Ling Final Pt.2
phoneme
//
What is a heuristic?
A cognitive principle/deduction
Anterior
A phonetic feature of consonants whose place of articulation is in front of the palato-alveolar area, including labials, interdentals, and alveolars.
Syllabic
A phonetic feature of those sounds that may constitute the nucleus of syllables; all vowels are syllabic, and liquids and nasals may be syllabic in such words as towel, button, and bottom
Labial
A sound articulated at the lips: for example, [b] and [f].
Velar
A sound produced by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate, or velum.
Palatal
A sound produced by raising the front part of the tongue to the palate.
Alveolar
A sound produced by raising the tongue to the alveolar ridge: for example, [s], [t], and [n].
Continuant
A speech sound in which the air stream flows continually through the mouth; all speech sounds except stops and affricates.
Voiced
A speech sound produced with vibrating vocal cords.
What is the study of psycholinguistics?
An area of experimental linguistics that is concerned with linguistic performance-how we use our linguistic competence-in speech (or sign) production and comprehension
Priming
An implicit memory effect in which exposure to a word or sentence influences response to a later word or sentence
Complementary distribution
Can never see them together in the environment
Place of articulation
Consonants are classified based in part on where in the vocal tract the airflow is being restricted
What are the basic language acquisition milestones at 12 months?
First words (used inconsistent in way) (dada, mama, baba)
Children make an initial fast mapping between a new word they hear and a likely candidate what is this an example of?
Heuristic
Whole-object assumption Words refer to whole objects not parts Cup (not referring to a "handle, or white" etc. "Hot" many children take this to mean the label for "stove" What is this an example of?
Heuristic
What is linguistic performance?
How we use out linguistic competence
/m/, /n/ and /ŋ/ are [+ nasal]
How would you write that /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ are nasals using distinctive features?
What are the major principal claims of Functionalists?
Language learning results from general cognitive abilities, Interaction between learners and their communities, Language learning grows from general cognitive capacities, Memory- perceptual systems (auditory, vision), Sophisticated learning mechanism, Symbolic capacities not limited to speech (Gestural abilities "pre-verbal" communication Symbolic play)
How are top-down and bottom-up processing important in language understanding?
Language works and makes use of bottom up processing and top down processing
What is the nucleus of the ASL syllables?
Movement
What are the basic language acquisition milestones from 24 - 36 months?
Multiword utterances
Can you figure out what properties these phonemes uniquely have in common? /m/, /n/, /ŋ/
Nasals
what is phonotactics like in Indonesian?
No complex clusters - CV - V - VC - CVC
what is phonotactics like in Hawaiian?
No complex complex, no syllable final consonants - CV - V
what is phonotactics like in Hebrew?
No words with just "V" - CV - CCV - CCVC - CVC - CVCC
How does the IPA differ from orthographic representations ?
Orthography is spelling, it does not consistently represent the sounds of a language the way the IPA does
Nasal
Speech sound produced with an open nasal passage (lowered velum), permitting air to pass through the nose as well as the mouth: for example, /m/.
Know your speech anatomy
!!!
What claims did Eric Lenneberg make about properties of innate biological systems?
(1) Behavior emerges before it is necessary (2) Emergence is not triggered by an external event. (But development is dependent upon a rich environment) (3) Direct teaching and intensive practice have little effect (3) Developmental milestones (4) Likely to be a critical period (If period is missed you won't develop an adult grammar)
What are the possible differences of minimal pairs in ASL?
- Handshape - Movement - Location
what are the segment types in ASL (syllables)?
- Location - Movement
Why are speech error important?
- Tell us how language breaks apart (errors are consistent - Often exposes critical "seams" that tell us about how language is organized - Helps to expose the natural units of grammar - Helps us understand how speech is planned - Can reveal how language is organized - Spontaneous errors demonstrate that we apply and misapply grammatical rules as we speak - Pre-articulation or planning stages involve units larger than the single phonemic segment or even the word
What are the basic language acquisition milestones from 8-10 months?
communicative gestures (pointing + vocalization)
What does "C" refer to?
consonant
What are location segments in ASL similar to?
consonantal
1. Consider the relationship between how these words are written and how they are pronounced: island, debt, pole, knot, physics, pterodactyl, hour. This illustrates the fact that: a. Linguists need to adopt a symbol system that accurately represents the way words sound. (confusing because they have adopted a symbol system that accurately represents the way words sound so they don't have to adopt one) b. Spelling does not represent the sounds of a language in a consistent way. c. The way that English words are spelled sometimes reflects their historical origins. d. All of the above.
d. All of the above.
Consider the following word pairs and determine if they constitute a minimal pair (MP) and the position of the phoneme that establishing this as a minimal pair (i.e. word initial (WI) , word medial(WM) or word final(WF)). be/bee a. MP, WI b. MP, WM c. MP, WF d. Not a MP
d. Not a MP
which word contains a mid lax front vowel a. coat b. dark c. bait d. dead
d. dead
The sounds that results when you create constriction by raising the front part of the tongue to the palate is known as a: a. interdental b. labiodental c. glottal d. none of the above
d. none of the above
choose the corresponding IPA symbol for the initial sounds in the following English words: judge a. ʒ b. ʧ c. ɵ d. ʤ
d. ʤ
palatals
for these sounds, the constriction occurs by raising the front part of the tongue to the palate
What is linguistic competence?
knowledge
What are the basic language acquisition milestones from 4-6 months?
reduplicative babbling → gagagagagaga (single syllable repeated)
What are the basic language acquisition milestones from 2-4 months?
social smiles cooing
Bottom-up processing
starts with higher-level semantic, syntactic, and contextual information to analyze the acoustic signal Supported by several types of experimental evidence
Phonemes
the basic unit of sound and are sensed in your mind (abstract) /t/
glottals
the sound of [h] is from the flow of air through the open glottis and past the tongue and lips as they prepare to pronounce a vowel sound, which always follows [h].
Voiced sounds
those produced when the vocal cords are together and vibrate as air passes through
Voiceless sounds
those produced with the vocal cords apart so the air flows freely through the glottis
What are the basic language acquisition milestones from 7-12 months?
variegated babbling, intonational contours (dagagogayoya)
What are the basic language acquisition milestones from 0-2 months?
vegetative noises → giggles, farts
What does "V" refer to?
vowel
What are movement segments in ASL similar to?
vowels
bilabial
when we produce these we bring both lips together
labiodentals
while we use our lips to form these, we make these sounds by touching the bottom lip to the upper teeth
What are the basic language acquisition milestones from 18-20 months?
Vocabulary burst (magnets for new words multiple a day)
Imitation, reinforcement, correction, analogy, structured input
What are the major principal claims of Behaviorists?
Biological/genetic predispositions, Children come pre-equipped to acquire a grammar, Grammatical structures are hard coded, but need to be "set" according to the properties of the speech community, Mechanism: "Parameter Setting", Requires positive input (examples of allowable structures)
What are the major principal claims of Nativists?
Causes hyper-nasality because the child is born with a hard palate that does not fully close air and it always goes into the nasal cavity
What effect does cleft palate have on the quality of speech, why?
That you are dealing with separate phonemes (two different words) minimal pair segments. Same environment.
What is contrastive distribution a good indicator of?
That you are dealing with two (or more) allophones or a single phoneme
What is finding two segments in complementary distribution a good indication of?
An allophone it's like an ASL accent, doesn't change the meaning of the word
What is the presence or absence of the thumb in certain words of ASL?
Phoneme /t/ = (allo)phones [t] and [t^h] non contrastive variants of a phoneme in English
What is the relationship between a phoneme and an allophone?
allophone
[ ]
2. In linguistics the chief goal of the IPA is to: a. maximize the use of hops to create a strong bitter beer. b. represent English words that have irregular spelling. c. represent all of the sounds across the world's languages. d. distinguish difference in homographs.
c. represent all of the sounds across the world's languages.
Which word includes a voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop? a. breath b. pillow c. spill d. absconds
c. spill
Examine the following phonetic transcriptions and pick the corresponding English word or phrases. [th i z] a. these b. tizz c. tease d. his
c. tease
choose the corresponding IPA symbol for the final sounds in the following English words: cheese a. c b. s c. z d. ʒ
c. z
choose the corresponding IPA symbol for the initial sounds in the following English words: thought a. th b. ʧ c. θ d. ɸ
c. θ
Consider the following word pairs and determine if they constitute a minimal pair (MP) and the position of the phoneme that establishing this as a minimal pair (i.e. word initial (WI) , word medial(WM) or word final(WF)). cold/gold a. MP, WI b. MP, WM c. MP, WF d. Not a MP
a. MP, WI
choose the corresponding IPA symbol for the initial sounds in the following English words: phone a. f b. p c. ʃ d. ŋ
a. f
We often cross classify vowel sounds by: a. the relative frontness/backness of the tongue and height of the tongue b. voicing and unvoiced c. manner and place of articulation d. prosody and tenseness
a. the relative frontness/backness of the tongue and height of the tongue
choose the corresponding IPA symbol for the final sounds in the following English words: long a. ŋ b. u c. ə d. ʒ
a. ŋ
alveolars
all seven of these sounds are pronounced with the tongue raised in various ways to the alveolar ridge
velars
another class of sounds is produced by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate or velum. The initial and final sounds of kick and gig, and the final sounds of the words back, bag, and bang.
What can some voiceless sounds be further distinguishes as?
aspirated or unaspirated
Consider the following word pairs and determine if they constitute a minimal pair (MP) and the position of the phoneme that establishing this as a minimal pair (i.e. word initial (WI) , word medial(WM) or word final(WF)). rich/ridge a. MP, WI b. MP, WM c. MP, WF d. Not a MP
b. MP, WM
Which word includes a velar nasal sound: a. can't b. cling c. hunt d. got
b. cling
Examine the following phonetic transcriptions and pick the corresponding English word or phrases. [ θ r u] a. true b. through c. "are you" d. "or you"
b. through
choose the corresponding IPA symbol for the final sounds in the following English words: watch a. t b. ʧ c. w d. ʣ
b. ʧ
interdentals
both sounds spelled th, and are pronounced by inserting the tip of the tongue between the teeth.
Which of the following would not be considered a bilabial sound? a. [m] b. [b] c. [f] d. [p]
c. [f]
Examine the following phonetic transcriptions and pick the corresponding English word or phrases. [a n ɪ s t] a. ants b. "a nest" c. honest d. angst
c. honest
starts with higher-level semantic, syntactic, and contextual information to analyze the acoustic signal Supported by several types of experimental evidence Language as a pattern recognition process
Top-down processing
How are structurally ambiguous sentences helpful for understanding the way we naturally understand language?
Understanding a sentence involves more than merely recognizing its individual words The listener must also determine the syntactic (and semantic) relations among the words and phrases This mental process, referred to as parsing, is largely governed by the rules of the grammar and strongly influuenced by the sequential nature of language
What is "symbolic play" does it relate to language and vocabulary?
Symbolic play is the use of an object to stand for something - Ex: pick up a block and goes "vroom vroom" (car) - It is a gesture with communicative intent
What is the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)?
The IPA was invented in order to have a system in which there was a one-to-one correspondence between each sound in language and each phonetic symbol
Coronal
The class of consonants articulated by raising the tip or blade of the tongue, including alveolars and palatals.
Obstruents
The class of sounds consisting of non nasal stops, fricatives, and affricatives
Sibilant
The class of sounds that includes alveolar and palatal fricatives and affricates, characterized acoustically by and abundance of high frequencies perceived as "hissing"
Sonorant
The class of sounds that includes vowels, glides, liquids, and nasals; non-obstruents.
Intended: The hiring of minority faculty. Error produced: The firing of minority faculty what does this reveal?
The fact that the /f/ appears well before it is supposed to indicates we are planning our speech well in advance of when the words are spoken
What is a garden path sentence? Why are these important
The florist sent the flowers was very pleased. - We are "derailed" "Led down the garden path - We made a parse but had to revise this - This is an indication there is an interaction with our tacit grammatical knowledge and our cognitive behavior - We have set up expectations based on our knowledge of grammar, but if our expectations turn out to be wrong. We need to revise.
consonantal
The phonetic feature that distinguishes the class of obstruents, liquids, and nasals, which are [+consonantal], from other sounds (vowels and glides), which are [-consonantal]
Allophones
The sounds associated with each phoneme which represent the actual sound being produced in various environments [t]
Structural ambiguity
The spy saw the woman with the binoculars
Manner of articulation
The way the airstream is affected as it flows from the lungs and out of the mouth and nose
What is the significance of the case of linguistic isolates like Genie or Chelsea?
They demonstrate that there may be a critical period for learning language
