention.
Which of the following statements BEST expresses preoperational children's degree of cognitive sophistication? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. They can readily take another person's viewpoint. They understand that objects exist when they are not visible. They can use language to represent objects. They are capable of abstract, hypothetical thought.
They can use language to represent objects.
If a preschool has a low teacher/child ratio, ample opportunity for creative expression, and the students are engaged in long-term art projects of their choosing, it MOST likely resembles which child-centered approach? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. teacher-directed Head Start Reggio Emilia Montessori
Reggio Emilia
Consider U.S. children who speak a language other than English at home. Of these children, how many speak English well? about half only a minority nearly all a substantial majority
a substantial majority
Brandi wants to measure attachment via the Strange Situation laboratory procedure, but there are simply too many children involved in the study. Instead, she decides to use _____ and to interview parents. a detailed protocol a survey fewer participants three-minute episodes
a survey
A valuable trait of young children that aids in language development is that they: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. are careful about pronouncing new words correctly. have empathy for others. understand the rules of a conversation. talk a lot.
TALK A LOT
A lasting emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver is called: a social reference. synchrony. attachment. dependency.
attachment
Mary Ainsworth devised the Strange Situation to assess: synchrony. attachment. temperament. parenting style.
attachment
The affectionate tie that an infant forms with a caregiver, binding them together in space and enduring over time, is known as a(n): Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. attachment. expression. proximity. synchrony.
attachment
A lasting emotional bond between people that begins before birth, solidifies by age 1, and influences relationships throughout life is called a(n): expression. attachment. synchrony. proximity.
attachment.
When are children at their SLIMMEST?
ages 5 and 6
Shaylee is 4 years old and is not receiving much education in her home. Her mother works two jobs, and Shaylee is often left at home with her teenage sisters, who make sure her basic needs are met, but do not spend time reading or playing with Shaylee. There are no books in the home, and there are no crayons or paper for Shaylee to color with or to practice writing. She spends most of her time watching television. For Shaylee: attendance at preschool would be detrimental. attending a nursery school would be more beneficial than a preschool. attending a quality preschool would be especially beneficial. attending a child-centered preschool would be more beneficial than any other type of preschool.
attending a quality preschool would be especially beneficial.
Wally has a book about birds and has quickly learned many new words, but they are sometimes inaccurate. This rapid ability to learn is called:
fast mapping
The fact that young children can pick up new words after only one exposure is caused by their ability to: fast-map. develop theories. focus on appearance. scaffold.
fast-map.
Brent has been able to learn the names of many colors by playing with a new box of crayons. He does not always get the names correct, but he has been placing them into mental groups. Brent is demonstrating the concept of: centration. scaffolding. fast-mapping. static reasoning.
fast-mapping.
Jessica's husband works on car engines as a hobby. When she thinks about his hobby, Jessica often fails to figure out exactly what a particular part is, but she has the general idea of what it does and places it in an appropriate mental category. This is an example of: scaffolding. fast-mapping. conservation. guided participation.
fast-mapping.
After noticing that her 4-year-old brother was experiencing difficulty putting together a jigsaw puzzle, Rose helped him with the task by praising his successes and helping him to recognize progress. From Lev Vygotsky's perspective, this is an example of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. cognitive operations. private speech. conservation. guided participation.
guided participation.
A major evaluation of Head Start found that children with disabilities, children with the lowest family income, and children in rural areas: were negatively affected by Head Start intervention. had the most apparent benefit from Head Start intervention. would have benefited from the program if they had been allowed to participate. benefited from Head Start to the same degree as other students in the program.
had the most apparent benefit from Head Start intervention.
Rhodesia is a left-handed adult. It is MOST likely that she: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. has a thicker corpus callosum. has a thinner corpus callosum. experienced delayed maturation of her prefrontal cortex. experienced accelerated maturation of her prefrontal cortex.
has a thicker corpus callosum.
An undeveloped prefrontal cortex can be responsible for _____ in young children. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a lack of visual acuity poor coordination impulsiveness low intelligence
impulsiveness
Perseveration is the opposite of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. emotional regulation. self-control. intelligence. impulsiveness.
impulsiveness.
Which factor often predicts insecure attachments? child care by someone other than the mother synchrony an easy infant temperament highly stressed parents
highly stressed parents
The _____ is the brain structure that would be used by a small child to remember whether visiting the farm was a good time or a frightening time. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. prefrontal cortex hippocampus hypothalamus cerebellum
hippocampus
The brain structure that helps a child remember whether an elevator ride was scary or fun is the: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. prefrontal cortex. hippocampus. lymphatic system. hypothalamus.
hippocampus.
The textbook suggests that traumatic experiences early in life may flood the brain with stress hormones and destroy part of the: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. thalamus. cerebellum. basal ganglia. hippocampus.
hippocampus.
Four-year-old Sally asks her father why her pregnant mother's stomach is so big. What information should her father include in his answer? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. how the pregnancy affects Sally a funny explanation, like how Sally's mother swallowed a watermelon accurate, detailed information about prenatal development an explanation that avoids telling Sally that she will have a new sibling
how the pregnancy affects Sally
The _____ produces hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. amygdala corpus callosum hippocampus hypothalamus
hypothalamus
One-year-old Tom rarely acts nervous in new situations and pays little attention to his mother's presence or absence. Tom would MOST likely be classified as having a(n) _____ attachment style. insecure-resistant/ambivalent disorganized secure insecure-avoidant
insecure-avoidant
Ruth Ann does not notice when her mother leaves the day care center and ignores her mother when she returns. Ruth Ann's behavior is MOST characteristic of _____ attachment. insecure-resistant/ambivalent insecure-avoidant insecure-disorganized secure
insecure-avoidant
Which attachment pattern involves an infant who continues playing when his or her mother leaves the room and ignores her when she returns? secure disorganized insecure-avoidant insecure-resistant/ambivalent
insecure-avoidant
Which attachment pattern involves an infant who continues playing when his or her mother leaves the room and ignores her when she returns? secure disorganized insecure-avoidant insecure-resistant/ambivalent
insecure-avoidant
Young Torrence continues playing when his mother leaves the room and ignores her when she returns. Torrence MOST likely has a(n)_____ attachment pattern. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. insecure-resistant/ambivalent secure insecure-disorganized insecure-avoidant
insecure-avoidant
Samantha is learning about the different styles of attachment in children and observes a day-care center to see if she can distinguish the different types. She sees one or two children who are dropped off and begin to play right away. They do not seem to mind that their mothers have left them for the day. In fact, one little boy seems to ignore his mother as she waves goodbye. He may be displaying which style? insecure-avoidant (Type A) secure (Type B) disorganized (Type D) insecure-resistant/ambivalent (Type C)
insecure-avoidant (Type A)
Mandy recalls that on more than one occasion her younger brother became angry and kicked their mother for leaving them with a babysitter. Her mother confirms that he was a difficult child to raise. From what Mandy has learned about social bonds, she concludes that her brother was displaying a(n) _____ attachment. secure insecure-resistant/ambivalent insecure-avoidant disorganized
insecure-resistant/ambivalent
Which attachment pattern involves an infant who both resists and seeks contact when reunited with his or her caregiver? insecure-avoidant insecure-resistant/ambivalent secure disorganized
insecure-resistant/ambivalent
While visiting the neighbors, Umar clings to his mother and refuses to leave her lap. Umar is exhibiting _____ attachment behavior. insecure-avoidant disorganized insecure-resistant/ambivalent secure
insecure-resistant/ambivalent
A pattern of attachment in which anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when an infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion, is known as: insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment (Type C). secure attachment (Type B). insecure-avoidant attachment (Type A). disorganized attachment (Type D).
insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment (Type C).
Jakob, a toddler, and his mother have a pattern of attachment in which anxiety and uncertainty are evident: he becomes very upset at separation from her and both resists and seeks contact when he is reunited with her. Jakob would be characterized as having: insecure-avoidant attachment (Type A). secure attachment (Type B). disorganized attachment (Type D). insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment (Type C).
insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment (Type C).
Rebecca takes her 1-year-old son, Adam, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Adam appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore and play with the toys, even though Rebecca is close by. When Rebecca leaves the room to fill out some forms, Adam becomes extremely upset and remains inconsolable. When Rebecca returns, Adam stays close to her, holding onto her pant leg. However, Adam makes it very clear he does not want her to touch him or pick him up. Adam's attachment style is MOST likely: insecure-resistant/ambivalent. disorganized. secure. insecure-avoidant.
insecure-resistant/ambivalent.
About one-fifth of all infants have a type of attachment that could be categorized as _____, either avoidant or unduly anxious, as in Type _____. secure; B secure; A insecure; D insecure; C
insecure; C
Programs aimed at remediating the educational deficits of low-SES children are called _____ programs. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. intervention developmental child-centered teacher-directed
intervention
Which characteristic of preoperational thought involves a child thinking that nothing can be undone? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. egocentrism static reasoning irreversibility animism
irreversibility
Four-year-old Kanaan's mother makes him a ham and cheese sandwich for lunch. However, Kanaan refuses to eat the sandwich, stating that he does not like cheese. When Kanaan's mother removes the cheese from the sandwich, he still refuses to eat it and again states that he does not like cheese. This is an example of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. overimitation. irreversibility. animism. concentration.
irreversibility.
When adults build vocabulary and grammar in children within the child's zone of proximal development, it is called: code-focused teaching. book reading. enhancement education. language enhancement.
language enhancement.
Lupe was a Spanish-speaking toddler when she emigrated with her family from Guatemala. After several years in an American elementary school, though, Lupe is more fluent in English than in Spanish. Which phenomenon does Lupe's experience BEST exemplify? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. semilingualism overregularization language shift balanced bilingualism
language shift
Lupe was a Spanish-speaking toddler when she emigrated with her family from Guatemala. After several years in an American elementary school, though, Lupe is more fluent in English than in Spanish. Which phenomenon does Lupe's experience BEST exemplify? semilingualism overregularization language shift balanced bilingualism
language shift
The tendency for each side of the brain to specialize in certain functions is called: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. limbic processing. integrative processing. associated tasks. lateralization.
lateralization.
Following an automobile accident, Amira developed severe problems with her speech. Her doctor believes that the accident injured her: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. myelination of her brain. right side of her brain. corpus callosum. left side of her brain.
left side of her brain.
Developmentalists advise against switching a child's handedness, not only because it causes conflict but also because: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the amygdala is unable to fully develop. it prevents mental combinations. left-handedness may indicate an advantage in creativity. it impairs cognitive processing.
left-handedness may indicate an advantage in creativity.
What is a long-term benefit for participants in the intensive, early intervention programs described in the text? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. less likely to need special education better vocabulary by age 7 higher math and reading achievement at age 8 less likely to attend college
less likely to need special education
A young child who states that "butter is made by butterflies" and "birds grow birdseed" is trying to use: theory of mind. static reasoning. logical extension. scaffolding.
logical extension
Nathan has a cat, and has also seen catfish in his pond, and recognized that both have whiskers. So, when Nathan saw his grandpa's new mustache, he promptly referred to him as "cat grandpa." Nathan is demonstrating: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. logical extension. telegraphic speech. overregularization. scaffolding.
logical extension.
The Dalmatian is a dog that is noted for its unique black spotted coat. One day, Rachel told her parents that she had seen "Dalmatian cows" on a field trip. She came to this conclusion because of the concept of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. theory of mind. logical extension. scaffolding. static reasoning.
logical extension.
When a child learns a word and uses it to describe other objects in the same category, it is called: overregularization. telegraphic speech. scaffolding. logical extension.
logical extension.
Julia describes her adult attachment style as "avoidant." With respect to the continuum of attachment, Julia's attachment style is BEST described as _____ in anxiety and _____ in avoidance. low; low high; low high; high low; high
low; high
Lindsay has been described as a "difficult" baby. Lianne's temperament, by contrast, is slow-to-warm-up. Which infant is more likely to show Type D attachment than if she were an easy baby? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. both Lianne and Lindsay Lindsay, but not Lianne Lianne, but not Lindsay neither Lindsay nor Lianne
neither Lindsay nor Lianne
Steven has begun to mimic his teacher by tapping his fingers together, even though his teacher does not do this intentionally or with any real purpose. Steven is demonstrating: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. irreversibility. guided participation. overimitation. scaffolding.
overimitation.
When asked how she likes her dinner, Samantha replies, "Pizza is the bestest!" Her exclamation would BEST be described as an example of what error of language development commonly seen in early childhood? fast-mapping generalization inappropriate use of articles overregularization
overregularization
The tendency of a young child to apply the rules of grammar to situations when he or she should NOT is: fast-mapping. syntax. overregularization. scaffolding.
overregularization.
In the United States, proficiency in English should be _____ associated with school achievement. positively perfectly negatively not
positively
In the United States, proficiency in English should be _____ associated with self-esteem. perfectly positively negatively not
positively
Speaking to his brother, Randy simply states, "Close the window." Speaking to his aunt, however, he politely asks, "Could you please close the window." Randy's linguistic knowledge exemplifies: syntax. semantics. pragmatics. phonology.
pragmatics.
The practical use of language with respect to its audience and context is called: syntax. phonology. pragmatics. semantics.
pragmatics.
A child demonstrates object permanence, egocentrism, and a failure to conserve. She is MOST likely in which Piagetian stage? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. formal operational concrete operational sensorimotor preoperational
preoperational
According to Piaget, centration is one of the characteristics that limit thinking in the _____ stage. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. concrete operational formal operational sensorimotor preoperational
preoperational
Rhonda is currently attending preschool. According to Piaget, Rhonda is in the _____ stage of cognitive development. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. concrete operational formal operational preoperational sensorimotor
preoperational
Piaget's second of four stages of cognition is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. concrete operational. sensorimotor. illogical operations. preoperational intelligence.
preoperational intelligence.
Which Vygotsky term refers to temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and is aimed at helping him or her master a new skill? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. apprentice in thinking zone of proximal development scaffolding social mediation
scaffolding
Which term is associated with Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Head Start centration scaffolding theory-theory
scaffolding
Lena is reading a story book with her 5-year-old son. Lena points to the illustrations, asks her son to sound out certain words, and acts out the dialog between characters. Lena's interactive mentoring exemplifies Vygotsky's notion of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. guided participation. scaffolding. overimitation. formal operations.
scaffolding.
Piaget believed that preoperational thinking develops during the _____ stage of his theory. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. fourth third first second
second
Alice takes her 1-year-old son, Derek, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Derek eagerly explores the room as long as Alice is present. When Alice leaves the room to fill out some forms, Derek becomes somewhat upset. When she returns, though, Derek quickly calms down. Derek's attachment style is MOST likely: disorganized. insecure-resistant/ambivalent. secure. insecure-avoidant.
secure
Which attachment style describes an infant who is mildly upset at his mother's departure in the Strange Situation, but who is easily soothed on her return? insecure-resistant/ambivalent disorganized secure insecure-avoidant
secure
A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver is known as: disorganized attachment (Type D). insecure-avoidant attachment (Type A). insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment (Type C). secure attachment (Type B).
secure attachment (Type B).
Almost two-thirds of all infants have a positive bond with their caregiver known as _____ attachment, or Type _____. insecure-avoidant; A secure; A secure; B insecure-resistant/ambivalent; C
secure; B
The still-face technique: shows that babies expect a positive response from their caregivers. measures the quality of attachment. is not useful with babies over 2 months of age. teaches babies synchrony.
shows that babies expect a positive response from their caregivers.
The emotional and cognitive problems seen in many children adopted from institutions in Romania in the 1990s seem to be caused by: abusive foster families. the trauma of flying from Romania to the United States. malnutrition. social and emotional deprivation.
social and emotional deprivation.
When an infant looks to another person for information about how to react, he or she is engaging in: goodness of fit. attachment. synchrony. social referencing.
social referencing
Daryl is standing next to his 2-year-old nephew at his birthday party when suddenly a clown appears with balloons for everyone. Many people laugh and show surprise at the clown's sudden entry, but Daryl's nephew looks to him for the appropriate social response. This is an example of: social referencing. social learning behavior. fear. stranger wariness.
social referencing.
When 12-month-old Nicholas looked at his mother to see her expression as a stranger entered the room, he was demonstrating: fear. social referencing. social learning behavior. stranger wariness.
social referencing.
Your sister is encouraging her daughter to enjoy a variety of different ethnic foods. She tempts her daughter by pretending to spoon-feed herself and smacking her lips each time it touches her lip. Your niece watches, fascinated. A year later, you visit and see your young niece enjoying a plate of spicy curried goat. Your sister was successful because of: taste-bud training. food reassurance. social referencing. secure attachment.
social referencing.
According to the textbook's discussion, child witnesses should _____ be believed. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. usually always never sometimes
sometimes
Which characteristic of preoperational thought involves a child assuming that the world is unchanging, always in the state in which the child currently experiences it? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. static reasoning conservation centration irreversibility
static reasoning
Three-month-old Matthew is participating in a study in which his father stares at Matthew, remaining expressionless. This experiment is obviously using what researchers call the _____ technique. Strange Situation visual cliff still-face attachment
still-face
A major accomplishment of the preoperational stage is _____ thought. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. sensory abstract symbolic logical
symbolic
Baby Lacie shakes her head when her mother shakes her head; they started this earlier with Lacie's mother copying Lacie's actions. This relationship between baby and mother is known as: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. temperament attachment. synchrony. social referencing.
synchrony
A caregiver at a daycare center is playing with an infant. She is smiling and making faces at the infant. The infant smiles back almost instantaneously. This is MOST clearly an example of: social referencing. timed communication. social attachment. synchrony.
synchrony.
A mother is playing with her infant son at a park. She is smiling and making faces at him. The infant smiles back almost instantaneously. This is an example of the type of interaction that developmentalists call: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. synchrony. social referencing. social attachment. temperament.
synchrony.
A mutually coordinated, smooth interaction between a caregiver and an infant is called: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. timed communication. social attachment. synchrony. social referencing.
synchrony.
Infants learn to develop social skills, such as paying attention and taking turns, as well as learning to read the emotions of others through: a working model. strange situations. still-face techniques. synchrony.
synchrony.
When a toddler begins to walk and talk, the social bond with the caregiver changes from _____ to _____. attachment; synchrony synchrony; attachment attachment; referencing synchrony; independence
synchrony; attachment
Should a college professor be a "sage on a stage" or a "guide on the side"? This debate mirrors the early-childhood education distinction between _____ programs and _____ programs, respectively. intervention; child-centered child-centered; teacher-directed teacher-directed; intervention teacher-directed; child-centered
teacher-directed; child-centered
A 4-year-old looks at a picture of a dragon while on the telephone with her grandfather. If Piaget's claims of egocentrism are correct, the child is likely to: tell her grandfather to look at the dragon. ignore her grandfather when he asks her about her day. realize that the dragon is just a picture, not a real dragon. describe the dragon picture to her grandfather.
tell her grandfather to look at the dragon.
The developed nation LEAST likely to support new mothers or young children is: the United Kingdom. the United States. New Zealand. Canada.
the United States.
Which body part is part of the limbic system? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the prefrontal cortex the basal ganglia the corpus callosum the amygdala
the amygdala
A mother and her infant are at a table in the food court in the mall. The mother is eating and engrossed in reading a magazine. Her child is frowning, kicking, and fussing, as if to say, "Pay attention to me!" If these types of interactions continue throughout the infant's first year of life, researchers have concluded that: the mother's unresponsiveness to an infant's needs can have adverse effects on the child. the mother is practicing the still-face technique of parenting. the mother is most likely depressed. social interaction is helpful but not necessary for brain development.
the mother's unresponsiveness to an infant's needs can have adverse effects on the child.
What is fast-mapping? the principle that the amount of a substance remains the same, even when its appearance changes the act of providing support to help a child learn language the process by which people learn from others the process by which children develop an interconnected set of categories for words
the process by which children develop an interconnected set of categories for words
When did Piaget believe that people develop preoperational intelligence? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. between the ages of 6 and 11 between the ages of about 2 and 6 from adolescence through adulthood from birth to age 2
between the ages of about 2 and 6
A color-matching activity is within Cleo's zone of proximal development. In other words, Cleo: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. can already do this task without help. will be able to help her peers perform this activity. needs direct teaching in order to learn the task. can perform this activity with guidance from a more skilled person.
can perform this activity with guidance from a more skilled person.
At preschool, it is Steph's fourth birthday. Although Henry is only 3 years old, he insists that he is older than Steph because he is taller than she is. Henry focusing on height as a measure of age is an example of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. static reasoning. conservation. symbolic thinking. centration.
centration.
According to theory-theory: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. even very young children are capable of abstract thought. children create explanations to make sense of their experiences. young children understand what other people are thinking. children want logical definitions.
children create explanations to make sense of their experiences.
Jay complains to his father that he wants more juice. His father pours the juice in Jay's glass into a taller, narrower glass. Jay is now content that he has more juice. Jay has apparently failed to develop: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. object permanence. formal operations. conservation. reversibility.
conservation.
According to the textbook, obesity rates among young children have _____ since 2003. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. decreased remained unchanged increased greatly increased slightly
decreased
According to research, before children employ their impressive ability to imitate others, they FIRST: develop theories about the behavior. decipher the best way to imitate the person. decide if they will get in trouble for their imitation. decide if they will get rewarded for the imitation.
develop theories about the behavior.
Using the still-face technique, the majority of 4-month-old infants are classified as: insecurely engaged. socially engaged. disengaged. negatively engaged.
disengaged.
Zabrina's babysitter Kara is holding her. Zabrina is smiling at Kara one minute and then, unexpectedly, Zabrina slaps the caregiver's face. This is typical behavior for Zabrina. Therefore, she may have a _____ attachment with Kara. social Type B disorganized secure
disorganized
Marietta is learning about the different styles of attachment in children and observes a day-care center to see if she can distinguish the different types. A few of the children are showing inconsistent reactions to their caretaker's departure. At first, they appear to have no problem with being left behind, but then one of the children becomes upset and begins hitting his mother. Another is cautiously staring at some of the other children but not moving. Which type of attachment does Marietta surmise that these children may have? disorganized (Type D) insecure-resistant/ambivalent (Type C) secure (Type B) insecure-avoidant (Type A)
disorganized (Type D)
In recent years, the number of international adoptions by American parents has: increased greatly. increased slightly. remained steady. dropped.
dropped.
George, who is 3 years old, seems to talk almost constantly, even if no one is listening. George also seems not to notice mistakes in his language, such as stuttering. This illustrates the importance of _____ to language learning in early childhood. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. fast-mapping egocentrism conservation formal operations
egocentrism
The amygdala is to the hippocampus as _____ is to _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. memory; emotion language; memory emotion; memory emotion; language
emotion; memory
Heather's mother is an alcoholic. Mimi's mother suffers from depression. Which child is at an increased risk of Type D attachment? Both Heather and Mimi Mimi, but not Heather Neither Heather nor Mimi Heather, but not Mimi
Heather, but not Mimi
Five-year-old Jada looks up at the clouds in the sky and asks, "Mommy, are the clouds friends with the sun? Are they sad when he goes in for the night?" This is an example of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. static reasoning. scaffolding. focus on appearance. animism.
animism.
Depressed fathers of 1-year-olds are _____ times more likely to spank their children than are nondepressed fathers. 3 4 2 1.5
4
Janie is 2 years old. She MOST likely knows about _____ words. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. 200 500 800 1,200
500
The average 2-year-old child knows about _____ words. 200 500 800 1,200
500
Abandoned and orphaned Romanian children who were adopted by Western families when they were _____ old or younger for the most part developed normally. 18 months 6 months 3 years 6 years
6 months
A 2-year-old's brain weighs _____ percent of what it will weigh in adulthood. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. 30 55 75 25
75
Consider U.S. children who speak a language other than English at home. Of these children, about _____ percent speak English well. 60 75 35 50
75
Baby Octavia's mother suffers from major depression. Octavia is more likely to display Type _____ attachment than if her mother was not depressed. C D B A
C
Danny is an infant abused by his parents. He is more likely to display Type _____ attachment than if he were not neglected. B C D C or D
C or D
Overbearing or dominating parents are associated with Type _____ attachment. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. A D B C
D
Maternal paranoia is to maternal depression as Type _____ attachment is to Type _____ attachment. B; C C; D D; B D; C
D; C
In the past decade, the proportion of 4-year-olds enrolled in state-sponsored preschools has:
DOUBLED
At 12 months of age, James is classified as securely attached. Which behavior in the Strange Situation would be MOST consistent with this classification? James's behavior is bizarre and inconsistent, both when his mother leaves and when she returns. James is unconcerned when his mother leaves and uninterested when she returns. James is very upset when his mother leaves and seems both relieved and angry when she returns. James is moderately distressed when his mother leaves him alone and pleased when she returns.
James is moderately distressed when his mother leaves him alone and pleased when she returns.
Which statement about children's ability to lie is TRUE? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Lies told by 5-year-olds are implausible. Lies told by 3-year-olds are possible but unlikely. Lies told by 5-year-olds are logical and plausible. Lies told by 4-year-olds are logical and plausible.
Lies told by 5-year-olds are logical and plausible.
Which early childhood approach emphasizes individual pride and achievement? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Head Start Reggio Emilia teacher-directed Montessori
Montessori
Which statement regarding bilingual children is TRUE? Neuroscience finds that children cannot keep multiple languages separate. Neuroscience finds that children use the same areas of their brains but are able to keep multiple languages separate. Neurological studies are inconclusive. Neurological studies find no differences between adult and children who learn a second language.
Neuroscience finds that children use the same areas of their brains but are able to keep multiple languages separate.
_____ makes Type D attachment more likely. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. A "difficult" temperament Controlling parenting Maternal depression Physical abuse
Physical abuse
Henry attends a preschool where there is a low teacher/child ratio, ample opportunity for creative expression, and he is engaged in a long-term art project of his own choosing in which he is making dinosaurs out of clay. Which approach does Henry's preschool MOST resemble? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. teacher-directed Montessori Reggio Emilia Head Start
Reggio Emilia
Henry attends a preschool where there is a low teacher/child ratio, ample opportunity for creative expression, and he is engaged in a long-term art project of his own choosing in which he is making dinosaurs out of clay. Which approach does Henry's preschool MOST resemble? teacher-directed Montessori Reggio Emilia Head Start
Reggio Emilia
Jen is 3 and was in the experiment with candies under a cup that was cited in the text. Jen checked under the cup. Which is the MOST likely reason Jen would give for how the candy got on the table? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Another researcher moved them. Another child came in and knocked it over. Her elbow knocked over the cup accidentally. The candies got out themselves.
The candies got out themselves.
Tuan and Min moved to the United States from Vietnam a year ago with their 7-year-old daughter, Qui. Over the past year, Qui has stopped speaking to her parents in Vietnamese and will only answer them in English. Qui is MOST likely demonstrating: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a language shift. stranger anxiety. role reversal. fast-mapping.
a language shift.
When a child becomes more fluent in the language spoken at school than in the language spoken at home, it is referred to as: fluency. semilingualism. balanced bilingualism. a language shift.
a language shift.
Fathers spend less time with infants than mothers do in _____ cultures. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. most some all many
all
Each of the following is characteristic of well-done child-centered programs EXCEPT: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. all students being treated equally. an emphasis on emotion regulation. the development of communication skills. the encouragement of critical thinking.
all students being treated equally.
The _____ is the brain structure and part of the limbic system that registers emotions, particularly fear and anxiety. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. hippocampus hypothalamus amygdala cortex
amygdala
According to research, children who are exposed to more than one language in early childhood: are able to learn and separate the two languages. become confused and are unable to separate the two languages. can become fluent in one of the languages, but not the other. usually end up with impaired language development.
are able to learn and separate the two languages.
According to research, children are able to learn and separate multiple languages if they: regularly act as interpreters for their parents. are consistently exposed to more than one language in early childhood. speak the dominant language at home. undergo a language shift.
are consistently exposed to more than one language in early childhood.
Two-year-old Tracy tightly holds her mother's hand as they walk through a crowded shopping mall. Once at the toy store, her mother may allow her to explore, but Tracy will look back at her mother to be certain she is still close by. These behaviors are examples of _____ behavior. contact-maintaining insecure-resistant socially engaged proximity-seeking
contact-maintaining
Toddlers often touch their caregivers' faces or grab onto their hands; such actions are an expression of attachment called: social engagement. proximity-seeking. contact-maintaining. synchrony.
contact-maintaining.
According to Mary Ainsworth, a child with insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment will: play and explore new settings when the parent is present. show no concern when the mother leaves the room. show odd, inconsistent patterns of behavior in "strange situations." continue to show signs of distress when the mother returns after a brief absence.
continue to show signs of distress when the mother returns after a brief absence.
Type D or "disorganized" attachment is associated with each of the following EXCEPT: controlling parenting. physical abuse. parental stress. maternal alcoholism.
controlling parent
Overregularization demonstrates a child's understanding of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. grammar. vocabulary. a theory of mind. syntax.
grammar.
If parents mistreat a child, or if a mother is mentally ill, or if the parents are highly stressed about their income, their other children, or their marriage, it is likely their child will have a(n) _____ attachment. mental Type B insecure secure
insecure
Your best friend was brought up under very stressful circumstances. During his early years, his father was an alcoholic, and his mother was mentally ill. Happily, both parents sought counseling and gradually the home environment improved. Nevertheless, your friend's personality still reflects some aspects of _____ attachment. social Type B insecure secure
insecure
Destiny can perform a color-matching task if she has some help from a more skilled individual. The activity is within Destiny's zone of _____ development. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. operational symbolic proximal distal
proximal
Salvatore can ride a bike only if his mom is providing some physical support and coaching. Vygotsky would say that riding a bike is within Salvatore's zone of _____ development. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. operational distal proximal symbolic
proximal
Henry crawls after his mother when she leaves the room. In terms of attachment, Henry is exhibiting what is known as _____ behavior. insecure-ambivalent contact-maintaining socially engaged proximity-seeking
proximity-seeking
Alberto crawls after his father when his father leaves the room. In doing so, Albert is exhibiting: synchrony. anxious behavior. goodness of fit. proximity-seeking behavior.
proximity-seeking behavior.
Toddlers often approach and follow their caregivers; such actions are an expression of attachment called: synchrony. contact-maintaining. social engagement. proximity-seeking.
proximity-seeking.
Which brain structure is the central processor of memory for locations? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the prefrontal cortex the thalamus the hippocampus the hypothalamus
the hypothalamus
Using the still-face technique, one in _____ 4-month-old infants are classified as socially engaged. two four three five
three
Consider U.S. children who speak a language other than English at home. Of these children, about what proportion speak English well? two-thirds one-third one-half three-quarters
three-quarters
