Lifespan Midterm Review Questions
What summarizes a basic educational difference when comparing students from the United States and Asia?
Asia- value conformity, spend longer time on single subject, intelligence can be learned USA- value creativity and opposite of Asia
If an infant is babbling and accidentally babbles something that sounds like a real word, the child's parents show interest and encouragement. That encouragement reinforces the child's "accidental word," leading to further attempts to form such words. This example demonstrates which views of language development?
Behaviorist view
13) Which factor is generally considered to be an essential aspect of an infant's first psychosocial task?
Being treated lovingly and predictably by caregivers and learning to trust
11) Erikson's is a psychosocial theory because it involves which type of interactions?
Between internal drives and cultural demands
76) An important addition to the three traditional broad theories of development has been the ________ foundations of development.
Biological
25) Which of the following are central to the nature-nurture controversy?
Biological process and experiential factors
80) The ideas of the English philosopher John Locke would suggest that at birth human beings are ________ waiting to receive information.
Blank slates
What causes infants and toddlers to be "top-heavy"? What are the results of this phenomenon?
Brain growth is ahead of body growth
44) Three-year-old Tran used to call all flying objects such as airplanes and slowly falling leaves "birds." Now he correctly labels airplanes, butterflies, birds, and bees. Which Piagetian process has Tran accomplished?
Changing an existing scheme as a result of new information or experiences
7) The idea that the earth contains a wide variety of life forms and that humans have developed as a result of the interaction of heredity and environment was proposed by
Charles Darwin
The "visual cliff" is used to measure ___________.
Depth perception
33) If puberty begins for girls with the onset of menstruation, puberty could be considered a matter of
Discontinuity
30) Qualitative is to quantitative as
Discontinuous is to continuous
68) Which of the following is the best example of a longitudinal research study?
Dr. Cisneros initially studied a group of recently-divorced 40-year-olds to evaluate their communication skills and continued to study their interpersonal relationships for 30 years.
66) Which of the following is the best example of a cross-sectional research study?
Dr. Huang assessed the eye-hand coordination of the second, fourth, and sixth graders of Maple Leaf Elementary School in September 2006.
75) An important trend in the study of human development involves incorporating many theoretical perspectives in order to better explain development. Which of the following describes this approach?
Eclecticism
49)Which stage begins when implantation is complete and continues through organogenesis?
Embryonic stage
72) Which of the following contexts of development includes the institutions of the culture that affect children's development indirectly?
Exosystem
46) Piaget believed that children use both assimilation and accommodation to create schemes that fit the reality of their environments. Which of the following terms did he use to describe this process?
Equilibration
86) In cognitive theory, ________ is the process of balancing assimilation with accommodation.
Equilibration
51) During which of Piaget's stages does the child learn to manipulate ideas, concrete objects, or events, as well as to use abstract ideas and hypothetical situations in solving problems?
Formal operational
36) Roberta married for the first time at age 39, and at age 40 she is pregnant for the first time. She is now considering starting college to become a computer systems engineer. When Roberta laughingly tells her friends, "I have never done anything when I was supposed to!" what is she referring to?
Her social clock
66) In looking at the relationship between heredity and IQ, which of the following is the most true?
Heredity appears to have the largest influence on adult IQ scores and this influence increases with age.
Describe nutrition during the early childhood years
High calorie and high in fat. they dont sit down and eat a meal, theyre grazers
What groups is LEAST likely to have internet access?
Hispanic americans
Researchers determine an infant's interest in an object by measuring ___________________.
How long he looks at it
The field of __________________ is the scientific study of age-related changes in behavior, thinking, emotion, and personality.
Human Development
11) Which of the following best describes your text's approach to human development?
Human development begins at birth and continues throughout the lifespan.
30)Which of the genetic disorders usually does not express symptoms until adulthood?
Huntington's disease
50) Predictions that can be tested in an effort to explain human development are known as
Hypothesis
What is the youngest age at which infants can remember specific objects?
3 mos
26)What percent of congenital disorders are a result of harmful genes or faulty chromosomes?
30%
Approximately ____ of female 15- to 19-year-olds in 2008 reported being on the pill.
30%
The average two year old has a vocabulary of about how many words?
320 words
7)At how many weeks of gestation will there be prenatal sex differentiation?
4-8
3)The nucleus of the typical human cell contains how many chromosomes?
46
At what age can the average child begin to draw differentiated figures?
46 months-7 years
Beginning in the __ substage of Piaget's cognitive development, babies will look for partially hidden objects.
4th
According to your textbook, 1 in ___ children between the ages of 6 and 11 are obese.
5
According to trait theorists, what is the nature of temperament in middle childhood?
5 dimensions of personality Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuoticism openness/intellect
At about what age do children begin to prefer rule-governed or formal games
5 or 6
Between the ages of 6 and 12, children add roughly how many words per year to their vocabulary?
5,000-10,000
At what age is a child typically able to run easily, climb on furniture unaided, pick up small objects, and throw a small ball while standing?
5-6
By what age do children know that gender is permanent and look for roles as to how males and females should behave?
5-6
At what age do children develop object permanence? give an example of how a child might demonstrate this ability.
7-8 mos; moving a blanket to retrieve a hidden object
Kaye has just mastered sitting up without support. About how old would you expect Kaye to be?
7-9 months
What is the overall annual teenage pregnancy rate for 18- to 19-year-olds in the United States?
70 per 1000
Your text reports that as of the year 2007, what percentage of children in the United States were living in two-parent homes?
70%
Children whose IQ scores are below ____ are often referred to as retarded, and those who score above ____ are often called gifted
70, 130
According to your text, vocabulary spurts occur around the times that the child has acquired about how many words?
50
Laws requiring bicyclists to wear helmets are estimated to reduce death rates due to bicycle accidents by as much as ____?
50% or more
What is the concordance rate of homosexuality in identical twins?
50-60%
Typically, infants move into a predictable sleep pattern by what age?
6 months
Preschoolers gain in average of how many pounds per year?
6 pounds
What is the suggested group size for infants in day care
6 to 8 per group
By what age does your text suggest that most infants develop the understanding that objects still exist even when they are out of the infant's sight?
8-12 months
Macie and Darius have a new baby girl. Although they complain that the baby wakes them a lot at night, the truth is the baby probably sleeps as much as ______ of the time.
80%
Charelle coos when she is talked to and has just begun to make various consonant and vowel sounds when cooing. How old is she?
6-7 mos
Parents can expect their pre-schoolers to get a cold ____
6-7 times a year
60)What is a true statement about the influence of heroin and methadone upon prenatal and infant development?
60 to 80% are born addicted to these drugs and experience withdrawal symptoms
In the United States, approximately how many children live with both of their biological or adoptive parents?
60%
Approximately how many words will the average 30 month old child have in their vocab?
600
Moesha and Nick have a newborn. If their baby is an average infant, by his first birthday he will have had ______________?
7 respiratory illnesses
According to 2010 statistics, what approximately what percentage of school-aged children in the United States have access to the internet?
84%
Rodney is focusing on the individual sounds, rhythm, and intonation of the language his family speaks. How old is he?
9-10 mos
what percentage of US high school students receives a diploma
90
61) Researchers designed an experiment to study the effects of a professor's sense of humor on enrollment numbers. What is the independent variable in this study?
The professor's sense of humor
29)Most sex-linked disorders are caused by what?
The recessive gene
70) Your text uses an example of a sequential study in which "Baby Boomer" women were the participants. Which of the following was a finding of that study?
The relationship between age and reported frequency of marital conflict was different in each cohort.
54) How does observation in the laboratory differ from naturalistic observation?
The researcher in a laboratory setting has some level of control over the variables which might influence the participants' behavior.
48) Which of the following best describes the goals of developmental science?
To describe, explain, predict, and influence development
14) According to Erikson, what is the central issue of adolescence?
To examine one's identity and possible roles, or risk confusion about the future
66)Pregnant women should eat foods high in folic acid, such as beans or spinach, during pregnancy. What is the purpose of this dietary recommendation?
To reduce the risk of neural tube defects, such as spina bifida
69)Pregnant women should eat foods high in folic acid, such as beans or spinach, during pregnancy. What is the purpose of this dietary recommendation?
To reduce the risk of neural tube defects, such as spina bifida
What effect does watching television have on the developing brain?
Toddlers might improve their vocabulary and social skills by watching high quality television programs
Which of the five senses is most fully developed at birth?
Touch and motion
What terms represents the smooth movement that allows the eyes to follow a moving object?
Tracking
12) Elsa was frequently neglected as a child. As an infant, she would be left in wet diapers, and she was not fed on a regular schedule. Which of the following crises was not properly resolved?
Trust vs Mistrust
14)My father has type A blood and my mother has type O blood. What will my blood type be?
Type A
72)What is the most commonly used prenatal diagnostic procedure?
Ultrasound
36)What is typical for individuals who have sex chromosome anomalies?
Undeveloped testes and low sperm production. Language and learning disabilities. Boys will develop both male and female changes at puberty.
43) According to Piaget's theory, which of the following best applies to the process of assimilation?
Using an existing scheme to make sense of an event or experience
46) Which of the following developmental outcomes would be illustrative of the concept of vulnerability?
Very low IQ scores are more common among children who were born with a low birth weight and who are reared in highly stressed, uninvolved families
52)When does a developing infant begin to respond to sound?
Week 13-18
53)Ann notices that her fetus has begun to kick and move. Her physician tells her that she can hear a heartbeat with a stethoscope. Ann is most likely at what point in her pregnancy?
Week 25-28
35)What is the most common sex-chromosome anomaly?
XXY pattern, Klinefelter's syndrome
53) The Maple Leaf Elementary School counselor, social worker, and the parents of eight-year-old Jimmy Jackson are working as a cooperative team to determine why Jimmy exhibits a pattern of highly aggressive behavior toward his peers and teachers. Jimmy's behavior has been extensively observed, he has been subjected to a battery of psychological tests, and his parents have been interviewed. This in-depth examination of Jimmy Jackson is an example of
a case study
20)Define genomic imprinting.
a chemical label that identifies each gene as coming from mom or dad
Habituation is best defined by _____________.
a decline in attention that occurs because a stimulus has become familiar
What is micronutrient malnutrition?
a deficiency in certain vitamins and minerals
Describe true colic.
a pattern involving intense bouts of crying for 3 or more hours per day. There is no apparent reason and the crying tends to get worse during the late afternoon and early evening. Colic typically happens between 2 weeks and 3 or 4 months of age.
33)Which individuals has the greatest risk for bearing a child with trisomy 21?
The older the woman, the higher the risk
9) Which of the following is the MOST correct statement regarding repressed memories?
The perpetrators of abuse are more likely to forget the incidents than are the victims.
13) Because of our increasing lifespan, theorists have to include many types of information gathering to complete their research. Which of the following is one of the key elements emphasized in the newer approaches to lifespan development?
Interdisciplinary research
Piaget argued that imitating other people's facial gestures was a complex skill because it required what?
Intermodal perception
29) "Mom, he's looking at me! Make him stop!" These remarks imply that the very act of being looked at is offensive to this child. Mom, on the other hand, doesn't see the problem. This typical family dilemma illustrates
Internal models of experience
75) Participants in research projects must be told of any harmful effects or possible risks associated with the research in advance of their participation. What is this ethical responsibility called?
Informed consent
52) Which of the following theorists is known for the development of sociocultural theory?
Lev Vygotsky
4) Which aspect of our personality demands to be satisfied in physically pleasurable ways?
Libido of the id
What is the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients?
Macronutrients are needed in larger amounts
71) Which of the following contexts of development includes values and beliefs of the culture in which a child is growing up?
Macrosystem
20) Watson believed that children could be trained to do anything through
Manipulation of the environment
21)Describe physical traits which are influenced by both genes and the environment?
Multifactoral inheritance
22)Sam is taller and has a higher IQ than wither of his parents. What terms would be used to explain this?
Multifactoral inheritance
What is the name of the sheath around the axons that serves as insulation and speeds neural transmissions? What important changes in the brain take place during infancy?
Myelin
Which is an emphasis of brain development in the second year of life?
Myelinization
Do infants remember a story just as well when it is read to them by a computer as when their mother reads it?
No, they would remember it better by the mother reading it
Describe regarding invented spelling
a strategy young children with good phonological skills use when they write
Children learn rules of grammar before they learn the exceptions to them. In other words, the errors they make in language are associated with rules, not random patterns, as behaviorists suggested. This criticism represents the ideas of whom?
Noam Chomsky
Who coined the term language acquisition device? what theory did this person adhere to?
Noam Chomsky; nativist
39) What is the term for changes that result from unique, unshared events?
Non-normative change
In the US, the major cause of death of preschool and school age children is
accidents
What is the major cause of death of preschool and school-age children in the US?
accidents
Which type of tests is designed to access specific information that is taught, and hopefully learned, at school?
achievement test
57)What is a conclusion drawn from The Cat in the Hat studies?
active fetuses become very active infants
According to the trait perspective of temperament, what refers to an infant's relative tendency to move often and vigourously to remain passive?
activity level
What is an important component in helping ELL students perform well on achievement tests?
administer test in own language
Which hormone is responsible for changes at puberty, particularly the development of the secondary sex characteristics in girls?
adrenal androgen
During puberty the pituitary gland signals the adrenal glands to increase production of androgens. What is the term for this process?
adrenarche
At what age do most developmentalists agree that a child might begin self-care?
age 12
D attachment relationships of children in early childhood.
age 2- attachment is less visible age 3- able to wander farther without distress
Give a descriptive characteristic of 3-year-old boys who, according to some studies, have poor social relationships.
aggressive and rejected by peers
What is an accurate description of the patterns of aggression observable among children in middle childhood?
agression decreases but is still very present with boys
Among teenagers, what is the most commonly used substance
alcohol
Lily's mother is extremely busy with her job, which she does at home. Some days Lily's mom is responsive and attentive, other days she is so overwhelmed by work that she is emotionally unavailable. Which attachment styles is Lily likely to develop?
ambivalent
According to your text, what is the key to self-esteem?
amount of difference between what a child desires and what he has achieved.
Define intelligence
an ability to take in information and use it to adapt to the environment
What is a component of adolescent egocentrism, according to Elkind?
Personal fable
Each burst of synaptogenesis is followed by which processes?
Pruning
1) Which of the following theories relies on the understanding of internal drives and emotions to answer the "whys" of human development?
Psychoanalytic
10) Freud is to psychosexual as Erikson is to ________.
Psychosocial
Amy is three years old and has 20/40 vision. What does this mean? .
She can see something from 40 feet away that an average person can see from 20 feet.
56) "Social interactions are the most important contributors to a child's healthy development." Which of the following theories would most likely support this statement?
Sociocultural
18) A self-absorbed, nongenerative adult who is not concerned with establishing and guiding a new generation will be at risk for which of the following?
Stagnation
In what way might only children have an advantage over children who have siblings?
That child has access to more attention and resources from the parent
60) Which of the following was a finding of Kail's 1990 research on children's cognitive development?
That younger children's short-term memories are more limited than those of older children
n early childhood, what characterizes the development of the emotional self?
The ability to make themselves happy and the beginning of empathy
Describe a child's ability to produce language accurately.
The abilty comes about 12 months of age. They understand that words have meaning and are able to combine sounds to communicate consistently.
49) Which of the following best defines the term conservation according to Piaget?
The child learns that when an object changes shape, its quantity remains the same
43) Which of the following is the best example of an "off-time" event that could have negative effects upon an individual's development?
The death of one's spouse at the age of 30
23) Classical conditioning plays an important role in which of the following?
The development of emotional responses such as anxiety or embarrassment
Tanner is entertaining himself and his mother with his repetitious "dadadada, babababa" as if he just likes the sound of his own voice. What is he doing?
babbling
When a baby makes repetitive vowel sounds such as the UUU sound, we call it ___.
babbling
Mr. Bill likes to challenge his third-graders in their reading skills. He uses books that are just slightly above their current level. When a student is struggling with a word, Mr. Bill takes the opportunity to teach the child a new strategy for learning and speaking the word. Which approach to reading is Mr. Bill using?
balanced
51)At what point does the fetal period begin?
beginning at 8 weeks to birth
In which substage did Piaget suggest that children can first imitate the facial expressions of others?
beginning of mental representation
Give an example of a child who has ability goals for academic achievement
being able to use advanced computer skills
According to the text, what is linked to rejection and unpopularity among children?
being different from peers
Which of the following best defines self-efficacy?
belief in one's capacity to cause an intended event to occur or to preform a task
12)Lisa has red hair, which comes from a recessive gene. This must mean that Lisa received the gene from..
both parents
A group of girls were playing jump-rope when a couple of boys ran in and grabbed their rope yelling, "You can't catch us!" The girls laughed and gave chase, retrieving the rope - to the delight of both the boys and girls. This is an example of the what?
boundary violations
What would you likely see in a typical "boundary violation" between children's play groups in middle childhood?
boys and girls groups
The constricting, or restrictive, pattern of interacting with playmates
boys are more likely to show restrictive or constricting style
What groups is more likely to occupy leadership roles but also be at increased risk for alcohol or drug use?
boys who are ahead of their peers in development
What is an accurate description of female-male differences in middle childhood friendships?
boys- competition and dominance girls- agreement, compliance, self disclosure
What is an example of changes in secondary sex characteristics during puberty?
breast development, body hair, and voice change
Libby is 4 years old. She would be able to participate in which activities?
catch large ball, cut with scissors, hold a pencil, strike ball with bat, thread beads on a string
What is another term for the objective self?
categorial self
Kayla was given several different brightly colored balls to play with, one after the other. After about ball number seven, Kayla seemed to lose interest. When she was given a stuffed animal, she showed renewed interest. An element of schematic learning called __ is behind Kayla's renewed interest.
categories
25)Phenylketonuria is an example of ____?
an autosomal disorder
5) The ideas of the philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau would suggest that the basis for human development is
an individual's response to external, environmental influences
Freud's view of children's development during the preschool years focuses on which two stages?
anal stage and phallic stage
Describe the tendency to focus on the details of a task.
analytical style
The sequence of myelinization follows both a ________ and ________ pattern.
cephalocaudal and proximodistal
42)Which term explains why the human brain develops before the reproductive system?
cephalocaudal pattern
Define the term parenting styles.
characteristics strategies that parents use to manage behavior
Give an example of a child's use of deductive logic.
child answering "what would you do if you were president"
List the improvement in cognitive function as a result of brain growth and development in middle childhood
selective attention, increase information processing, spatial perception, spatial cognition
Grasping the objective self requires _____
self awareness
Kerry saw that her friends didn't have training wheels on their bicycles and decided that she could ride better without them. Which two social-cognitive concepts are at work here?
self efficacy, social comparisism
What refers to children's global self-evaluation, which includes factors such as how well they like themselves or how happy they are?
self esteem
During the middle-childhood years, disciplinary interactions with parents typically decrease because a child is more capable of what?
self regulation
What is the child's ability to conform to parental standards of behavior without direct supervision?
self regulation
What term is given to children who are left alone after school for an hour or more each day?
self-care children
The understanding that one object or bahvior can represent another defines ___ functions
semiotic
According to Piaget, at above age two, children begin to use ___in their thinking.
semiotic function
Tina is a caregiver in a local day care. Parents often describe her as involved, positive, and responsive to the children. Tina would be defined as what type of caregiver?
sensitive caregiver
Gregory is a six-month-old baby boy. He is learning about his environment through touching things, putting things in his mouth, and scooting around on the floor. According to Piaget, Greg is in which stage of cognitive development?
sensorimotor
Piaget's first stage of cognitive development is the
sensorimotor stage
Infant intelligence tests primarily guage intelligence by measuring __.
sensory and motor skills
Tests that measure intelligence in infancy measure primarily __ and __ skills.
sensory, motor
Which term is applied to an infant's cry and protest at being left with someone other than their primary caregivers?
separation anxiety
In the US, most cases of child abuse involve__ injuries
serious
What is associated with a higher risk of child abuse?
several of the risk factors such as parents who are depressed or children with difficult temperments
Uncovering a toy hidden by a cloth would test a child's ___ skills?
cognitive
Multicultural studies have found similar gender stereotypes across cultures. What is a common gender stereotype for men?
competence
A child who understands conservation of mass or volume would, of necessity, also understand _____
concrete operations and reversibility
31)What is a trisomy?
condition in which a child has 3 copies of specific autosome
All of the children on Hazel Street have spent the morning building a tree house from scraps of wood and other building materials acquired from a nearby construction site. This is an example of
constructive building
Robert Sternberg would say that a child who knows he is expected to shake hands with adults but not necessarily his peers has what type of intelligence?
contextual
Sternberg's theory proposes three components of intelligence. What are they?
contextual- knowing when to do something experiential- learning to give specific responses without thinking about them componential- persons ability to come up with effective strategies
When Mason cries, his mother responds by picking him up. When he coos, his mother talks to him. She smiles when he smiles. These are examples of _____
contingent responsiveness
Rejecting comments, manipulation, ordering, challenging, or defiance all define what?
controlling speech
When a baby makes repetitive vowel sounds, such as the UUU sound, the baby is performing ______.
cooing
Dominic is eight months old. He sees a toy that he wants to play with, but it is out of reach. He uses the toy in his hand to drag the out-of-reach toy closer. What is Dominic demonstrating?
coordination of secondary schemes
What is the name of the stress hormone that has been linked to differences in behavior of children in day care versus children reared exclusively at home
cortisol
What terms is used to describe behavior that is not typical of one's own gender?
cross gender
According to your text, individuals are more likely to remember faces of people of their own race than those of a different race. This demonstrates ____________
cross race effect
Describes the basic cry of an infant who is hungry
cry, silence, breath, cry, silence, breath
Rovee-Collier demonstrated that forgotten infant memories can be retrieved by using ________.
cues that remind the baby of the association between a behavior.
Public health officials believe that the current levels of obesity among children and adults in the United States can be attributed to __________
cultural pattern of decrease in physical activity and increase of high cal food
Keri is trying to decide what to wear today. It is going to be raining this morning but should be clearing off later. In addition, Keri knows that she has riding lessons after school, so she needs to take that into account when she chooses her clothes. On top of that, today is the pep rally, meaning Keri is expected to wear her school colors. In order to select an appropriate outfit without assistance, Keri must be capable of _______
decentration
Give an example of what Piaget termed concrete operations.
decentration and reversibility
What changes in children would one expect to see in the first few years after divorce?
decline in school, show bad behavior, aggression
How has the number of children living in poverty changed from the 1980s to now?
declined from 28% to 19%
Regarding adolescent pregnancy in the U.S., have they increased or decreased?
decreased
Joe knows that not everyone goes to college and those who do are not guaranteed to graduate. From this he decided that college is probably difficult as well as time consuming. What type of logic did Joe use to draw these conclusions?
deductive
Vernon is a 14-month-old toddler. His family laughs when he waves bye-bye because he seems to be waving at himself. Piaget would attribute this twist on the bye-bye wave to ____________________________ ideas.
deferred imitation
What characteristics are more likely to be found in neglected children than in popular or rejected children?
depression and loneliness
89) The four goals of developmental psychology are to ________, ________, ________ and ________ human behavior.
describe; explain; predict; influence
Babbling with a rising intonation seems to signal ________.
desire for a response
According to Erikson, children resolve the psychosocial task of middle childhood through their ____
development of industry or willingness to work to accomplish goals
What groups is more likely to have a negative body image, get into trouble at school and with peers, and engage in delinquent behavior?
development that occurs outside expected range
Which term is used to describe the temperament of children who are less regular with their body functions and slower to develop stable eating and sleep patterns?
difficult
Discuss the research as to the cause of homosexuality
does not clearly point to genetics or environment but is a combo of the two factors
What is an accurate description of female-male differences in friendships in middle childhood?
done
Which two neurotransmitters regulate the brain's response to a new information and unusual situations?
dopamine and seratonin
What may create a develepmental pathway for adolescent depression
dysfunction in pituitary gland and genetic factors such as depressed parents
Give an example of a synaptogenesis?
each muscle cell develops synaptic connections with several motor neurons
What is the earliest sign of puberty for a female?
early changes in breasts and pubic hair
What is likely to be characteristic of a girl who experienced the major physical changes of puberty by age ten?
early developers are more likely to become sexually active, get in trouble, be depressed
What is associated regarding obesity and puberty?
early development of secondary sex characteristics and obesity
George is 11 months old. He smiles a lot, is generally cheerful and shows little anxiety about strangers. Which type of temperament does George have?
easy
38)Not long after Leila found out she was pregnant, she began having pain. When she went to her doctor, she was told that the zygote had implanted in her fallopian tube rather than her uterus. What type of pregnancy is this?
ectopic pregnancy
What Jon was five he have his mother a dead frog for her birthday. Mickey didnt understand why his mother didnt like the gift, because he thought the frog was cool. This respresents what kind of thinking?`
egocentric
Sam saw that his mother was upset. He toddled over to her and tried to hand her his bottle, as if to comfort her. Hoffman would say that Sam is demonstrating ________
egocentric empathy
The inability to consider the perspective of others is called ___. What are the characteristics of children's thought during Piaget's preoccuptional stage.
egocentrism; use symbols for thinking and communicating but still have difficulty thinking logically
According to your textbook, list a predictor of attachment quality
emotional availability
What suggests that humans need and seek to form relationships early in life as a matter of genetics?
ethological perspective
How does a child develop a subjective self?
everyday interactions with objects and people. "Pushing a toy and it moves."
What poses the most significant health risks among school-aged children?
excessive weight gain, injury, asthma
Memory skills, metacognitive abilities, and problem solving strategies are all part of ______
executive processes
What is another term for subjective self?
existential self
The violation of __ method is a research strategy in which a child is habituated to display of objects and then is shown another display in which the objects move in a way that is different to what the infant is anticipating.
expectations
82) All learning theories rely on the principle that development results from an accumulation of ________.
experiences
What is a component of Bandura's model of personality development?
external environment, individual behavior, and cognitive behaviors
According to Koenig, Cicchetti & Rogosch (2004), what is likely to happen to a child who does not have a warm trusting relationship with their parents?
failing to develop moral emotions
STudies by Flavell, children were presented with a box on which there were pictures of candy. 3 and 4 year old children believed that the box contained candy. It actually contained crayons. The 3 year old believed that the other children would believe that the box contained crayons instead of candy. This demonstrates what>
false belief principle
What terms define the ability to link new words to real world referents?
fast-mapping
71)hen researchers have examined the relationship between maternal emotions and prenatal development, the most consistent finding has been that
fetuses of severely distressed mothers tend to grow more slowly.
A child's ability to place round pegs in round holes requires which type of motor skills?
fine motor skills
Dr. Robinson is giving five-year-old Deion a pre-kindergarten examination. When he asks Deion to draw a picture of his house, Deion's ___ is being assessed.
fine motor skills
Holding a pencil to write or draw requires ______
fine motor skills
Describe spermarche?
first ejaculation
Beth loves to play with her toy telephone. When she holds the receiver to her face and calls "Hi" she is engaging in which type of play
first pretend play
What is the typical pattern of children's descriptions of others during middle childhood?
focus more on external features
What is Piaget's stage of cognitive development that emerges between ages 12 and 16
formal operational
What is a primary function of brain development in the first year of life?
formation of synapses
What accurately reflects Freud's view of development in middle childhood?
from emotional bonds with peers around you
Which two areas of the brain undergo major growth spurts during middle childhood?
frontal lobe and cerebral cortex
What is associated with shyness?
frontal lobe asymmetry
According to Li-Grining, how do children learn impulse control?
gain experience, trial and error
Siegler suggests that children's cognitive development occurs with which of the following?
gaining rules that are applied, based on experience
6)What is the difference between gametes and all other body cells?
gametes contain 23 single chromosomes; body cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes
"The psychological and social associates and implications of biological sex" defines __________
gender
Tim tells his mother that he will always be a boy and can never be a girl. This is an illustration of Tim's grasp of what principle?
gender consistency
A child's ability to label his or her own sex correctly and to identify other people as men or women is called __________?
gender identity
If Matthew understands gender stability, what will he likely assume?
gender is stable and lifelong
Sharon labels boys and girls according to their hair style and the types of clothes they wear. Sharon has not yet developed __________________
gender schema
When 4-year-old Mary thinks of activities, behaviors, or personal characteristics as being "for mommy" or "for daddy," she is using __________________
gender scheming theory
What best defines inductive logic?
general principles are inferred with specific reasoning
Recent research supports the theory that handedness is the result of _____
genetic inheritance
Which factors is likely to contribute to the development of depression among adolescents
genetic, stress, personality traits
9)Describe an individuals unique genetic blueprint, which is created from genes contributed by both parents?
genotype
40)What is a condition that can cause a baby to grow too rapidly and result in premature labor or an infant that is too large for a vaginal birth?
gestational diabetes
Which of the following is a complicating factor in studying the effects of family day care
getting care in many settings
Do boys or girls have more stable self-esteem?
girls
What is Hoffman's first stage of empathy development, which is characterized by an infant matching the strong emotion of another?
global empathy
19)Recent research has found that diseases that appear as we age may be a result of ____.
gnomic imprints
In middle childhood, IQ tests may be used to
group children for instruction because they are strongly correlated on achievement.
According to Erikson, a preschooler's development is centered on ___
growing physical, cognitive, and social skills
What is a change in primary sex characteristics which takes place during puberty?
grwoth of ovaries, uterus, vagina, penis, and testies
The growth of axons and dendrites is known as ________.
guidance
Kayla was given several different brightly colored balls to play with, one after the other. After about ball number seven, Kayla seemed to lose interest. When she was given a stuffed animal, she showed renewed interest. This renewed interest is due, in part, to ___________.
habituation
A developmental psychologist is showing a four-month-old infant a series of drawings. Each drawing shows a series of heavy black dots arranged in the shape of a square. After seeing a series of such pictures, the infant looks for shorter and shorter periods of time until she is barely glancing at each new version of the black dots in a square. Suddenly the researcher presents a new drawing of heavy black dots in the shape of a circle, and the baby shows renewed interest by gazing for a longer period of time. What is illustrated by this research project?
habituation by the preference technique
During a growth spurt, which is (are) likely to grow first?
hands and feet
Give an example of a derived word.
happily, unwanted
During adolescence, boys are more advanced than girls in which aspects of physical development?
heart and lungs
According to Werker, what purpose does IDS serve?
helps infants identify the sounds in their mothers' speech that are specific to the language that they are learning
What effect does social approval have on the aggressive behavior of boys?
helps maintain aggression
In terms of understanding, what is not usually seen until around age five and is linked to language development?
hierarchical categorization
What is one of the factors listed in your text which can help protect a child from the effects of a stressful environment?
high IQ, good parenting, parental knowledge of development, stimulation, optimistic, effective school, initial attachment, community, parent employment, ethinic identity, and participation in programs.
What is suggested to help protect children from the detrimental effects of the stressors associated with poverty?
high IQ, good parenting, parental knowledge of development, stimulation, optimistic, effective school, initial attachment, community, parent employment, ethinic identity, and participation in programs.
Children with parents who have high maturity demands tend to exhibit __________________ personality traits?
high self esteem
Discuss adolescent pregnancy in the US
higher than any other industrialized country
According to your text, early childhood is a period of optimum growth and maturation for which part of the brain?
hippocampus
Phil saw his mother's hat and exclaimed, "Mommy!" This is an example of which _______.
holophrase
The use of __ seems to precede the use of telegraphic speech in every language
holophrases
On what does a child's capacity for creativity depend?
how much knowledge they have on a subject
Who is the theorist who proposed the idea of multiple intelligences?
howard gardener
Which theorists is associated with intelligence measurement?
howard gardner
77) According to Freud, the aspect of the personality which demands immediate gratification of sexual and aggressive impulses is the ________.
id
65) Which of the following is particularly useful in research that is the focus of behavioral genetics?
identical twins
Give an example of social referencing
if a mother looks happy/sad, the child will follow her actions
Al is struggling with his math and reading skills but excels at soccer. What would Erikson say about Al's sense of competence?
if he resolves his conflict, his competence in soccer can help him by making him more confident
Whenever Jean walks by a mirror or any reflective surface he stops to make sure that his hair looks good and that his clothes look acceptable to his peers. Which principle is at work here?
imaginary audience
With regard to breastfeeding, Breast milk stimulates better ___________________ function
immune system
What does your text suggest is the most significant physical development of middle childhood?
improving fine motor movement and coordination
Give a description of an infant's perceptual abilities.
in general, babies appear to begin to focus on the internal features of a face, particularly the eyes, at about 2-3 months
In the United States, we value achievement and success. This is evident in things like the attention we pay to job promotions, fame, and grades in school. These things are all examples of what type of culture?
individualistic
81) Eight-year-old Jaime is in the third grade. He is very good at drawing and frequently receives praise from his parents and teachers. According to Erikson, Jaime will develop a sense of ________.
industry
What is the crisis of middle childhood according to Erikson?
industry vs inferiority
Children combine several gestures in their pretend play at around the same time that they first show two or three word sentences in their speech. This supports the __ view of language development.
interactionist
81) When we gather data from different sources of academia, we are taking a (n) ________ approach to research.
interdisciplinary
When a child combines information from several senses into one perception, this is called
intermodal perception
________ refers to the idea that different sensory stimuli combine to form a single perception.
intermodal perception
Which types of intelligence allows one to develop good social skills?
interpersonal
What is included in the Bayley III scales of infant intelligence that was not included in earlier versions?
it addresses cognitive and language development as well
25) Behavior is more likely to reoccur if
it has been reinforced
61)What best summarizes our understanding of the effects of maternal cocaine use on fetuses and infants?
it is hard to know for sure but it causes disruption of placenta function and premature labor
A friend tell you that he has very vivid memories of an event that happened when you were two years old. What is probably true regarding this?
it is probably false
Describe the psychologists who use the information-processing perspective to understand children's cognitive development.
kail
What does your book suggest about children's eating habits?
keep a variety of foods and allow a child's appetite to be good and guide how much food they eat
In regards to team's sports, statements about adolescent sexual activity is correct?
kids who play sprots have lower sex rate
The abbreviation LAD refers to ______________.
language acquisition device
What terminology would some theorists use to describe the innate language processor that children are born with?
language acquisition device
the innate language processor that some theorists believe children are born with is called the __.
language acquisition device
Knowledge of words such as want, need, and think is associated with the development of _____
language skills
The process of ossification It begins during the _____________________ weeks of gestation
last
Describes when the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex undergo functional specialization
lateralization
Dr. Jones is giving five year old EMily a pre kindergarten physical. When Dr. jones asks emily to jump up and down and hop on one leg, what is the doctor testing?
lateralization
When the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex undergo functional specialization, it is called..
lateralization
What is the developmental process that is the impetus behind brain lateralization?
learning and using language
A child who has difficulty mastering specific academic skills such as reading, but who has normal intelligence and no physical or sensory handicaps, might be categorized as having what?
learning disability
Infants who show increasingly ________ sleep periods during the early months are at a lower risk of dying from SIDS.
lengthy
What does research show to be true regarding children who are enrolled in Head Start or a similar enriched preschool program?
less likely to be placed in special education classes, less likely to repeat a grade, more likely to graduate from high school. healthier, better immunization rates
The United States government defines poverty as which of the following income levels for a family with one child?
less than 14,000
Dan is a ten-year-old who is uncoordinated and awkward, and as a consequence, he has little athletic ability. How will this circumstance influence Dan's self-esteem?
lower self esteem because he values what he can't do
What is the most common nutritional problem in industrialized countries such as the United States?
macronutrient malnutrition
What type of malnutrition is most likely to be seen in industrialized nations?
macronutrient malnutrition
n the United States, which of the sexually active groups is most likely to use condoms?
male teen african americans
Camy is an only child. She will get as much attention as _____
many children combined
15)Give an example of the expressivity of genes?
meaning that the degree to which any gene influences phenotypes varies from person to person
What best represents the earliest inflection used among children learning English, according to Roger Brown
mommy sock
What factors is most likely to influence whether or not teens become sexually active across cultures?
moral beliefs and social factors
Guilt, shame, and pride are all examples of __________
moral emotions
Infantile amnesia is most likely due to _______
maturation of the connections between the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex
According to Piaget's ideas about children's moral development, a child who insists that the rules of a game cannot be changed because they come from authorities such as parents or religious figures is demonstrating moral development at which stage?
moral realism
According to Piaget's ideas about children's moral development, a child who knows that the players of a game can change the rules as long as all the children agree to play by the new rules is demonstrating moral development at the which stage?
moral relativism
Which of Piaget's stage of moral development in which children understand that sometimes rules can be changed by social agreement?
moral relativism
Your text suggests a reason why parents living in poverty are more likely to be stricter and place more emphasis on obedience. What is that reason?
more chaotic environment, response to the stress
What is a descriptive characteristic of U.S. children who are most likely to live in poverty?
more illness,undernourished, low IQ, move through piaget stages slowly, low school performance, come from single parent families
Although aggressive children tend to be disliked by their peers, they are usually considered to be
more popular with boys, more rejected with girls
What is a self-conscious emotion
shame, embarrassment
Olivia does not seem to understand what is said to her or around her nearly as well as her playmates. Based on your reading, what else might we assume about Olivia's development?
she might have a learning disability
Repeated exposure to particular experiences results in the development of "known" combinations of activities, or expectancies. This describes _________________.
shematic learning
What is perhaps the most important factor that negatively affects children after a divorce?
shift away from authoritative parenting
According to Case, working memory is also known as _____
short term memory space (STSS)
According to current research, what accounts for the secular trend in development worldwide?
significan changes in lifesyle and diet
The changes in the patterns of physical growth and development that are known as the secular trend are most likely caused by what?
significant changes in lifesyle or diet
Most experts recommend that an infant's first solid food be _________________________________
single grain cereal
Describe family structure and ethnicity
single parents more common to native americans african americans are less likely to get married single mom births increase in all cultures
Reading researchers have found that poor readers tend to have the most difficulty with what?
sound letter combination
Sandy is very good at drawing and copying pictures. Which type of intelligence is Sandy using?
spacial
Under which circumstances might spanking be used as effective punishment?
sparingly
Which. abilities would be particularly important to a basketball player?
spatial cognition
Define the ability of children to engage in long periods of activity without rest.
stamina
When I.Q. tests are developed, the scores are determined by comparing individual students' scores to an overall average attained by giving the same test to large numbers of similar individuals. This process describes which strategies?
standardized testing
The authors of your text describe the period of early childhood in terms of ______________________
stepping out phase
Park is 9 months old. Lately when his mother tries to leave him in the church nursery, he cries and clings to his mother. He seems especially anxious if there is a new worker in the nursery. Considering his age, Park is probably experiencing ______
stranger anxiety
In some languages, nouns and verbs are stressed sounds, and children who speak those languages seem to learn nouns and verbs first. In other languages, prefixes and suffixes are stressed, and children learn those sounds first. This idea that children are preprogrammed to focus on "stressed" sounds is a part of which view of language development?
nativist
Micah knows the difference between cedar and juniper trees. According to Gardner, what type of intelligence is Micah displaying?
naturalist
What is one of the dimensions proposed by researchers who study temperament?
nature vs. nurture
Research suggests that infants can identify changes in the emotions expressed in other's faces by what age?
near end of 1st year
By the age of 13 months, research suggests that babies have a receptive language store of about how many words?
nearly 100 words
At the beginning of the 21st century, approximately what percentage of U.S. classrooms had at least 1 ELL student?
nearly half
According to trait theory, what is the opposite of approach/positive emotionality (or sociability)?
negative emotion
The AAP's policy on television watching in children under age 2 assumes that watching television may ________ affect brain development.
negatively
Researchers who have analyzed IQ scores of adopted twins have found that identical twins are more like one another in IT than fraternal twins are. They also found that IQs of adopted children are more strongly correlated with the IQs of their biological parents than with the IQs of their adoptive parents. These research results suggest
strong genetic element at work
Developmentalists have suggested that differences in the expectations parents have for boys and girls may be responsible for ___________.
stronger standards of behavior for girls in later developmental stages
What best summarizes the research regarding bilingual education?
structured, submersion method, english learners are not at increased risk for failing
43)What is the best example of the proximodistal principle of development during the prenatal period?
structures toward center of the body develop first, such as rib cage develops before toes and fingers
In which part(s) of the brain are the sensory, motor, and intellectual functions linked together?
nerves of associative areas
_____ is the process of selecting experiences based on temperament.
niche picking
What is the drive that leads to the grammar explosion in children?
no idea
When children have learned a basic rule of language, such as how to form a plural or a past tense, and then begin to apply the rule when it seems correct, even though it is incorrect, what are they doing?
no ideas
32)What is the prognosis for children born with trisomy 13 or 18?
not good, few live past age 1
Authoritarian and authoritative parents would vary most widely on which of dimensions of parenting?
nourishing and responding to child's needs
what is one factor that influences the rate at which a child acquires language skills
number of languages the child is exposed to
Elevated cholesterol or high blood pressure among children is most closely associated with _____
obesity and predisposition to heart disease
A child's understanding of the nature of objects, their properties, and how they work is called ___.
object concept
Sally is a toddler who participated in an experiment. Her mother place a dot of rouge on her nose and sat her in front of a mirror to see if she would reach for the mirror or her own nose on order to touch the red spot. If Sally reachers for her own nose, she is demonstrating ______
objective self
What best describes the toddler's understanding that he or she is defined by membership in various categories, such as gender or personality characteristics?
objective self/categorial self
Concrete operations permit children to understand __________
objects and events in the real world and relationships between objects
On which two factors do young children rely as they categorize or classify other people?
observable characteristics and most recent interactions
90) One major weakness of naturalistic observation is, according to your text, ________.
observer bias
If Tammy understands class inclusion, then she understands
subordinate classes are part of other subordinate classes
Kerry hold his haribrush to his mouth and sings as if the haribrush is a micrphone. This is an example of what type of play?
substitute pretend play
What is an implication of the resource dilution hypothesis?
only children and first children have better cognitive advantage
When an infant cries, the caregiver responds by picking up the child, changing a diaper, or feeding. These actions by the caregiver serve as reinforcements, increasing the likelihood that the child will again communicate certain needs by crying. This demonstrates that even an infant learns through which type of conditioning?
operant conditioning
Tina babbles and her mother responds to her by imitating the sounds Tina makes. This would appear to refute the belief that
operant conditioning leads to language development.
According to Case's neo-Piagetian explanation of children's cognitive development, the key limitation in the cognitive ability of a younger child, compared to an older child, is the younger child's
operational efficency
According to your textbook, which of the following is a common reason why parents choose to homeschool their children?
parents believe they can do better job, and religious based learning
hat is the best example of inductive discipline?
parents explain why thing is wrong
Explain what shapes girls desire to take advanced math and science classes
parents have high influence
What is a parenting variable that is related to children's development of the capacity for self-regulation?
parents own ability to self regulate, and degree of self regulation expected by parents
Which parental behaviors is linked to higher rates of altruistic or prosocial behavior in their children?
parents that make a warm loving environment and make clear rules
Name two primitive reflexes. At what age do these reflexes disappear? What are the implications of the persistence of these reflexes?
sucking, swallowing;inhibited after 3-12 months; necessary for survival.
Summarize the findings of the research conducted by Hou, Chen, and Chen on parental influences of temperament?
parents who accept an inhibited child's temperament may contribute more to the child's ability to overcome shyness later in life than parents who try to force them to be more outgoing
What is an example of socio-cultural influence that could make physical abuse of children more likely?
parents who are depressed, lacking parenting skills and knowledge, if they're substance abusers
Describe the insecure/ambivalent category of attachment
pattern of attachment in which infant shows little exploratory behavior, is greatly upset when separated from mother, and is not reassured by her ___?
What is accurate regarding the effects of television on children?
people who watch more violent tv shows or video games are more likely to be violent
84) The internal model of experience assumes that events themselves are not as important in influencing development as are the individual's ________ of those events.
perception
According to your text, which of the following is a factor that influences adolescent adjustment to secondary school
perception that teachers are unsupportive
Matt rarely turns in his school work and does not seem concerned when he gets bad grades. His parents seem to love him and they give him pretty much whatever he asks for and believe that most parents are too strict. When he was in trouble at school, Matt's parents minimized the teacher's concerns as silly and did not punish Will. Which parenting style would you say best describes Matt's parents?
permissive
The parenting style that is high in nurturance and low in maturity demands, control, and communication is _____
permissive parenting
Children who are able to classify other people into groups such as "people who are nice" and "people who are mean" are demonstrating ___________
person perception
Time is 2 months old. He smiles and coos at almost everyone he meets. Bowlby would say that Time is in which phase of attachment?
phase 1
A skill that is especially related to learning to read well in middle childhood is ___
phonological awareness
Which term describes a child's sensitivity to the sound patterns that are specific to his language?
phonological awareness
In the US, most cases of child abuse involve ___
physical injuries
Fine motor skills of the hand develop, in part, because of the _____________ development and ____________ of the wrist bones.
physical, separation
Which activities would a two year old be able to do?
pick up small objects and throw a small ball while standing
Which gland prompts the release of hormones from the other endocrine glands?
pituitary gland
If you ask a preschooler how people make friends, what answers are you likely to receive?
play together
Younger children spend the most time on computers doing which activities?
playing games
To help himself remember the colors of the visible spectrum, Cam said, "ROY G BIV," where each color is represented by a letter. This is an example of the use of _________
pneumonic
What would most likely be a resilient child?
poor children whose development is comparable to that of children who are not poor
According to researchers who study self-care children, poorly adjusted self-care children are likely to display what?
poorly adjusted in relationships and school performance
According to Freud, which of the following plays a key role in children's development of a gender role concept and a sex role?
process of identification
What is considered to be the basis of children's cognitive development, according to most theorists?
processing efficiency
Which terms do developmentalists use to refer to the ability to make efficient use of short-term memory capacity?
processing efficiency
Pat is taking a test which measures how efficiently he processes information. What type of scale is being used?
processing speed scales
List, in order, the techniques involved in the substages of sensorimotor development between the ages of 1 and 12 months.
reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of secondary schemes, tertiary circular reactions, beginning of mental representation
To help herself remember the items she was to get from the market, Anna repeated the five-item list over and over under her breath. This is an example of which information-processing strategy?
rehearsal
What is one of the information processing strategies described in your text?
rehearsal, organization, elaboration, mnemonic, systematic searching
When four-year-old Candy wants an item or an activity, she will attack her parents with her fists until they laughingly and protestingly give her what she wants. Her parents' decision to give into Candy's demands in this fashion
reinforces the aggression
What term is used by psychologists to describe children who are disliked and avoided by their peers?
rejected chidlren
Give an example of controlling speech used among middle childhood boys
rejecting comments, ordering, manipulating, challenging, defiance, refutation, or resistance of another's attempt to control
Gayle rolled her eyes in disgust when Joy walked up to the group and began to speak. Gayle was using what?
relational aggression
Psychologists have begun to believe that girls may not be less aggressive than boys, but rather that girls may express themselves by using which form of aggression?
relational aggression
When a child is focusing on the "big picture" rather than focusing on details, which style of learning is the child using?
relational style
What is the best description of Bowlby's goal-corrected partnership?
relationship continues even when parent leaves
You are a nurse who is asked to place an IV in a patient's non-dominant arm. What ability allows you to tell where the IV should be placed?
relative right to left orientation
n which of the following groups has the average age of menarche remained the same over the past six decades?
remained the same in caucasian american females
Tooth decay among bulimic teens is cause by
repeated vomiting
Define babbling
repeating the same sound over and over
A child's understanding of language is known by _______.
repetitive language
Dishabituation is best described by __________.
responding to a somewhat familiar stimulus as if it were new.
Kate broke her brother's baseball trophy after he used her favorite doll to play tug-of-war with their dog. Which type of aggression is Kate demonstrating?
retaliatory aggression
Which brain structures regulates attention and concentration
reticular formation
What other activity will typically accompany babbling when a child wants something
rising intonation at the end of a string of sounds
Which type of play that demonstrates cognitive development consistent with the stages identified by Piaget?
rule governed play
Tertiary circular reactions are
the deliberate experimentation with variations of previous actions that occur in stage 5 of sensimotor. Example: trying facial expressions to trigger moms smile.
Give an application of Thelen's Dynamic Systems Theory.
the dissappearance of the stepping reflex, the tendency for very young infants to attempt to take steps when they are placed in an upright position with their feet touching a flat surface
What is the best example of a child's use of inductive logic?
the idea that adding always adds more
2) Psychoanalytic theorists suggests that human development depends on
the influence of internal drives and emotions upon behavior
Among children whose language is significantly delayed, researchers have also noted that imitation and symbolic play are significantly delayed. This finding supports which view of language development?
the interactionist view
Children combine several gestures in their pretend play at around the same time that they first show two or three-word sentences in their speech. This supports which view of language development?
the interactionist view
Which perspective asserts that language development is only a part of the process of cognitive development?
the interactionist view
70) Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory of human development places primary emphasis on
the interactions among the contexts in which children live and develop
1)Describe the events leading up to conception.
the sperm swims into the fallopian tube, penetrates the wall of ovum
In the Harlow monkey studies, with which "mother" did the infant monkeys spend the most time
the terrycloth covered "mother"
What best defines adolescence?
the transition between childhood and adulthood
Explain Piaget's concept of conservation
the understanding that matter can change in appearance but not change in quantity
Describe centration
the young child's tendency to think of the world in terms of one variable at a time
A set of ideas that a child constructs to explain other people's ideas, beliefs, desires, and behaviors is known as
theory of mind
Jack and Keri made their parents breakfast using their play food. They thought their parents would be fooled. Their understanding that their parents would figure out the game when they had the plates in their hands is because Jack and Keri both understand
theory of mind
According to gender schema theory, what will be true of a 5 or 6 year-old child?
they develop a rule of "what people like me do" and it is absolute
When a child is in phase 2 of Bowlby's attachment sequence, which behaviors would they most likely exhibit?
they direct their "come here" signals to fewer people and less responsive to unfamiliar people
Why would a group of preoperational children find magic tricks uninteresting?
they don't understand the rules that govern physical reality
Why is the process of myelinization necessary?
they insulate axons and improve conductivity
What best summarizes young children's understanding of intentions?
they know they will be in more trouble if they meant it
According to your text, what is the drawback of tests that measure development in the first 2 years?
they underestimate later rates of impairment
Which hormone is responsible for normal brain development and overall rate of growth?
thyroxine
Piaget, through his fourth stage, believed that adolescence is the time when children's main task is to learn..
to reason logically about abstract concepts
What is one of the authors' suggestions to encourage moral reasoning?
to require kids to give reasons for what they want to do. include them in charitable projects.
According to your textbook, among teenagers, sensation seeking appears to be associated with what?
tobacco use
Describe cross-gender behavior in childhood.
tomboy, a-typical, boys with dolls
What is associated with bulimia?
tooth decay, depression, loss of hair, low heat..shame and depression
Infants as young as 2 months show some ________ ability as an object is moved slowly toward them.
tracking
Which terms applies to a person whose psychological gender does not match their physical sex?
transgender
Thomas has been transgendered for as long as he can remember. He has begun living full time as Trina and has started taking hormone supplements. Trina plans to have gender reassignment surgery next year. What terms best describes Trina?
transsexualism
What is recognized as a common factor among suicide completers
triggered by stressful event, altered mental state, opportunity
What is the crisis of Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development?
trust vs mistrust
Paul gains comfort through eating and drinking. She also cries to gain attention from her parents or to express discomfort. Freud would say that Paul is in which stage of development?
trust vs. mistrust
What seems to be the most important factor in selection of friends among 6 - 12 year olds?
trust, emotional support, loyalty
What best defines deductive logic?
type of reasoning based on hypothetical premises that requires predicting a specific outcome from a general principle.
The characteristic flavor of high protein foods and glutamates is known as ________.
umami
21) In classical conditioning, if the sour taste of lemon juice automatically causes your mouth to pucker, the lemon juice is the ________ and the pucker of lips and tongue is the ________.
unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
According to your text, Piaget _________________ the cognitive abilities of infants.
underestimated
If a mother is chronically and severely depressed, what you likely see in her child?
undernourished, develop insecure attachment, heightened aggression
Receptive is to expressive as _____.
understanding is to using
What program was put into place in 1995 that greatly increased the percentage of children receiving vaccinations in the United States?
varicella
The Wechsler Intelligene Scales for Children (WISC-III) is divided into which two subgroups
very easy to very hard problems
62)beth has smoked an average of one pack of cigarettes per day throughout her pregnancy. how is this likely to affect her fetus?
very likely; born lighter; child will be antisocial; developmental problems
What are the terms is used to describe a strategy in which researchers move an object in a way that the infant does not expect?
violation of expectations
87) Both of Asa's parents and all four of her grandparents have heart disease. We might assume that Asa will be more ________ to heart problems than her cohorts.
vulnerable
What is one of the dimensions of family functioning conceptualized by Diana Baumrind in her study of parenting styles?
warmth and nuturence, clarity, level of expectation, and communication between parent and child
Explain the stability of children's IQ scores
wide fluctuations are common in young childhood. the older the child, the more stable the IQ
In Robert Siegler's research on problem solving, children who use Rule I
will predict side with more disks will go down.
Infant mortality is defined as death within the first ________ after birth.
year
Does attachment affect the person at adulthood?
yes
Is there long-term stability of temperament?
yes
Kate has just turned thirteen years old, and she recently experienced menarche. If Kate becomes sexually active, will she be at risk for pregnancy?
yes
Do 6 month old children respond differently to their mother and father
yes; with the mother, more smiley, cuddling with the father, laughing and wiggling
if I am speaking to you in Japanese and you are not paying attention, what word might I use to get your attention?
yo
What represents the key contrast between Piaget's and Siegler's views on children's cognitive development?
ziegler bases things on child's experience
5)What is the term used to describe cells that unite at conception?
zygote
37)What happens during the first trimester of pregnancy?
zygote implants in the women's uterus lining; cervix thickens and secretes mucus to protect zygote; morning sickness
Discuss sex ed programs
cannot be proven that it prevents it
According to Freud, the development of the anal stage occurs between what ages in children?
1-3
What is likely responsible for infants' preference for their mothers' voices?
"in utero" learning
Which groups of children is most likely to experience some negative effects from non-familial day care
...
What are laws in regard to child abuse in the US?
.......
Regarding the well-known research carried out by Gibson and Walk on depth perception _____________ information regarding depth perception in children under the age of ___________________.
...3 months
What are correlation between children's test scores and their current or later grades in school?
0.5-0.6, strong but not perfect
How do the beliefs of Spelke differ from Piaget in terms of object permanence? Tell about infants' understanding of objects.
..
Susie and Sally and their cousins Samuel and Stanley are playing "wedding." They are using lace curtains for the bride's dress, and each person has a role to play. This is an example of ___ play.
..
According to your text, explain which about adopted children
...
All in all, what seems to be the most important factor in cognitive development in children?
...
Approach/positive emotionally is one aspect of which perspective of temperament?
...
Describe social development and day care
...
From Research Report on page 144: What statements about gender and temperament are true?
...
Give an example of family day care, according to your text's defintion
...
Mary and Dan are the parents of well-behaved, predictable, and easy-going daughter. Their neighbors Bill and Sue have a daughter who they consider to be a tomboy because she likes to play ball and rough and tumble activities in the yard. This is an example of which of _______
...
Research correlates neurological differences in temperament. What is a basic argument against the conclusions drawn from this data?
...
Some infants between 6 and 16 months experience for a fear of people they do not know. List terms that best identifies this fearful phase that seems to disappear as quickly as it came.
...
What did researchers find in cross-cultureal studies of attachment?
...
What is probably to blame when explaining discrepancies in research findings related to day care and its influence on cognitive development
...
at approximately what age do children begin to respond with smiles and cooing when talked to?
1-2 mos
How many teen pregnancies end in abortion?
1/3
According to your text, kindergarteners who had spent as few as ____ hours per week in nonparental care showed more aggressive behavior than their peers
10
Children will begin to show some signs of hand preference by age ________.
10-12 mos
In 2008, there were approximately _____________ English language learner school children in the U.S.
11 million
Around what age do we typically see the emergence of holophrases?
12-18 mos
The first major brain growth spurt in adolescence occurs between the ages of
13-15
At what ages do the two major brain growth spurts occur?
13-15 and 17 on
Lilly has just learned to walk backward. How old would you expect Lilly to be?
13-18 months
Left handedness accounts for _% of the population
14
Approximately what percentage of people world wide are left handed?
14%
what percentage of high school students in the US has seriously considered suicide
16
What percentage of children in the US are at risk of being overweight by the time they start school?
16%
Naming explosions typically occurs around what age?
16-24 mos
Eric has begun to use two-word sentences and has an expressive vocabulary of about 200 words. How old is he?
18-24 mos
telegraphic speech begins around __ mos.
18-24 mos
15) Erikson's dilemma of intimacy vs. isolation is associated with what developmental age?
18-30 years
For children younger than 2, the teacher/child ration should be no higher than ____
1:4
What best defines menarche?
1st menstration
Immunizations are most effective if begun at what time in a child's life?
1st month
An infant's sleep/wake cycle lasts approximately how long?
2 hours
Normal how many years after the beginning of indicators such as changes in the breast and pubic hair does menarche begin?
2 years
By what age does a child's gender identity develop?
2-3
During the preschool years, parents can expect their children to gain how many inches in height each year?
2-3 inches
44)The embryonic stage of gestation covers which time period?
2-8 weeks
Inflections appearing in the form of adding "ing" to words are common among ___
2.5 to 3 year olds
What is the concordance rate of homosexuality in fraternal twins?
20%
Just over _ of sexually active high school females in 2011 reported being on the pill
23%
Bicycle accidents account for about ____ of all cases of traumatic brain injury?
25%
Approximately what percentage of children will score within the average range of IQ testing?
96%
57) Information processing theorists liken the human mind to
A computer
28) What is an autosomal dominant disorder?
A gene on one of the non-sex chromosomes that is always expressed, even if only one copy is present.
What is meant by brain plasticity?
Ability for the brain to change based on experience
57) Researchers have found that children born to mothers who smoke during and after pregnancy are more likely to develop respiratory illness. This is an example of which of the following?
A positive correlation
16) Which of the following best defines generativity?
A sense of wanting to give back to society and future generations
42) Which of the following best defines sensitive period?
A specific period in development when an organism is particularly responsive to specific forms of experience or particularly influenced by their absence.
A child who has academic and behavioral problems in school because he or she is more physically active and/or less attentive than peers may be classified as having what?
ADHD
44) Three-year-old Tran used to call all flying objects such as airplanes and slowly falling leaves "birds." Now he correctly labels airplanes, butterflies, birds, and bees. Which Piagetian process has Tran accomplished?
Accommodation
7) Freud arrived at his developmental theories through his work with which of the following groups?
Adults who were suffering from serious mental disorders
What is a factual statement about racial differences in IQ test scores in the US?
African American children consistently score lower than White children on IQ tests.
In the United States, which group has the highest infant mortality rate?
African Americans
85) Normative ________ changes are universal, in that they apply to everyone at the same period of maturation.
Age-graded
22) Periods of development describe which aspect of developmental theories?
Age-related changes
37) What is the term for a general negative attitude about aging, typified by the belief that older persons are incompetent or unable to complete required job functions?
Ageism
32) Which of the following theorists is primarily responsible for social-cognitive learning theory?
Albert Bandura
Which researcher(s) conducted the "Bobo doll" studies to evaluate the effects of observing aggressive behavior on children?
Albert bandura
59) Which of the following is a key feature of an experimental study?
An independent variable
An infant begins whimpering and moaning and then begins to cry very loudly and intensely. What is the infant most likely expressing?
Anger
42) Two-year-old Luke pointed to a cow in a pasture and said "Doggie!" Which of the following is the child using to name the animal?
Assimilation
56)What serves to hold neurons together?
Astrocytes
3) Which of the following believed that humans are selfish by nature and must seek spiritual rebirth through religious training?
Augustine
79) The Christian doctrine of original sin is often attributed to 4th-century philosopher _____________________.
Augustine of Hippo
28) Which of the following is credited with introducing the term operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
84) ________ coined the term operant conditioning.
B.F. Skinner
Which theorists is credited with the development of the behaviorist perspective of language?
BF Skinner
A baby will splay out its toes, then curl them under, in response to stroking the bottom of the foot. Which reflex is this?
Babinski
What is the most widely used test that attempts to measure the intelligence of infants?
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
17)Skylar has brown eyes, thin lips, and curly brown hair. Which of this traits is polygenic?
Brown eyes
According to BF skinner how does babblin develop into language?
By reinforcement of gramatical uses
68)Liz appeared to be a healthy pregnant woman but her baby was born with central nervous system damage, and later it was determined that the child was completely deaf and has mental retardation. what would most likely be the cause?
CMV (cytomegalovirus)
91) Correlational research does not allow us to show ________ relationships.
Causal
18)Which is true of a trait that is passed through mitochondrial inheritance?
Children inherit genes that are found only in the mitochondria; passed only from mother to child; ex: blindness
In the United States, which group has the lowest infant mortality rate?
Chinese American
At 8 weeks of age, infants show signs of day/night sleep rhythms. What are these rhythms called?
Circadian
________ rhythms affect sleep cycles as well as other bodily processes.
Circadian
22) If you are teaching a child to produce a reflexive response following a non-reflexive stimulus, which method of learning are you employing?
Classical conditioning
20) Stella, age 12, is in the 6th grade but still reads at a 3rd grade level. Developmentalists would suggest that there is a problem in which domain of development?
Cognitive
38) Which of the following theories is concerned with the developmental aspects of thinking, memory, and logic?
Cognitive
61) Developmentalists who study children's cognitive development from a Piagetian perspective and from an information-processing perspective would agree upon which of the following observations about children's cognitive development?
Cognitive development occurs as a result of diversified experiences in an enriched environment.
16) What term is used to describe changes in thinking, memory, problem solving, and other intellectual skills?
Cognitive domain
41) Which of the following best defines the word scheme according to Piaget?
Cognitive structures that guide behaviors and actions
87) Kara is in the first grade. At lunch she sits next to her best friend Sheila and today they are having hotdogs. An older child helps Kara and Sheila by cutting their hotdogs into pieces. Kara complains because her hot dog was cut into five pieces and Sheila's was cut into six. Kara believes that Sheila has more food. Kara has not yet learned the principle of ________.
Conservation
63) In an experiment, what do we call the group of participants who receive a neutral treatment?
Control group
In which substage of Piaget's sensorimotor cognitive development will babies look for partially hidden objects?
Coordination of secondary scheming
56) Which of the following is a true statement about correlations?
Correlations can range from -1.00 to +1.00 and describe the strength of a relationship between two variables.
At birth, we lack the ability to perceive, think, or use language because which area of our brain is not well developed?
Cortex
What is the special, often unexpected urgency in treating infants' respiratory illnesses promptly?
Could lead to ear infections, which affect hearing, which can affect language development.
80) I say that a friend of mine is carrying "excess baggage" into his relationships. Erikson would say that my friend has unresolved ________.
Crises
40) The basic idea that there may be significant periods in development when an organism is especially sensitive to the presence or absence of some particular kind of experience or influence is referred to as a
Critical period
41) Humans learn languages best in their childhood. In fact, some research indicates that if a child doesn't learn to speak a formal language before the age of 6, they may never learn to speak well at all. This would best illustrate which of the following?
Critical period
65) In which of the following research designs are subjects of different ages studied at the same time and the results compared?
Cross-sectional
67) Cohort effects are most commonly associated with which type of research design?
Cross-sectional designs
47) Which of the following best defines a system of meanings and customs shared by an identifiable group and transmitted across generations?
Culture
74)Which of the following is the final stage of labor?
Delivery of the placenta
An infant has lost interest in a familiar stimulus. After the stimulus has been removed for a time, and then re-appears, the infant shows renewed interest. This defines _____________.
Dishabituation
64)Mrs. Smith is receiving information and advice about prenatal care from her health care team. With regard to alcohol, what advice will they most likely give Mrs. Smith?
Do not consume any amount of alcohol
21) The three broad categories that are used to classify changes over the lifespan are called
Domains of development
describe the transition from elementary school to high school
losses in academic achievement and self esteem
6) As a developmental psychologist I believe that humans possess no inborn abilities and that a child's parents can mold them into whatever they want them to be. Which of the following would best describe my beliefs?
Empiricism
Regarding the development of the brain and nervous system, animal studies have shown:
Enriched environments can help the young brain overcome damage caused by some teratogens
79) Psychosocial is to ________ as Psychoanalytic is to ________.
Erikson; Freud
71) Which is the best term to describe when a researcher lives in a particular culture for an extended time in order to gain a detailed understanding and description of the culture?
Ethnography
68) The idea that certain human behaviors have developed and persisted in order to ensure survival of the species is drawn from which of the following?
Ethology
89) ________ studies animals in their natural environment.
Ethology
63)What does current research say about smoking during pregnancy?
Evan prenatal exposure to tobacco can have long term effects on children's development
According to many neurophysiologists, what will result in the pruning of redundant neural pathways and the selective retention of the most efficient pathways in an infant's brain?
Experiences
93) A(n) _________ is a study that tests a causal hypothesis.
Experiment
34)Randy is taller than average and has larger than usual teeth. Some people used to think that people like Randy would be aggressive and not very bright. With which of the following was Randy most likely born?
Extra Y chromosome
2)Where does fertilization of the ovum take place in a normal pregnancy?
Fallopian tube
45)A normally developing fetus has reached a length of 12 inches and weighs about one pound. Using ultrasound it is possible to tell if the fetus is male or female. In which stage of development is this fetus?
Fetal
8) According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, which of the following occurs when an inadequate early environment fails to meet the needs of any particular stage of psychosexual maturation?
Fixation
72) The two primary goals of cross-cultural research are to identify universal changes that cross cultures and to
Gain information that will help improve people's lives
17) Carolyn is thinking of her children and what they are to become. She wants to see her children succeed and raise healthy families of their own. Carolyn spends more and more time thinking about how best to help her children be good people who contribute to society. Which of Erikson's stages would Carolyn most likely be experiencing?
Generativity vs stagnation
47)A blastocyte is floating inside of Sandy's uterus. In which stage is Sandy's pregnancy?
Germinal stage
46)What correctly lists the stages of prenatal development in order or progression?
Germinal, embryonic, fetal
What are the differences between boys and girls when it comes to the development of gross motor skills?
Girls' develop faster
67)list sexually transmitted disease that can be passed to the fetus during vaginal birth
HIV, syphilis, genital herpes, gonorrhea, cytomegalovirus
______ conducted ingenious research which demonstrated that infant monkeys become attached to a terrycloth covered "mother" and would cling to it rather than a wire mother than provided them with food
Harlow
Your daughter is 20 months old. Which of the following statements is most likely true regarding her auditory acuity and skills?
Have the same skill level of adults
50) Two-year-old Sven can use crayons and paper to draw pictures. According to Piaget, why is Sven drawing pictures?
He is presenting an outward representation of his internal thoughts.
75)What aspects of neonatal functioning is assessed by the Apgar scale?
Heart beats per minute, respiration, muscle tone, reflexive response when feet exposed to stimuli, color of lips, palms, and soles of feet.
3) Which of the following most accurately describes Freud's model of the personality?
Id, ego, and superego
13)Under what circumstance(s) will a recessive gene be expressed?
If both parents carry the gene
51) Which of the following statements is the BEST example of a hypothesis about human development?
If breast milk is a superior supplement for infant brain development, children who were breast-fed as infants should perform better on psychological tests than children who were not breast fed.
77) Which of the following best explains the protection from harm aspect of research ethics?
If temporary harm may be caused by the research, the researchers must provide a way to relieve that harm.
Under which circumstances might a doctor recommend that a breastfed infant be given nutritional supplements?
If they are pre-term
70)What is associated with maternal malnutrition?
Increased risk of delivering a low-birth-weight infant who will have intellectual difficulties in childhood. And increased risk of developing mental illnesses in adulthood.
Denise said, "Go bye-bye?" His mother replied, "Yes we are going to go bye-bye." Denise's mother's response is an example of ___________.
Infant directed speech (IDS)
Most of us speak in high pitched voices when speaking to a young child. Which term best describes this type of speaking?
Infant directed speech (IDS)
58)Nan is exposed to high levels of radiation during the 6th, 7th, and 8th weeks of gestation. Which of the following organ structures in the fetus are most likely to show abnormalities?
Irreversible mental retardation
19) Which of the following is considered to be the major weakness of psychoanalytic theories?
It has been very difficult to test their key concepts
8)Describe identical twin studies
It helps us, to some extent, identify genetic versus environmental causes of behavior.
Your friend Olga is a new, first-time mother. Her six-week-old infant has shown a recent increase in crying. She doesn't know whether this is because she is picking the child up every time it cries. She is asking you for advice. What would you say to her?
It is normal for crying to increase over the first six weeks of life, and picking her child up will not reinforce the crying.
37) Which of the following would be considered a strength of social-learning theory?
It seems to give an accurate picture of the way in which many behaviors are learned.
11)What is true of a trait controlled by a dominant gene?
It will show up on his/her phenotype
4) Who was the philosopher who believed that children are born with a mind which is a blank slate?
John Locke
24) "Little Albert" was a subject of whose research?
John Watson
23) Not all cultures define the boundaries of adolescence in the same way. For example, if you grew up in Great Britain you could do which of the following?
Join the military at the age of 16
Which involve processing information based on body motion or the motion of an object in relation to the body.
Kinetic cues
76) Darius participated in a study of the effects of alcohol on long term memory. More than a year after his participation ended, he received a newsletter telling him all about the results of the study. The researchers were following the ethical guideline that mandates
Knowledge of results
In some languages, nouns and verbs are stressed sounds, and children who speak those languages seem to learn nouns and verbs first. In other languages, prefixes and suffixes are stressed, and children learn those sounds first. This idea that children are preprogrammed to focus on "stressed" sounds is a part of ____________________ of language development.
Language acquisition device
What is the basis of interactionist theory?
Language is developed by both internal and external factors
What is the simplest precaution that a parent can take to reduce the risk of SIDS? What have researchers learned about sudden infant death syndrome?
Lay infant on back while sleeping
What refers to a child's ability to think about or evaluate the quality of her thinking?
Matrix classification
9) What is the term that Arnold Gesell used to describe genetically programmed sequential patterns of change such as puberty or menopause?
Maturation
"When language starts to come in, it does not include new meanings to the child. Rather, it is used to express only those meanings the child has already formulated independently of language." This statement would most likely be made by whom?
Melissa Bowerman
The myelinization in the reticular formation makes _______________________________________ possible?
Memory
What is the term which describes the ability to control and reflect on your own memory functions?
Metamemory
73) Which of the following contexts of development includes those variables to which people are exposed directly, such as families, schools, religious institutions, and neighborhoods?
Microsystem
90) In Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory, my immediate family, my job, and my dogs are all part of my ________.
Microsystem
_________ of neurons and glial cells are present at birth
Millions
Why are girls less likely to complete suicide
More likely to use poisons that do not work
What is another name for the startle reflex?
Moro/primitive
26) Juanita's father died when she was just a baby, but her family insists that she not only looks like him, she acts like him as well. This might indicate that which of the following had a large impact on her development?
Nature
26) A boy is pestering his mother for candy in the grocery store, whining for ten minutes and saying things like, "I want candy! Please? Just this once! Oh, come on, Mom, please?" His mother ignores him for ten minutes, but finally gives in and says, "Oh, all right. Here it is. Just stop whining!" If the boy engages in more whining in the future, and the mother gives in even more easily, which of the following would apply to the mother?
Negative reinforcement
55)Synapses are formed following the development of which neural structures?
Neurons
10) What term is used to describe standardized tests that compare an individual child's score to the average score of others her age?
Norm-referenced tests
38) What is the term for changes that occur in most members of a cohort as a result of factors at work during a specific, well-defined historical period?
Normative history-graded change
44) Adults in London, England, who were teenagers living there during the bombings of World War II all report that their lives were changed by those events. This exemplifies which of the following?
Normative history-graded changes
8) Which of the following assertions regarding lifespan development can be attributed to both G. Stanley Hall and Charles Darwin?
Norms should be identified for each developmental stage
The disease kwashiorkor is caused by __________________________________.
Not enough protein in the diet.
83) The underlying principle of classical conditioning is teaching an organism to exhibit a biologically programmed reflex in response to a ________ stimulus.
Novel (or new)
Which conditions have been proposed by theorists as a possible explanation for the development of eating disorders
OCD
Which term describes an excessive need for control of the environment
OCD
A child's understanding of the nature of objects, their properties, and how they work defines _____________.
Object concept
Briefly explain the functions of the midbrain and the medulla. Why do these structures need to be fully functional at birth?
Regulate vitals
24) According to your text, when does middle childhood occur?
Once a child enters school
2) The Christian doctrine of ________ is the basis for the theory that human development occurs as a result of how well or how poorly someone does at overcoming their innately sinful nature.
Original sin
What is the best example of relational aggression?
Ostracism, cruel gossip, or facial expressions of disdain
Jose was abused before being places in foster care. He frequently has nightmares about the abuse and even has flashbacks of the abuse during the day. He ahs difficulty concentrating at school and is falling behind. From what is Jose likely suffering?
PTSD
30) Which of the following results in behaviors which are difficult to extinguish?
Partial reinforcement schedules
14) Which of the following theorists is known for his emphasis on the positive aspects of aging?
Paul Batles
10)Seth has dark hair and dark eyes, even though his biological mother is fair skinned. Seth's hair and eye color are part of his ____.
Phenotype
18) Michael, age 16, has recently gained a considerable amount of weight but has not grown any taller. Developmentalists would suggest that there is a problem in which of the following domains of developmental psychology?
Physical
15) What term is used to describe changes in size, shape, and characteristics of the body?
Physical domain
59) Neo-Piagetian theorists combine which of the following to explain cognitive development in children?
Piaget and information processing theory
48)What is formed from cells from the outer layer of the blastocyte and the uterine wall?
Placenta
Your brain has the ability to change in response to experience. This ability is known as ___________________________
Plasticity
16)What is the term for the pattern of inheritance in which many genes influence a trait?
Polygenic inheritance
Describe teen pregnancy
Pregnancy under the age of 20; girls usually leave high school
48) In which stage of cognitive development does a child use symbols to think and communicate?
Preoperational
According to Piaget, describe a baby's simple repetitive actions that are organized around the baby's own body.
Primary circular reactions
Chun Lee sticks anything in his mouth that he can get his hands on. he has also started looking in the general direction of sounds that he hears. Chun Lee is exhibiting ___________
Primary circular reactions
27) Miguel is expected to clean his room and to empty all trash in the house. When Miguel forgets his chores, he is grounded. Which of the following has been appropriately applied if Miguel remembers to do his chores?
Punishment
32) Which of the following terms best describes a change in kind or type?
Qualitative
31) Which of the following terms best describes a change in amount?
Quantitative
64) A researcher wants to study developing human fetuses that have already been exposed to radiation. Which type of research would be best suited for this?
Quasi-experimentation
Seth is six weeks old. You are holding three balloons in your hand: one red, one blue and one green. Seth has already developed the required cones in his eyes to differentiate between the ___________________.
Red and green
85) In operant conditioning, ________ always strengthens behavior; ________ always weakens behavior.
Reinforcement; punishment
74) In survey research it is very important that the participants reflect the characteristics of the whole group of people being studied. To which characteristic of the sample are we referring?
Representativeness
73) Which of the following statements is true about research ethics?
Research ethics apply to both human and animal research
63) Which of the following is true of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?
Researchers have found that children of parents who provide scaffolding early on perform better in elementary school than children whose parents did not provide scaffolding
52) Of the following, which is the BEST example of naturalistic observation?
Researchers interested in children's gender-related interactions videotape children while they are playing during recess and while they are engaged in cooperative learning assignments in their classrooms
Attention is regulated by ___________________________ structures?
Reticular formation
33) Which of the following best summarizes social-cognitive learning theory?
Rewards and punishers are not always necessary as children learn through observing siblings' interactions with their parents
Between 1992 and 1999, what happened to the rate of infant vaccinations in the United States?
Rose from 55% to 90%
What is the leading cause of death in the United States among infants between the ages of one month and one year?
SIDS
54) Jan likes to fix her own breakfast, but the milk carton is too heavy for her to manage on her own. Her mother pours milk into a special pump dispenser just for Jan. Which of the following has Jan's mother provided?
Scaffolding
55) An adult adapts a process to a child's developmental level in order to assist the child in developing a new skill or ability. What would Vygotsky call this process?
Scaffolding
88) According to Vygotsky, training wheels on a bicycle would be an example of ________.
Scaffolding
40) According to the principles of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, how you act at a party depends upon which of the following to guide and direct your behavior?
Scheme
Dave is getting ready for bed. He knows that he must brush his teeth before putting on his PJs. What is Dave demonstrating?
Scripts
Women born outside of the United States tend to show ________ rates of alcohol and tobacco use than U.S. women.
lower
34) According to Bandura, which of the following terms best describes the expectancies we acquire about what we can and cannot do?
Self-efficacy
35) Niko plans to go to a good college. He seems unconcerned about competitive admissions policies because he believes that if he studies hard, he can get in wherever he wants. Bandura would consider this an example of which of the following?
Self-efficacy
47) Which of the following is the first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor
Gregory is a six-month-old baby boy. He is learning about his environment through touching things, putting things, putting things in his mouth, and scooting around on the floor. According to Piaget, Greg is in which stage of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor
69) Which type of research design is intended to avoid the shortcomings of both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies by combining features of both?
Sequential design
27)What is caused by a gene on the X chromosome?
Sex-linked disorders
58) Before information such as a grocery list or a friend's birthday can be stored in long-term memory, in which of the following is the information processed?
Short-term memory
64) Which of the following was one of the findings in testing the principle of conservation?
Six and seven year olds recognized that a ball of clay rolled into a sausage shape still had the same amount of clay
60) An experiment is designed to study the effects of long lectures on the sleeping behavior of college students. In such a study, the dependent variable is
Sleeping behavior of college students
19) Which domain of developmental psychology examines interactions with others?
Social
35) Our sense of "the right time" to go to college, marry, have children, or retire is determined by our
Social clock
58) You are a taking part in a survey which asks about your attitudes toward physical punishment of children. Even though you believe that spanking is sometimes necessary, you answer that you are opposed to any sort of physical punishment. Which of the following terms best describes why you answered the way that you did?
Social desirability
17) What term is used to describe changes in variable that are associated with the relationship of an individual to others?
Social domain
69) Of the following concepts, which is an aspect of the sociobiology theory of human development?
Social rules and behaviors that ensure survival
6) According to Freud's model of personality, which of the following best demonstrates the functioning of the id?
Stealing a cd because you really wanted it
59)Your friend is taking Accutane for her adult acne. She comes to you and says that she thinks she is pregnant. What is the best advice that you can give her?
Stop taking medication
4)Chromosomes are composed of what?
Strings of genetic material
5) Jada saw some money on the kitchen table. She really wanted to take it but her conscience kept her from it. Which part of Jada's personality is telling her that it would be socially unacceptable to take the money?
Superego
78) You find a wallet lying on the floor of your classroom. Everyone else has left and you are alone. Part of your personality wants to take the money that is in the wallet and part of your personality is telling you that it would wrong to do so. According to Psychoanalytic theory, the part that is telling you that it would be wrong is your ________.
Superego
55) What is the term for the research method in which data is collected through participant responses to questions?
Survey
Which country has the greatest percentage of securely attached children?
Sweden/Great Britain
45) Which of the following is a finding of Glen Elder, et al., on individuals who grew up during the Great Depression?
Teenagers whose families experienced severe economic difficulty assumed adult responsibility prematurely
Johann lives in a family with five siblings. There is always a lot of activity and interaction between the children and parents. There are many brightly colored toys and things to play with. Suzanne's family can't afford many toys at all, and she has only old hand-me downs to play with, most of which are broken. What would best describes a likely difference in brain development between Johann and Suzanne?
The "use it or lose it" idea which says that since Johann is in a more stimulating environment than Suzanne his brain will have a denser network of neurons and synapses.
When a child looks for an object in the place where it was last seen and gives up if it is not there, what type of logic are they demonstrating?
The A-not-B error
62) A new medicine for headaches is in clinical trials. The patients who are receiving this new drug are members of which group?
The experimental group
28) Which of the following is an example from your text of an inborn bias?
The fact that, universally, children's speech begins with single words before proceeding onto sentences.
39) Babies frequently engage in repetitive actions using their hands and their eyes. Which of the following statements best explains this behavior?
The theory that infants rely on their basic biological senses to explore and learn about the world
67) Which of the following is LEAST likely to influence IQ?
The type of television show the child watches
49) Sets of statements that propose general principles to explain development are known as
Theories
62) In terms of usefulness and reliability, which of the following is true of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?
There is insufficient evidence at present to either support or contradict most of his theory
The primary technique of interacting with the world in the first substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage is ____.
They are tied to the immediate present. No memory or planning,
An interactionist would see which shortcoming of the nativists' approach to language development?
They argue that children's language follows rules because it is part of the broader process of cognitive development
What does your text suggest about the persistence of the Moro reflex or the Babinski reflex beyond six months of age?
They begin to disappear
74) Which of the following do Psychoanalytic and most Learning Theories have in common?
They both believe that we are passive recipients of environmental influences.
Infants' auditory skills are equal to those of an adult, except that _____________________________.
They can't hear high pitch sounds or determine the location of sounds.
31) Which of the following is a common mistake that parents make when trying to stop unwanted behaviors?
They create intermittent schedules of reinforcement when they think they are punishing
73)How are newborn infants affected by medications given to the mother during the birthing process?
They tend to be slightly more sluggish and spend more times sleeping in the first few weeks than do infants of mothers not given anesthetics during delivery. (because the drugs enter the placenta and go into the infant's bloodstream)
41)Jan is becoming emotionally attached to her unborn fetus. Her breasts are secreting colostrum. Jan is most likely in which trimester?
Third
36) Which of these best illustrates the principles of social-cognitive theory?
When Marla responds angrily to a request from her daughter Bess, Bess' sister Treva, who observed this response, decides she will wait a day or two before asking for a new stereo
34) Which of the following is an example of a normative age-graded change?
You are taller now than when you were two years old
12) If you are born in the 21st century, which of the following statements might apply to you?
You may well live to be 100 years old
29) Which of the following is the best example of extinction?
You stop buying lottery tickets after spending several hundred dollars and never winning
78) After reading Chapter One, which of the following should you be able to apply to your daily life?
You will have some tools to critically evaluate research and make an informed decision as to applying the research findings to your daily life
53) Five year old Elena can tie her shoes, but she needs her mother's help to untie them. She also needs her mother's help to button her sweater. Vygotsky would suggest that this situation illustrates Elena's
Zone of proximal development
What is a stage in cognitive development from birth to age 7, according to Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?
Zone of proximal development and scaffolding
if Marla wants to be the best clarinet player in the band, she is motivated by which type of goal?
ability
Which abilities initiates the Eriksonian crisis of initiative versus guilt?
ability to plan
During the middle childhood years, the main focus of education is on what?
ability to read and write, literacy
What is a characteristic of victims of bullying?
anxiety, pacivity, sensitivity, lack of humor, lack of friends
A history of ______________is associated with SIDS.
apnea
83) As we age the transition between stages of development becomes more ________ in terms of defining milestones.
arbitrary
Typically true of parents in the United States; how do they view an infant's erratic sleep patterns?
as a problem that needs fixing through parental intervention
_____ is most associated with the view that infants are biologically predisposed to form emotional bonds with caregivers and that the caregivers of those bonds shape later social and personality development.
attachment theory
Langlois studied infant preferences for ________ faces.
attractive
Which children would be LEAST likely to be rejected or neglected by peers in middle childhood?
attractive and physically larger kids that are popular
Children who have difficult temperaments and enjoy risk-taking will likely respond best to which type of discipline?
authoritarian
In a study of how ethnicity and socioeconomic status interact with parenting styles, researchers found that which parenting style was linked to positive outcomes for African American and Asian American adolescents?
authoritarian
According to research, which parental characteristic is most consistently related to children's secure attachments, altruistic and empathetic behaviors, and school achievements?
authoritative
Six-year-old Ty asks his mother if he can stay up until 9 p.m. on Friday night to watch a special educational TV program. His mother says, "We'll try it this once to see how it goes." What is Ty's mother's parenting style?
authoritative
When a child misbehaves and the parent responds by sticking to their rules, but does not assert unnecessary power over the child, which parenting style is being used?
authoritative
Which parenting style has the most consistently positive outcomes?
authoritative
Which parenting style is associated with the most socially competent children?
authoritative
When the teacher asked, "How many inches are there in 1 mile?" Carmen answered without having to pause to compute the number of inches in a foot. Carmen's skill is an example of which cognitive ability?
automaticity
The preschool years, from age two to age six, include which two of Erikson's stages of development?
autonomy vs shame and doubt initiative vs guilt
Dan depends on his mother for everything he needs. When he cries, she responds with food or a clean diaper or a cuddle. Erikson would say that Dan's mother is helping him resolve the conflict known as
autonomy vs shame/doubt
Emotional intelligence has three components: awareness of personal emotions, appropriate emotional expression, and
awareness of emotion
What is one of the stages of crisis of teen pregnancy
escalations
By what age do children generally believe that it is more wrong for a child to hit another person than to forget to say "please"?
between 2 and 3
Describe girls' and boys' physical development during middle childhood.
between the ages of 6-12 kids will grow 2-3 inches and 6lbs per year, hand eye coordination improves, and girls are ahead of boys
Maria came to the United States from Puerto Rico. She speaks very little English but is in a special class that teaches her in both English and Spanish. Maria is in what type of program?
bilingual education
The eating disorder bulimia nervosa is characterized by
bindge eating and purging
Depth perception is possible because of __________________ types of cues?
binocular cues, monocular cues, linea perspective, and kinetic cues.
What is a central theme that emerges from both Freud's and Erikson's view of development during the preschool period?
bodily control and parental relationships
Elisa is growing up in a home where both Russian and English are spoken. She can accurately discriminate all sound contrasts that appear in _________ languages.
both
Your text mentions a coexisting condition that causes chronic diarrhea in many infants who suffer from marasmus. What is this coexisting condition?
calorie deficit
According to Piaget, which children are most likely to recognize that intentions are important when making moral judgments about others' behaviors?
children over 8
Describes egocentric empathy.
children try to cure someone's distress with what they would find most comforting.
What children tend to be more prone to illness?
children who experience high levels of stress or family upheaval
Which child is most likely to suffer negative effects of self-care?
children who have no parental involvement and kids in low income neighborhoods.
Which children are least likely to suffer the most negative effects of self-care?
children who have relatives check in and have parent's check list of things to do
What characteristics increases the risk that a child would be abused?
children with physical and mental disabilities, children that have difficult temperments
According to Bowlby's theory of attachment, what will a child have developed by age 5 years?
clear internals model of the mother, a self model, and a model of relationships
What is the term that describes a child's ability to cheer themselves up when they are sad or calm themselves when they are angry?
emotional regulation
When an infant demonstrates an understanding of the emotions of others and how those emotions affect behavior and also understands his or her own emotions and their expression, they are demonstrating their
emotional self
Explain attachment
emotional tie to the parent experienced by an infant from which the child derives security
Amy feels sad whenever she sees homeless people. She worries that they are cold at night and may not have enough to eat. Hoffman would suggest that Amy is exhibiting ________
empathy
Give a statement about adolescents development of formal operational thinking
enables them to understand figurative language
W is a style of communicating that usually involves girls using suggestions, support, and agreement between themselves?
enabling style
At what age will a toddler show a sharp increase in self-awareness
end of 2nd year
27) Developmental psychologists have observed that babies seem to be born predisposed to respond to people in certain ways, such as crying or smiling, in order to elicit attention from a caregiver. Psychologists call these inherent tendencies
inborn biases
Definition of temperament
inborn pre-depositions, such as activity level, that form the foundations of personality
If two-month-old Andrew has colic, which characteristics will be most noticeable to his parents?
increase in crying for no apparent reason
Cindy enjoys playing violent video games. What might you predict about Cindy's behavior in general?
increase in emotional hostility, decreases ability to identify with others, which results in aggression
In support of the hypothesis that improved processing efficiency accounts for cognitive development, researchers have found those children's thinking and response time ________
increase with age
39)What is associated with the second trimester of pregnancy
increased appetite
When a girls leaves school, how does this effect teen pregnancy?
increases chance of pre go
The use of verb forms of verb tenses (such as eating or ate from the verb eat) defines
inflections
What is the term used by linguists for grammatical markers?
inflections
Gender schema theory grew out of ______________________________ perspectives?
information processing
List the stages of crisis of teen pregnancy.
initial phase, escalation phase, redefinition phase, dysfunctional phase
Strategies for learning are ______________________ regarding the research of Renee Baillargeon.
innate
A child shows no interest in contact with her mother following a separation. This child does not specifically resist the mothers' efforts, but she will not seek much contact. She shows no preference for her mother over a stranger. Describe this
insecure attachment
What is the term associated with expressions of discomfort, such as crying, when removed from an attachment figure
insecure attachment
Explain the typical ways that poverty impacts children?
intellectually, physically, socially
hildren who are older than eight years of age, compared to children who are younger, know that ________ are important when making moral judgments about the behavior of others.
intentions
What is unique about the Efe culture in regard to child rearing?
interact with many different women regularly and are cared for communally
According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, what represents the ability to understand oneself?
intrapersonal intelligence
Which activities would help a child develop phonological awareness?
invented spelling
What terms applies to those school children who are non-English-speaking, whether immigrant or native-born?
limited english proficiency
Which of the following is the ability to use language effectively?
linguistic
Are sex education programs effective?
little or no long term effect
What is the most likely reason that African American and Asian American families use an authoritarian parenting style with their children?
living in a different environment, living with racism, and it increases success
Preference technique is determined by measuring how ________ a baby looks at an object.
long
What term for the onset of the menstrual cycle?
menarchy
How is the intelligence quotient calculated
mental age/ chronological age x100
What is a major influence in a child's self esteem?
mental comparisons of own's idea self and real self. also their feeling of support
According to your textbook, what is likely to have an adverse effect on a child's social and psychological wellness?
mental health of mother
A child who can tell you what study methods work best for different subjects or what subjects are hardest for her to learn would be displaying which skills?
metacognition
What terms applies to thinking about how to think?
metacognition
The ability to control and reflect on your own memory functions is called ___. How do information-processing and sociocultural theorists explain changes in young children's thinking?
metamemory;
Most people probably begin to have some awareness of their sexual orientation at what point in their lives?
middle adulthood
Beginning in the 1990s, which group experienced the most rapid growth in single motherhood?
middle class professional women
At what age do self-conscious typically arise?
middle of 2nd year
What is a distinguishing characteristic of culture-fair tests?
minimize impact of verbal knowledge on scores
What is a negative consequence of spanking as a form of discipline?
models pain as a way of getting what you want. Results in higher aggression
Children of gay or lesbian parents are ____________
more unsure about sexual future
Describe adolescent sexual activity
most have 1st through mid-late teens; boys typically more active than girls
What might contribute to neglecting or uninvolved parenting?
mother may be depressed or distracted by other activities
Even though boys and girls may differ in the rate at which they develop ____________ skills, they still develop these skills in the __________________sequence.
motor, same
During the first of Freud's psychosexual stages of development, the child derives satisfaction from stimulation of which body part?
mouth
According to Esther Thelen, true walking develops because of a genetic plan and a change in the ratio of ________ to ________ in infants' bodies.
muscle strength, weight
The attention span of the average fourth-grader is much longer than that of the average first grader. Which biological changes are primarily responsible for this?
mylinization of frontal love, reticulation, and nerves that link both
Describe children who readily separate from their caregivers and seem to enjoy exploring their surroundings
secure attachment
________ refers to the process of bone hardening.
ossification
According to neuroscientists, what is the primary determinant of which functions will or will not be lateralized?
our genes
When Simon says, "My hamster runned away, "he is using
over regularization
Children whose BMIs are between the 85th and 95th percentiles are classified as _____
overweight
54)What best describes neuronal proliferation?
pace of neural formation picks up dramatically between 10th and 18th weeks
Bill borrowed a crayon from Bob. Both boys are coloring in separate coloring books. In what type of play are the boys engaging?
parallel or associative
Give an example of the typical pattern of obedience to parents' wishes for a two-year-old.
parent says don't touch that, and child steps away
86) Your text suggests that the period from 6 - 12 months might be the sensitive period for ________.
parent/infant attachment
When all relevant factors are considered, what is the factor that most strongly influences how self-care affects a child
parental monitering
What is described in terms of activity level, distractibility, and persistence?
temperament
What characteristics would be typical of a school-age child who is popular with his or her peers?
positive supportive and non aggressive
Summarizes the research as to the causes of homosexuality.
possible genetic but maybe enironment
Many children who grow up in neighborhoods with street violence, gang activity, and overcrowded homes suffer from what?
post traumatic stress disorder
Japanese children use __ makers that tell something about the feeling or context of a sentence.
pragmatic
Which of Paigets stages is characterized by symbolic representation and egocentrism?
preoperational
According to Vygotsky in which stage do infants learn through conditioning, until language begins to develop during the second year?
primitive stage
3 year old child who uses language as a guide to solving problems, such as saying "put it there" to himself as he builds a tower of blocks is using ____
private speech stage
Jamie is a difficult child. His parents have finally given up on trying to control his impulsive behaviors. How is this likely to influence Jamie's social relationships?
problems with social relationships and cognitive deficits
according to your text, high school students perform better than elementary school students in memory task experiments because they
process info faster, use processing resources more efficiently, understands own memory process better, more knowledge
What is a suggestion made by pediatriciians to help children develop effective bedtime practices
provide structured predictable bedtimes and stick to it everyday. 8-10 hours of sleep per day. Establish a bedtime routine and provide a stuffed animal
Rod refers to his friend, Sam, as smart. Rod's description is based on what?
psychological construct
During middle childhood, a new component of the self is added to the categorical, social, and emotional selves. This new component includes things like personality traits. What is the term for this new component?
psychological self
Use of laxatives, exercise, and vomiting are most closely associated with what?
purging
With regard to children's play areas, which characteristic of toys is more important that quantity
quality
92) In an experiment, if participants have equal chances of being assigned to the different groups, we say that assignment was ________.
random
The __ with which children acquire language skill varies widely. What kinds of individual differences are evident in language development?
rate
Children who do not catch up with their peers usually have __ language deficits
receptive
Sue failed to ride her bike up the hill with her friends. She later asked her father to remove the training wheels from her bike so that she would no longer feel embarrassed. This is an example of which part of Social-Cognitive theory?
reciprocal determinism
During the later years of middle childhood, the key element of children's friendships becomes ___
reciprocal trust
What is the best example of intermodal perception?
recognizing a toy by seeing it then feeling it
Permanent changes in behavior that result from experience are examples of
schematic learning
What is the term that describes the organization of experiences into expectancies?
schematic learning
Of the following events in boys' puberty, which typically occurs earliest?
scrotum and testes get larger and scrotum reddens
According to your textbook, 3 and 4-year olds are able to use scanning and systematic searching to do which of the activities?
search for objects
Changes in sexual maturity that occur during puberty are referred to as _ sex characteristics
secondary
According to Piaget, describe deliberate actions oriented around external objects.
secondary circular reactions
The core feature(s) of anorexia nervosa is (are) _____
sleep disturbance, cessation of menstruation, insensitivity to pain, loss of hair, low BP, cardiovascular probs, decreased body temp
65)What is a characteristic of a child born with fetal alcohol syndrome?
smaller children, smaller brains, heart defects, hearing losses
82) Celia has an outgoing, friendly personality, while her best friend Chester is shy and reserved. We are describing Celia and Chester through the ________ domain of development.
social
What seems to be the most important element in a child's acceptance by her peers?
social behavior
what correlates with dropping out of high school
social class, risky behavior, academic failure, peer influence, uninterest in class material
Rose, age 11 months, went to the circus with her mother. When a clown came bouncing up to Rose's stroller Rose was anxious and looked at her mother. When Rose's mother began to laugh at the clown, Rose joined in the laughter. Rose's behavior is called ____
social referencing
As the categorical self and the emotional self mature, what new component of self-concept is likely to develop?
social self
Jack and Keri are playing school. Jack is pretending to be the teacher and Keri is pretending to be the student. Keri is well behaved as a "student" and answers questions appropriately when Jack asks them. Keris behavior is an example of __________________
social self and social scripts
Multicultural studies have found similar gender stereotypes across cultures. What is a common gender stereotype for women?
soft heartedness
The five basic flavors that humans register are
sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami
Infants respond differently to __________________ flavors in the research conducted by Steiner regarding the taste abilities of infants.
sweet, sour, and bitter
Which term would Freud use when referring to the interdependent between mother and child?
symbiotic relationship
According to Piaget, about age 2, children begin to use ___ in their thinking
symbolic
Brain development in the first year of life emphasizes _______________________________________
synaptogenesis
What is the name of the process of creating new synapses that happens very quickly in the first couple of years after birth?
synaptogenesis
Bob cries and his mother responds immediately. When he coos at his mother, she smiles and cuddles him. Developmentalists would say that this is an example of ___
synchrony
14 year old Muhammed won a contest sponsored by the local newspaper to celebrate a championship basketball game. The object of the contest was to determine how many words could be make from the word "score." Which newly developed ability of formal operational thought would have been most helpful to Muhammed?
systematic problem solving
Charlene has achieved formal operational thought and is about to attempt Piaget's pendulum task. What can she do that she was UNABLE to do when she was still in the concrete operations stage.
systematic problem solving
What a behavior seen in the parents of children with high IQs
talk to them often using language that is descriptively rich and accurate. operate in zone of proximal development
DeShaun wants to learn calculus so he can become an engineer. He is motivated by which type of goal?
task
50)Organogenesis is what?
technical term for organ development
What is the correlation between risk-seeking behavior and the media?
teens highest in sensation seeking are most influenced by medial portrayals of risky behavior
"Mommy sick!" is an example of which type of language?
telegraphic speech
According to your text, all grammatical markers are missing from __, the short simple sentences children generally begin to use between 18-24 mos.
telegraphic speech
What is the primary goal of trait theories?
tell us about the origin of the emotional responses to childhood experience that shape development and self perceived competence.
The emotional and behavioral predispositions present at birth are thought to be the foundation of personality. These predispositions are collectively referred to as _____
temperamant
Your neighbor Grace told you that her 2 children were obviously very different and it was noticeable right from birth. According to Sarah, her son was fussy and rarely slept through the night, while her daughter was calm and adapted very easily to any situation. Grace is describing which aspect of her children's differing personalities?
temperaments
According to Piaget, describe deliberate experimentation with variations of previous actions that occur in the sensorimotor period.
tertiary circular reactions
Glynnis is 14 months old. She is trying out new things, playing with her toys, and manipulating objects in new ways-- experimenting with her environment. Glynnis is in which substage of Piaget's first cognitive stage?
tertiary circular reactions
88) A major difference between a theory and a hypothesis is that hypotheses are ________.
testable
summarize the research of Brown and Day regarding text learning in adolescents
tested different age groups and found that the ability to summarize improves in second half of adolescence
Explain the biological influence on the psychological differences between males and females.
testosterone
Which group of hormones is responsible for the development of the sex organs?
testosterone and estrogen
What did research carried out by Herbert, Gross & Hayne in 2006 demonstrate regarding deferred imitation?
that nine month olds can defer their imitation for as long as 24 hours
according to your text, means-end behavior is__
the ability to keep a goal in mind and devise a plan to achieve it
Your text refers to studies involving nursing mothers who were inadvertently smothering their infants a little by holding them improperly during feeding. The babies' responses were usually to resist nursing. This study was used to illustrate which concepts at work in infant learning?
the smothering sensation
Give an example of a social convention.
where to place silverwear
