Lifespan development Exam 1

Vygotsky's theory

Cognitive theory; Emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development

Information-processing theory

Cognitive theory; Emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it

Social age

Connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt

Continuity-discontinuity issue

Debate about the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages

Stability-change issue

Debate about whether an individual becomes older renditions of their early experience or develop into someone different from who they were at an earlier point in development

Nature-nurture issue

Debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture Nature - Organism's biological inheritance Nurture - Environmental experiences

Habituation

Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus

Correlational research

Describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics

Descriptive research

Designed to observe and record behavior

Motor skills are developed by

Development of the nervous system Body's physical properties and its possibilities for movement Child's motivation to reach a goal Environmental support for the skill

Eclectic Theoretical Orientation

Does not follow any one theoretical approach Selects from each theory whatever is considered the best in it

Germinal period

Includes: Creation of the zygote Continued cell division Attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall

Psychological age

Individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory of Development

Individual--> Microsystem (family, etc.)-->Mesosystem (interactions)--> Exosystem (Neighbors)--> Macrosystem (culture)--> Chronosystem (lifespan)

Small for date infants

Infants' birth weights are below normal when the length of pregnancy is considered

Perception

Interpretation of what is sensed (know touch)

Gross Motor Skills

Involve large-muscle activities, such as walking

Fine Motor Skills

Involve more finely tuned movements, such as finger dexterity Palmer grasp and Pincer grip

Intermodal Perception

Involves integrating information from two or more sensory modalities Vision and hearing

Third trimester (last 3 months)

Is adding body fat Is very active May assume the birth position Bones of head are soft and flexible Is less active Is gaining immunities from mother

Forebrain

Portion farthest from the spinal cord, includes the cerebral cortex and structures beneath it

Postpartum psychosis

Psychotic break down after birth ex. hear things telling them to kill their baby

Embryonic period

Rate of cell differentiation intensifies and mass of cells is now called embryo Support systems for the cells form and organs appear

Dishabituation

Recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation

Natural childbirth

Reduces the mother's pain by decreasing her fear through education about childbirth and relaxation

This reflex involves a baby's head turning when it's cheek is stroked.

Rooting reflex

Proximodistal pattern

Sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities

Prepared childbirth

Special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor

Ethological Theory

Stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods

Cesarean delivery

Surgical procedure in which the baby is removed from the mother's uterus through an incision made in her abdomen ex. Breech position

Formal Operational Stage

The adolescent reasons in more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways. (last stage of Piaget Cognitive Development)

Preoperational Stage

The child begins to represent the world with words and images. (Piaget's 2nd stage of Cognitive Development)

Concrete Operational Stage

The child can now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets. (Piaget's 3rd Stage of Cognitive Development)

Sensorimotor Stage

The infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions.

Algonquin infants in Quebec Canada spend much of their 1st year strapped to a cradle board. Research indicates what?

They take longer to develop gross motor skill than other infants

Neurotransmitters

Tiny gaps between neuron's fibers

Erikson's psychosocial theory: Stages of human development

Trust versus mistrust (trusting mother) Autonomy versus shame and doubt (doing things on own) Initiative versus guilt Industry versus inferiority Identity versus identity confusion (who am I?) Intimacy versus isolation (friendships & relationships) Generativity versus stagnation Integrity versus despair (overview of life)

Normative history-graded influences

Type of Contextual Influence; Common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances. ex Assassination of JFK

Normative age-graded influences

Type of Contextual Influence; Similar for individuals in a particular age group ex. puberty

Non-normative life events

Type of Contextual Influence; Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual's life. ex. death of a parent at a young age.

Marasmus

Wasting away of body tissues in the infant's first year Caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency

Low birth weight infants

Weighs less than 5½ pounds at birth

Sensitive period

can happen best at a specific time, but still can happen later ex. learning a language

The second birth stage begins when ___

crowning; the baby's head starts to move through the cervix and the birth canal

This perspective involves directly perceiving information that exists in the world around oneself.

ecological perspective

The rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for cells form, and organs appear during the ____

embryonic stage

The best way to study causality is

experimental research

The conscious memory of facts and experiences is described as what memory process?

explicit memory

Cephalocaudal pattern

growth occurs from top to bottom

Critical period

has to happen or it won't happen ex. fertilization

According to the life-span perspective, human development___

includes biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions.

The ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules is referred to as

infinite generativity

According to Erickson's theory, individuals reflect on the past during their final stage of development, which is known as

integrity vs. despair

Postpartum depression

involves a major depressive episode that typically occurs four weeks after delivery. 10-14% of women have this

Rachel is nearly one year old and she frequently engages in "gaze following" This is an example of what?

joint attention

What hormone is used to stimulate contractions

oxytocin

Ming's mom is a master chef and often involves her kids in meal prep. The likely outcome is that Ming also will become a skilled cook. This is an example of ____

passive genotype-environment correlations

Changes in relationships, emotions, and personality are examples of ___ processes that affect development

socioemotional

The ___ issue involves the extent to which early traits and characteristics persist throughout life or alter one's life

stability-change

Agents such as drugs and toxic waste that can potentially cause birth defects are called

teratogens

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

when an infant stops breathing, usually at night Suddenly dies without an apparent cause

Psychoactive drugs

Act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods Caffeine Alcohol Nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, marijuana, heroin

Biological age

Age in terms of biological health

First trimester (first 3 months)

Beginning development of spinal cord, nervous system, gastrointestinal system, heart, and lungs Amniotic sac envelops the preliminary tissues of entire body Brain is forming Fetal heartbeat is detect-able with ultrasound Can move arms, legs, fingers, and toes Fingerprints are present Can smile, frown, suck, and swallow Sex is distinguishable

Skinner's operant conditioning

Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theory; Development consists of the pattern of behavioral changes that are brought about by rewards and punishments (reinforcement)

Bandura's social cognitive theory

Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theory; Emphasizes behavior, environment, and cognition as the key factors in development

Neuroconstructivist view

Biological processes and environmental conditions influence the brain's development Brain has plasticity and is context-dependent Development of the brain and the child's cognitive development are closely linked

Preterm infants

Born before the completion of 37 weeks of gestation

Shaken baby syndrome

Brain swelling and hemorrhaging Usually done by fathers, caregivers, and then boyfriends

Reflexes

Built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn's movements

Kwashiorkor

Caused by severe protein deficiency Child's abdomen and feet become swollen with water

Biological processes

Changes in an individual's physical nature

Socioemotional processes

Changes in an individual's relationships with other people, emotions, and personality

Cognitive processes

Changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language

Moro reflex

A neonatal startle response that occurs in reaction to a sudden, intense noise or movement

4 lobes of the brain

1) Frontal; voluntary movement, decision making 2) Parietal; attention, motor control, spatial reasoning 3) Occipital; vision 4)Temporal; hearing, memory, language processing

Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development

1) Sensorimotor Stage 2) Preoperational Stage 3) Concrete Operational Stage 4) Formal Operational Stage

Changes in neurons by

1) myelation 2) connectivity among neurons increases

Typical newborn sleeps approximately

18 hours a day

3 Stages of birth

1st stage - Uterine contractions are 15 to 20 minutes apart and last up to 1 minute longest stage 2nd stage - Begins when the baby's head starts to move through the cervix and birth canal 3rd stage/Afterbirth - When the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled

A recessive gene exerts its influence when

2 genes of a pair are both recessive

About ____ of new mother in the US have postpartum blues.

70%

Whereas ___ theory emphasizes biological factors, ___ theory stresses environmental factors

Ethological; ecological

Natural selection favors behaviors that increase reproductive success and the ability to pass on genes to the next generation. This is a central view of ___

Evolutionary psychology

Genetic disorder that results from an abnormality in the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks, often leads to mental deficiency.

Fragile X Syndrome

Second trimester (middle 3 months)

Heartbeat is strong Skin is thin, transparent Sucks thumb Hiccups Hair, eyelashes, eyebrows are present Eyes are open Waste matter is collected in bowel

This brain cell structure allows info to travel quickly across the brain

Myelin

Social policy

National government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens

Chronological age

Number of years that have elapsed since birth

Sensation

Occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors. Information noticed (unknown touch)

Sucking reflex

Occurs when newborns automatically suck an object placed in their mouth

Grasping reflex

Occurs when something touches the infant's palms

Experimental research

One or more of the factors are manipulated while all other factors are held constant Independent and dependent variables Experimental and control groups

Affordances

Opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform functional activities

1 y/o's grasping objects with their entire hand demonstrates what?

Palmar reflex

The Ecological View

Perception functions to bring organisms in contact with the environment and to increase adaptation

When categorizations are based on similar features of objects such as size, color, and movement is referred to as what?

Perceptual categorization

Fetal period

Period between two months after conception and birth

Neurons

a nerve cell that handles information processing

Behavior that promotes an organism's survival in the natural habitat is known as

adaptive behavior