Literature 11 Final: Units 1-7

Edgar Allan Poe*: - Dude with problems and wrote poems that are sad but are quite amazing. - His works tends to escape from reality. *Look up info in past chapters.

(1) Annabel Lee: - Poe wrote this about his wife Virginia Clemm, his cousin who died of tuberculosis. - Extreme idealism and morbidity were expressed here. - The speaker blamed the angels and their jealousy for Annabel's passing. (2) A Dream within a Dream*: - The speaker here desperately seeks reality but is hopelessly lost in a dream world. *I suggest going over poem again because this was confusing for me.

William Cullen Bryant: - What Washington Irving was to American fiction, William Cullen Bryant was to American poetry. - He left his practice with law and was in favor of newspaper work instead. - Best remembered for his poetry. - At the age of thirteen, he had demonstrated remarkable ability as a versifier. - The better part of his poetry was composed before he even reached thirty-five. - A forerunner of the Romantic movement, his poems often reflect his ardent love for the beauties of nature.

(1) Thanatopsis*: - Thanatopsis is a view of or meditation on death. *look over annotations. (2) To The Fringed Gentian: - Basically on the last stanza he wants to possess the same attitude of a Gentian at night when it is his time to die.

John Greenleaf Whittier: - Was a man with deep faith in God and a poet of strong convictions. - He renounced poems of Transcendentalism and threw Whitman's poems into the fire. - Snow-Bound is his masterpiece celebrating the New England countryside and family life and has been called America's greatest pastoral poem. - He also wrote more than seventy hymns, including "The Eternal Goodness," and "Dear Lord and Father of Mankind."

(1) The Book Our Mothers Read from Miriam: - Basically talks about the Bible. (2) Dear Lord and Father of Mankind from The Brewing of Soma: - Praises God. (3) Maud Muller: - The sad love story of the maid Maud Muller and the judge and is told by Whittier in rhymed couplets. (4) Value of the Bible from The Vaudois Teacher: - Talks about the importance of the Bible and how its precious.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: - Was the most popular American poet in the nineteenth century. - Robert Frost called him "one of the real poets of yesterday." - It was his duty to teach as well as to entertain. - Aspired to be a man of letters. - He accepted a position as a professor at Harvard and continued his writing even then. - Most beloved poems: "A Psalm of Life," "Paul Revere's Ride," and "The Village Blacksmith" - Translated European literature, including Dante's Divine Comedy; and also known for his long narrative poems, such as Evangeline, The Courtship of Miles Standish, and The Song of Hiawatha. - After his death, England honored him by placing a bust of him in the Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey. He is the only American to receive this honor.

(1) The Village Blacksmith: - One of Longfellow's most popular poems in a character study of a blacksmith which relies heavily on descriptive details. (2) Hiawatha's Wooing from The Song of Hiawatha: - For a long time, Longfellow had been interested in Indians and had wanted to write a poem using the beautiful Indian legends and traditons. He finally wrote this one, The Song of Hiawatha, which immediately became popular because of its appealing rhyme, rhythm, and story. - This section of the poem is the story of Hiawatha's courtship of Minnehaha. (3) The Lover's Errand from The Courtship of Miles Standish: - Celebrates his mother's ancestors, John and Priscilla Alden in this narrative. - He decided to write this narrative after the tremendous success of Hiawatha. - "Why don't you speak for yourself, John?"

James Russell Lowell:

(1) from The Present Crisis: - skim it. (2) The Courtin': - The poem appeared in the second series of the Biglow Papers, a group of poems satirizing many aspects of American political and social life. - Lowell allows the fictitious Hosea Biglow to speak for him in a very homely Yankee dialect. Through that usage, the poem becomes a bit more humorous. (3) from A Fable of Critics: - Evaluates the writers of his day. - A poem over a thousand lines written in rhymed couplets. - This poem was published anonymously. - The author satirizes himself as well as his contemporaries. - The speaker is a literary critic who is addressing Apollo, the god of poetry. - Ridicules Hawthorne, Bryant, Whittier, Poe, and Holmes.

Simile

- A comparison of two things using "like," "as," or other specifically comparative words.

Metaphor

- A direct of comparison of two different things.

the Knickerbockers

- A group of America's first great imaginative writers and was centered in New York. - Included: • Washington Irving: first writer of creative stories and sketches. • James Fenimore Cooper: first novelist • William Cullen Bryant: first eminent poet of nature - The term came form Washinton Irving's satirical History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty presented by the fictional character Diedrich Knickerbocker, a humorous and quaint Dutchman. - Diedrich Knickerbocker was such a memorable character that the writers of the time in New York came to be called the Knickerbockers after him, and Father Knickerbocker became a humorous term for the city of New York.

Allusion

- A reference to mythology, history, or literary work.

Conceit

- A strongly exaggerated simile or metaphor.

Typical ballad

- Has a rhyme scheme of abcb. - Normally has summarizing stanza near the end. - The first and third lines are composed of four accented syllables, while the second and fourth lines contain only three. - The number of unaccented syllables may vary.

Rhetotrical Questions

- Questions expressing some idea but to which no answer is required or expected.

Foot

- The pattern in a line of poetry consisting of one accented syllable and one or two unaccented syllables. •• The FOUR Basic Feet in English •• - iamb: one unaccented followed by an accented syllable. - trochee: an unaccented followed by unaccented one. - anapest: two unaccented syllables followed by an unaccented one. - dactyl: an accented syllable followed by two unaccented ones. •• In addition to these four feet, there may be the... •• - spondee: two unaccented syllables, or a monosyllabic foot consisting of one accented syllable.

Rhythm

- The recurrence of motion or sound.

Consonance

- The repition of final consonance sounds.

Alliteration

- The repitition of initial sounds in successive or neighboring words.

Imagery

- The use of figures of speech to create vivid images that appeal to one of the senses.

Blank verse

- Unrhymed iambic pentameter and is mainly used for the serious treatment of themes by Shakespeare, Milton, Frost, and many others.

Meter

- When the rhythm occurs at regular intervals.

Line(s)

- usually contains three, four, or five feet. •• NAMES FOR LINE LENGHTHS •• - monometer: one foot - dimeter: two feet - trimeter: three feet - tetrameter: four feet - pentameter: five feet - hexameter: six feet - heptameter: seven feet - octameter: eight feet

John Singleton Copley

A R T: Paul Revere - Considered the first political protest painting. Copley is America's first native-born artistic genius and was the finest portraitist in the country by the time he was 19.

Gilbert Stuart

A R T: Portrait of Thomas Jefferson - Rhode Island-born. Studied in London for art with Benjamin West and settled in Boston where he advised other painters. - He never liked painting what was right in front of him. He was more concerned with expressing the character of a person by painting his face, and he took liberties with his portraits. - This portrait was painted in Thomas Jefferson's second term; many consider this painting as the best-preserved likeness of the former President.

John Foster

A R T: Richard Mather - An engraving of Rev. Richard Mather and is considered to be America's first woodcut print. - Foster set up the first printing press in Boston and made the first woodcut map of the New England to be printed in North America.

A. H. Wray (sketch) J. C. Armytage (engraving)

A R T: Roger Williams and the Indians - This work of art is an example of handcolored engraving, often worked on by more than one skilled artist.

Jennie Augusta Brownscombe

A R T: The First Thanksgiving - The artist was a painter and illustrator who became the first female member of the Society of Illustrators. She specialized in early American subjects such as this painting.

Albert Bierstadt - German-born American artist and later member of the Hudson River School. - Remembered for his romantic scenes of the American wilderness.

Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California

Captain John Smith

Captain John Smith and Pocahontas

Thomas Birch

Engagement of the Constitution and the Guerriere

Thomas Worthington Whittredge: - A landscape painter of the Romantic Hudson River School. - Was especially effective at using light for setting the mood of a work. - He believed that ther American landscape had everything necessary for the production of great art.

Harvest Time: Summer in Farmington Valley

Grandma Moses: - Anna Mary Robertson Moses began painting in her seventies when she was unable to embroider because of arthritis. - Self taught, but her rural scenes of peace and simplicity in the northern United States brought her amazing popularity after she had her first art show at the age of eighty. - She used a flat style characteristic of folk art; her paintings are renowned for their ability to capture colors peculiar to specific seasons, types of weather, and times of day.

Hoosick Falls in Winter

Ballad

It is written to be sung or recited and tells a story of some exciting episode. Most often deals with love and courage and recounts events which are likely to happen to the common man.

Asher B. Durand: - Middle name: Brown. - Born in New Jersey, was a leading engraver who gave up engraving to paint. - Inspired by Thomas Cole and the Hudson River School, he joined the Hudson River School as a second-generation member who influenced many other artists by his theories and paintings. - His most painting, Kindred Spirits, the poet William Cullen Bryant is portrayed instructing the painter Thomas Cole in the ways of nature.

Kindred Spirits

Thomas Moran: - Was one of the most important landscape painters of the late nineteenth century.

Mountain of the Holy Cross - Was painted by Moran after his visit to Colorado's Rocky Mountains. - The cross in the mountain becomes visible when snow fills adjoining crevices throughout the year.

Felix Darley: - Was one of the most prominent illustrators of his day. - Illustrated many authors' works, including those of Irving, Poe, and Hawthorne. - He illustrated much of the American West after he traveled there.

Pioneers Travelling in a Flatboat - The pioneers illustrated here are traveling on the Ohio River to reach their destination.

Anne Bradstreet - Was the first poet to write verse in America. - Unknown to her, her brother-in-law took her poems back to England and had them published in a book entitled The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America. Her response to the book is seen in "The Author to Her Book." -Most of her poetry deals with man's relationship with God; however, some poems deal with intensely personal experiences. All of her works have as their ultimate purpose the glorification of God.

The Auhtor to Her Book

Richard Mather, Thomas Welde, and John Eliot

The Bay Psalm Book - The first book printed in America. - Many people thought that this was a crude translation of the psalms.

Noah Webster - Maker of the Webster's Dictionary - One of the most influential writers and educators of the 19th century. - Was a devout Christian. - Also wrote the American Spelling Book, and the nation's first history textbook called History of the United States.

The Definition and Origin of Language

George Inness: - He was from New York. - One of the most prominent landscape painters after the Civil War.

The Lackawanna Valley: - Gives a realistic panorama of a peaceful valley; the painting was quite daring and unique at the time because Inness included a train in the scene--something an earlier landscape painter would have spurned doing. - The train, however, is not a threatning force, for the whole picture seems to convey a feeling of harmony between man, nature, and industry.

Grant Wood: - Used realistic style to paint simple people and scenes of the small towns in his native state of Iowa. - He believed in regionalism (portraying a particular geographical region) as a distictively American contribution to art.

The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere: - The unusual terrain and use of light in the painting create a vision of the far-reaching influence of Revere's ride.

- unstated -

The New England Primer - Tool that helped children memorize the alphabet. - The primer was four inches long and three inches wide. - It also contained a catechism, a creed, a cradle hymn, the Lord's Prayer, and other prayers such as "Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep."

N. C. Wyeth: - Painted illustrations for more than twenty-five classic books published by Charles Scribner's Sons. - The Deerslayer (the story that this specific title page art was for) is one of these classics.

Title Page

Anne Bradstreet

Verses upon the Burning of Our House, July 10th, 1666.

N. C. Wyeth: - One of the most celebrated American illustrators. - He specialized in children's classics.

Why Don't You Speak for Yourself, John?" - One of a series of Wyeth's illustrations for Longfellow's The Courtship of Miles Standish.

Roger Williams - A pioneer of religious liberty and first advocate of complete religious toleration and separation of church and state in America. - Founded Providence, Rhode Island after purchasing a bit of land and declared it to be a refuge for such nonconformist groups as the Quakers and Anabaptists.

from A Key into the Language of America

Benjamin Franklin - Most colorful and versatile of America's founding fathers. - Quite the inventor. - He was instrumental in helping to organize one of the earliest fire departments, in addition to a library and an academy, which later became known as U Penn. - Two of his best-known works are his Autobiography and Poor Richard's Almanac.

from Poor Richard's Almanac

Michael Wigglesworth - The most widely read poet of Puritan New England and wrote the first American best-seller, The Day of Doom, which sold 1,800 copies in one year. - He incorporated his knowledge about medicine from his schooling at Harvard. Through this advantage, he was able to utilize it as descriptions in some of his writings.

from The Day of Doom

plot

the arrangement of incidents or events which can usually be divided into a beginning, middle, and end.

dialogue

the conversation between characters

rhyme

the correspondence of sounds • one of the most common methods that gives poetry the element that we enjoy and appreciate.

rhythm

the regular recurrence of sounds • one of the most common methods that gives poetry the element that we enjoy and appreciate

Consonance

the repetition of final, consonant sounds ex) "first and last" & "loves and lives"

Assonance

the repetition of vowel sounds ex) - mile, time, mind (long i repeated) - beach, easy, leaf (long e is repeated) - said, really, regret (short e sound is repeated)

Onomatopeia

using words which sound like what they mean

{ARTIST} ↓

{ART INFO} ↓

{AUTHOR} ↓

{AUTHOR INFO} ↓

{TERMS} ↓

{DEFINITION} ↓

{art} ↓

{artist} ↓

{authors} ↓

{author info} ↓

{terms} ↓

{terms} ↓

short story

• An imaginative prose narrative written to give the reader entertainment and insight. • It is designed to produce a single impression of effect. • Is short enough to be read in one setting. • Although the events in the story may never have actually occurred and the characters in a story are not real people, THEY SHOULD BE PLAUSIBLE. A good story deals in some way with the truth of human experience.

George Caleb Bingham

• Daniel Boone Escorting Settlers through Cumberland Gap • In this painting, the figure of Danielle Boone assumes legendary proportions as he dramatically represents the pioneering spirit of the western movement.

Norman Rockwell

• Freedom of Speech (1943) • America's most beloved instructor. • Began drawing professionally while he was still a teenager. • He illustrated the things that is most dear to the American people: their homes, their children, their towns, their participation in all the activities made possible by living in a free country. • This painting is from a series entitled The Four Freedoms inspired by the four freedoms of the American people: (1) The freedom of speech. (2) The freedom of worship. (3) The freedom from want. (4) The freedom of fear. • This painting illustrates a blue-collar worker participating in a town meeting.

The Albany Boat (1915)

• Painted by Gifford Beal • an American impressionist • known for his paintings of the sea. • He enjoyed painting scenes near the Hudson River, such as this painting--The Albany Boat.

Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose (1885-1886)

• Painted by John Singer Sargent • portrays two young girls lighting paper lanterns at dusk. • Sargent worked on this painting at twenty minute intervals over two years to get desired lighting effects. • the painting got its name from a popular song of the time, and achieved immediate public and critical success.

Archibald Willard

• Spirit of '76, originally named Yankee Doodle and was used for America's Bicentennial Postage Stamp in 1976. • Portrays the Spirit of American patriotism in the painting of the War of Independence. • Willard painted many copies of this piece during his lifetime, the first verison was completed in honor of the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition of 1876; it was an instant success.

Josh Billings

• Stories: (1) The Mule, and (2) The Bumblebee • Pen name of Henry W. Shaw. • A popular newspaper humorist, lecturer, and author if several books. • His writings use carcography. faulty logic, poor grammar, and play on words. • His style was inspired by Artemus Ward, and his understanding pf human nature was inspired by his faih in the Scriptures. • "I believe in the Bible," he once said, "--all of it. I do not understand it at all, but I believe it all. I would not exchange my faith for any man's knowledge."

Artemus Ward

• Stories: My Life Story and A Business Letter • Real name: Charles Farrar Browne. • Was the leading American humorist in the 19th century. • While he was working for the Cleveland newspaper, Browne invented the character Artemus Ward, the manager of a traveling sideshow, who thought a series of letters delighted readers of his day by using puns, riiculous mispellings, and incorrect grammar. These letters made Browne famous, and everyone called him "Artemus Ward" after his character. • He uses cacography, faulty logic, faulty coordination, immature, choppy sentences, and poor paragraph development for humorous effect.

Carl Sandburg

• Story: They Have Yarns • Known for his poems, songs, and monumental biography of his greteast hero, Abraham Lincoln. • His best poems are "Chicago," "Fog," and The People, Yes, which encouraged many Americans after he depression. • He won two Pulitzer's Prices. One for his biography of Lincoln in 1940, and the other in 1951 for his Complete Poems in the category of Literature.

Mark Twain

• Story: from The Innocents Abroad • His real name was Samuel Longhorn Clemens. • The story "The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras Country," like his other writings, is a good example of "local color" writing, in which an author seeks to describe the people and customs unique to a certain geographical area. • Twain did not share Josh Billing's view of the Bible, and became very depressed in his later years and developed a pessimistic view of human nature.

A Gloucester Farm (1874)

• Winslow Homer • known as one of the major painters of his time. • his subjects included the sea and mountains, as well as rural scenes such as those portrayed in A Gloucester Farm.

Washington Irving

• Wrote "Rip Van Winkle." • Will always be associated with American folklore. • The first American writer to become famous throughout the world. • Has been called the "First American Letters," "Dean of American Literature," and "Inventor of the Short Story." • Many of his stories, including "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle," are based on old Dutch legends that he heard in his wanderings through New York. • He is mostly remembered for his entertaining tales.

O. Henry

• Wrote "The Cop and the Anthem." • Real name: William Sydney Porter • Wrote stories which are famous for their surprise ending and use of dialect. • His characters are typically Americans, especially underdogs who live in the cities (particularly New York and San Francisco) for who he shows special sympathy. • Accused of embezzlement in 1896, fled to Honduras but had to return due to his ill wife. He stood trial and was convicted and given a three-year prison term. • He continued to write in jail with the pen name of O. Henry in oder to support his daughter. He lived in New York after his prison sentence. • His final years were marked by ill health, financial problems, alcoholism, and an unhappy second marriage.

Edgar Allan Poe

• Wrote "The Pit and the Pendulum." • "Master storyteller." • His stories and critical writings have influenced the development of the short story. • Orphaned at the age of 2 and was raised by a wealthy family from Virginia. • Later, he turned increasingly to mystery and horror tales and introduced the detective story.

Stephen Vincent Benét

• Wrote A Cread for Americans • An American poet • A short story writer • Came from a family of writers • Won a Pulitzer Prize for his major work, John Brown's Body, a long poem that describes the Civil War as seen through the eyes of various ordianary Americans.

Elizabeth Scott Stam

• Wrote A Jingle of Words • She and her husband, John were missionaries to China and were martyred at the hands of the Chinese Communists. • Their story is told in The Triumph of John and Betty Stam by Mrs. Howard Taylor.

Robert P. Tristam Coffin

• Wrote America Was Schoolmasters • Known for his poetry, novels, and essays. • Most of his works was inspired by the sea and fields around his home in Maine. • In 1936, Coffin earned the Pulitzer Price for poetry.

Mark Twain

• Wrote Mrs. McWilliams and the Lightning • His real name was Samuel Longhorn Clemens. • The story "The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras Country," like his other writings, is a good example of "local color" writing, in which an author seeks to describe the people and customs unique to a certain geographical area. • Twain did not share Josh Billing's view of the Bible, and became very depressed in his later years and developed a pessimistic view of human nature.

Will Rogers

• Wrote Reflections on American Life: A Collection of Sayings • Just look at the author info on the book.

James Russell Lowel

• Wrote The Nation and the Gospel • A 19th century Romantic poet, essayist, and literary critic. • Held the position of professor of modern langauages at Harvard University. • His famous work was A Farble of Critics, which was written in 1848, a long powm which he mde remarks about the authors of his day.

Hector St. John De Crévecoeur

• Wrote What Is An American • A Frenchman who settled on a farm in New York and became a United States citizen. • His best known work, called Letters From an American Farmer, which gives a vivid account for colonial America, includes impressions of families fleeing from an Indian massacre, descriptions of children coming home from school after a snowstorm, and practical tips on how to repel mosquitoes, mend a fence, and build a wagon.

irony

• a method of expression in which the intended meaning of the words used is the direct opposite of their usual sense.

Alliteration

• a type of approximate rhyme in which initial consonant sounds are the same ex) "tried and true" & "safe and sorry"

[1 of the 3 basic point of views] omniscient point of view

• an all-knowing author is the narrator who comments freely on the actions and characters as he is able to delve into the minds of all characters and tell what they think and feel.

dramatic irony

• contrasting what a character says and what a reader or audience knows to be true. • used in a play or story in which the audience or reader knows something that a character does not know.

Free verse

• has no metrical pattern • it differs from prose only in that it is written in lines.

dialect

• or regional language • the words and pronunciations which are peculiar to a people in a certain section of a counry or a certain class of people

The Return of Rip Van Winkle (1829)

• painted by John Quidor • known for his famous use of exaggeration in his paintings. • Most of his paintings were inspired by stories such as Rip Van Winkle by Washington Irving, Don Quixote by Miguel Cervantes, and Leatherstocking Tales by James Fenimore Cooper.

irony of situation

• presenting a discrepancy between appearance and reality or between expectation and fulfillment. • exists when a millionaire wishes to make a phone call from a pay phone but finds no money in his pocket, or when the ancient mariner is at sea with no drinking water.

verbal irony

• saying the opposite of what is meant. [ex] calling a man lifting heavy weights puny.

cacography

• technically mispellings

the tone or mood

• the attitude or emotion of the author or narrator toward his subject or audience.

[3 of 3 basic point of views] objective point of views

• the author presents the characters in action with no comment, allowing the reader to come to his own conclusions about them.

[2 of 3 basic point of views] limited point of view

• the author tells the story from the view point of one character using either the first or third person.

unity

• the five previous terms that were listed gives unity to the story.

point of view

• the method of presenting the reader with the materials of the story, the perspective from which it is told.

end rhyme

• the most obvious type of method • the repitition of the accented or stressed vowel sound and all succeeding sounds in words which come at the ends of lines of poetry.

satire

• the ridicule of human folly or vice with the purpose of correcting it, or for humorous effect.

the setting

• the time, place, and general background.

surprise ending

• the unexpected twist at the end of the story which goes contrary to the reader's expectations.

the plot

• what happens.

the theme

• what it means.

the characters

• who makes it happen.

•• ARTIST NAME & INFO ••

•• ARTIST WORK(S) ••

•• ARTIST & ARTIST INFO ••

•• ARTIST'S WORK ••

•• TERMS ••

•• DEFINITIONS ••

•• A U T H O R ••

•• S T O R Y ••

•• ARTIST ••

•• WORK OF ART & DESCRIPTON ••

•• AUTHOR NAME & INFO ••

•• WORK(S) ••