LS23L Final
What property allows the dideoxynucleoside triphosphates (ddNTPs) to terminate DNA synthesis when added to a growing chain? a. ddNTPs have a methyl group instead of a -OH group at the 3' position of the ribose. b. ddNTPs are composed of a hexose instead of a pentose sugar. c. ddNTPs have a -H group instead of a -OH group at the 3' position of the ribose. d. ddNTPs have -OH groups at both the 2' and 3' position of the ribose. e. ddNTPs have a methyl group instead of a -OH group at the 3' position of the ribose.
ddNTPs have a -H group instead of a -OH group at the 3' position of the ribose - and thus stop DNA synthesis when added to a growing chain - sanger method
A scientist runs an SDS-PAGE experiment two separate times on a protein with a molecular weight of 200 kD. For the first experiment he treats the protein with SDS only and for the second experiment, he treats the protein with both SDS and a reducing agent. If the first gel yields one band showing a molecular weight of 200 kD and the second run yields one band showing a molecular weight of 25 kD, the researcher should conclude that
a. The protein contains no disulfide linkages. b. The protein has only 1 subunit because both runs yield a single band. c. The protein contains only covalent bonds . and no non-covalent interactions. d. The consists of 8 subunits of equal size connected by a disulfide linkage. e. The consists of 2 subunits of equal size connected by a disulfide linkage.
Why is ONPG an ideal substrate to assay for B-Gal activity? Select one: a. because it is cleaved by B-Gal into galactose and o-nitrophenol, a yellow compound. b. because it is a chromogenic substrate that cleaves B-Gal. c. because it is a substrate analog of lactose, which inactivates the repressor protein of the lac operon. d. because it is cleaved into yellow o-nitrophenol, which promptly disrupts B-Gal activity. e. because it binds to B-Gal in an enzyme-substrate complex that accounts for the OD420 absorbance.
because it is cleaved by B-Gal into galactose and o-nitrophenol, a yellow compound.
The plot of a compound's absorption of light as a function of the wavelength results in a/an?
absorption spectrum
A goldfish is a/an: Select one: a. ectotherm b. endotherm c. mesotherm d. monotherm e. polytherm
ectotherm
Lab B: Epidemiology clothes
goggles gloves lab coat
protein gel electrophoresis
separate proteins based on size and conformations
Pipettor p1000
min volume: 100ul max volume: 1000ul 100: 0 1 (middle represents hundred 1-9) 0
Pipettor p200
min volume: 20ul max volume: 200ul 20: 0 2 (middle is 10s) 0 200: 2 (top is hundreds) 0 0
Pipettor p20
min volume: 2ul max volume: 20ul 2: 0 (top equals tens) 2 (middle equals individual) 0
Which of the following best describes the seminal vesicle(s) in a male rat: Select one: a. there is one in each rat and it releases sperm into the vas deferens b. there are two in each rat and they release semen into the vas deferens c. they are analogous to the ovaries in the female d. there is one in each rat and it releases semen into the vas deferens e. there are two in each rat and they release sperm into the vas deferens
there are two in each rat and they release semen into the vas deferens
Which one of the following is a requirement for a good primer? Select one: a. Guanine and Cytosine should make up less than half of the total base pairs b. Primers should be short (under 15 base pairs) c. Primers should end in the 5' end d. Melting temperatures of primer should be between 55-80 degree Celsius e. Contains many long runs with four or more of the same base in a row
Melting temperatures of primer should be between 55-80 degree Celsius
When performing a statistical analysis, why do we usually work with a sample rather than an entire population? Select one: a. The p-values only work with samples, not populations. b. A t-test doesn't produce results when a population is used. c. We don't work with samples, we only work with entire populations. d. We often lack the manpower and resources to gather an entire population for a statistical analysis.
d
Which of the following p values would allow for the rejection of the null hypothesis? Select one: a. 0.25 b. 0.5 c. 0.15 d. 0.04 e. 0.1
d
In the Human Physiology lab, what physiological activity were we NOT able to measure? Select one: a. Lung volumes b. Kidney filtration c. Electrical activity of muscles d. Heart rate changes
B
In the Gel Electrophoresis lab, why did we not add SDS and beta mercaptoethanol to the agarose gel before loading our PCR product? Select one: a. The GelRed acted as a reducing agent and gave the PCR product a negative charge. b. The PCR product is already linear and has a negative charge associated with it. c. The agarose gel is non-toxic, so we do not need SDS and beta mercaptoethanol. d. The agarose gel was run horizontally instead of vertically. e. The PCR product is so small that SDS and beta mercaptoethanol are not needed.
1. we add heat to disrupt cell wall and isolate DNA (94 degrees) -however, this DNA is now susceptible to enzymes that break down DNA (DNases) but DNases need to bind to Mg2+ to work --> so we use Chelex bc it binds to Mg2+ before enzymes can - once we isolate DNA, we now have nuclear AND mito (there are hundreds more mito than nuclear so its easier to isolate) - PCR amplifies the region we want to sequence --> in vitro reaction repeated many times 2. annealing primers at 68 degrees) - we can use forward or reverse primer -we provide DNA polymerase with 2 primers (20-35 base pairs long) - we use Taq polymerase bc it is heat resistant 3. extension at 73 degrees - we raise the temp to stop the reaction
standard units
1000 pico liter (p) = 1 nl 1000 nano liter(n)= 1 ul 1000 micro liter(u)= 1 ml 1 milli liter(m)= 1 L
An antibody, with molecular weight 90 kD in its native state, is treated with SDS and a reducing agent before being loaded onto an SDS-PAGE gel. The result shows 2 bands, one is 20 kD and the other band is at 50 kD. How many subunits are in this antibody? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5
2
A volume of liquid measuring ____ is most accurately measured and dispensed using a ____ pipetter. Select one: a. 0.12ml, p200 b. 0.012ml, p2000 c. 0.012ml, p200 d. 1.2ml, p200 e. 0.12 ml, p2000
A
In a series of experiments on the effect of caffeine on goldfish metabolic rates, a p-value of 0.28 is found. The conclusion that should be drawn from these experiments is: Select one: a. Caffeine did not have a significant effect on metabolic rate and the null hypothesis cannot be rejected b. There is not enough data to draw any conclusions on the null hypothesis c. Caffeine did affect metabolic rate and the null hypothesis is rejected d. Caffeine did not have a significant effect on metabolic rate and the null hypothesis is rejected e. Caffeine did affect metabolic rate and the null hypothesis cannot be rejected
A
What is the relationship between mass-specific metabolism and body size? a. As body size increases, M-S metabolism decreases b. AS body size increases, M-S metabolism stays the same c. As body size decreases, M-S metabolism decreases d. None of these e. As body size decreases, M-S metabolism stays the same.
A
Does the mitochondrial DNA sequence amplified by PCR in the DNA Isolation lab code for functional proteins? a. No, the amplified sequence is located in the control region, and therefore does not control the coding of functional proteins. b. Yes, the amplified sequence is located in the control region, and therefore controls the coding of functional proteins. c. No, mitochondrial DNA sequences never code for functional proteins. d. No, only RNA sequences and nuclear DNA sequences code for functional proteins. e. Yes, all mitochondrial DNA sequences code for functional proteins.
A PCR= DNA amplification!!!
HIV
A virus that attacks and destroys the human immune system. binds to protein called ccr5, enters the cell and cause immune cell death
In the Human Physiology lab, you had to complete every experiment at every station in order to earn full credit. Select one: True False
False
In the Human Physiology lab, you were required to wear a lab coat even though you weren't working with chemicals, because you were in a lab room. t/f
False
What does the Z gene on the Lac operon code for? Select one: a. RNA Polymerase b. Thiogalactoside Transacetylase c. Beta Galactosidase d. Lac Repressor e. Lactose Permease
C
Anabolism vs Catabolism
Anabolism is the synthesis of chemical building blocks, while catabolism is the breakdown of molecules synthesized.
In a histology lab, the pathology slide under examination contains black residue dispersed throughout alveolar walls. What condition is present in this pathology slide? Select one: a. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy b. Tattoo in the skin c. Neurilemmoma d. Atherosclerosis e. Anthracosis of the lung
Anthracosis of the lung Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: fibrosis of muscle cell ( Tattoo in the skin: black pigment within a layer of cells Neurilemmoma: in axons of brain cells Atherosclerosis: reduction of artery diameter Anthracosis of the lung: black residue around alveolar walls
Which of the following best explains why goldfish were used for the metabolism experiment in lab instead of some other organisms? Select one: a. Because they are small ectotherms and as such changes in the environment will affect their metabolism. b. Because goldfish grow, develop, and carry on self-regulated metabolism that can be affected by surrounding environment. c. Because they are inexpensive and more readily available that most other organisms. d. Because they are small endothermic organism that maintain their homeostasis internally thus is relatively easy to manipulate and quantify. e. Because of their ability to survive in a particular environment provides raw material for the vital processes of metabolism and adaptation.
Because they are small ectotherms and as such changes in the environment will affect their metabolism.
In the B-galactosidase lab, what is NOT in the equation for calculating enzyme activity? Select one: a. Optical density of o-nitrophenol. b. Volume assayed for B-gal activity. c. Cell density. d. Carbon source.
Carbon source.
In the rat dissection lab, we saw that the ______ is ________ and the ________ is _________ if one is looking at the ventral side of the rat Select one: a. Rectum ; dorsal, colon ; ventral b. Colon ; anterior, rectum ; posterior c. Colon ; posterior, rectum ; anterior d. Rectum ; ventral, colon ; posterior e. Colon ; anterior , rectum ; dorsal
Colon ; anterior, rectum ; posterior
In the human physiology lab, which of the following sensors was used to measure the force with which a hand can grip or pinch? Select one: a. Spirometer b. Hand grip heart rate monitor c. Electromyogram d. Hand dynamometer
D spirometer: measures air in lungs - we measured everything BUT tidal capacity Hand grip heart rate monitor: measures electrical activity by heart muscle (through hand skin) Electromyogram (EMG): graphical recording of muscles --> tabs on arms dynamometer: measures power/force
All of the following characterize a good PCR primer except: a. similar melting points for forward and reverse primers b. 100-110 base pair length c. lack of consecutive identical base pairs d. high Guanine and Cytosine content
D worst quality= a mismatch at the 3' end bc it is extended from the 3' end forward:5'-3' reverse/sequencing:3'-5' g and c should make up 50-60% should end in g or c bc they bind tighter than a/t
serial dilution
Dilution of a substance several times by the same amount each time
Pandemic
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.
In a bimodal distribution of data, you would have: Select one: a. Two modes, one mean, and two medians. b. One mode, one mean, and one median. c. Two modes, two means, and one median. d. One mode, two means, and one median. e. Two modes, one mean, and one median.
E
In the absence of lactose, what gene(s) on the lac operon is/are transcribed? a. X, Y and Z genes b. I and Z genes c. Z gene d. X and Y genes e. I gene
I gene l gene is always active --> it produces the repressor repressor binds to the operator prohibiting lac operon when lactose is present --> it binds to the repressor (made by lgene) so the lac operon works and makes bgal lac Z: makes bgal lac Y: makes lactose permease
In the metabolism lab, what did we measure to determine the change of metabolism in fish? I. Salt concentration in the fish water we used II. Decrease in nutrient concentration in water III. Ammonia level in water due to breakdown of metabolites for energy IV. Oxygen level in water Select one: a. all of these b. III, IV c. IV only d. I,II e. I,II,III, IV
IV only we only measured for oxygen concentration to determine metabolism but we can see the effects of o2 concentration when fish put in: - salinity -temperature - lighting - caffeine - nicotine
What is the tidal volume? Select one: a. It is the maximum amount of air your lungs can take in and/or hold during a deep breath b. It is represented by the mathematical equation TV = VC + IRV + ERV + RV c. It is the amount of air your lungs hold while breathing normally d. It is represented by the mathematical equation TV = IRV + ERV
It is the amount of air your lungs hold while breathing normally
Suppose a woman with haplotype H and a man with haplotype K have a son. The son then marries a woman with haplotype L1. If this couple had one son and one daughter, what would be the respective haplotypes for their son and the daughter? a. H and H b. L1 and H c. K and L1 d. K and H e. L1 and L1
L1 (son) and H (daughter) DNA: from both parents mitochondrial DNA: just from mother (so it is haploid --> thus haplotypes) your haplotype: nucleotide sequence of mito genome haplogroup: all individ with same haplotype
b-galactosidase is synthesized by E. coli grown in which of the following media? Select one: a. LB + galactose b. LB c. LB + ethidium bromide d. Luria Broth (LB) + glucose e. LB + lactose
LB + lactose (luria provides growth)
In the human physiology lab, the spirometer was used to measure ... Select one: a. Muscle function b. Lung function c. Grip strength d. Heart rate
Lung function
What are differences between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA? a. One is linear, one is circular. b. One is double-stranded, one is single-stranded. c. One uses uracil, one uses thiamine. d. Only two of these are correct. e. All of these are correct.
One is linear, one is circular.
A student conducts a metabolism experiment with goldfish in an oxygen chamber. With the chamber filled, the student notices bubbles (3mm in diameter) inside of the chamber before starting the experiment. What should the student do to obtain the most accurate results? Select one: a. Open the chamber and close it again to remove all of the air bubbles, then proceed. b. Proceed. The oxygen in the bubbles is not dissolved in water, so it will not affect the results. c. Proceed. The oxygen in the bubbles will actually produce more clearly distinguishable results. d. Proceed. As long, as the bubbles are not touching the probe, they will not affect the results. e. Proceed with the experiment because the bubbles are so tiny that they are negligible.
Open the chamber and close it again to remove all of the air bubbles, then proceed. probe: provides continuously updated measure of o2 concentration in the chamber's water also give fish 2-3 min to acclimate to water
The following description is for PCR. Choose one that is not correct. Select one: a. PCR is an in vivo DNA synthesis reaction. b. PCR is used to make more copies of DNA for sequencing. c. The Taq polymerase is used because it is resistant to denaturation. d. For the first step of PCR, DNA parental strands are denatured at 94C. e. PCR is Polymerase Chain Reaction
PCR is an in vivo DNA synthesis reaction. (in vivo means it takes place in a living organism) this is in vitro bc it is in a test tube
Which of these descriptions of PCR is not correct? Select one: a. Taq polymerase is used because it is heat resistant to denaturation. b. In the first step of PCR, DNA parental strands are denatured at 94 degrees C. c. PCR is simply an in vitro DNA synthesis reaction repeated many times. d. PCR requires the sequencing primer to amplify the DNA. e. PCR is used to amplify the region of DNA for sequencing.
PCR requires the sequencing primer to amplify the DNA.
good primer?
Primer GC content, Primer Tm, primer length
The Sanger method does NOT use which of the following: a. dNTPs as the building block of the newly synthesized strands b. RNA as the template to be sequenced c. ddNTPs as the terminator of the newly synthesized strands d. a sequencing primer for annealing to the template e. DNA polymerase to catalyze the reaction
RNA as the template to be sequenced he used: -dna template to be sequenced -primer for initiation (The primer with a 5' end fluorescent tag attached to it needs to be added. Polyacrylamide gel to be used to load the samples.) -ddntps (there are 4 and each has diff color, processed through) dna polymerase
In the rat lab, the cecum connects which of the following two organs? Select one: a. None of the above b. Small intestine and large intestine c. Heart and lungs d. Testis and prostate gland e. Kidneys and bladder
Small intestine and large intestine ceceum is bor bacterial stuff
What DNA polymerase is used during PCR? Select one: a. DNA Polymerase II. b. DNA Polymerase I. c. RNA Polymerase. d. DNA Polymerase III. e. Taq Polymerase.
Taq Polymerase. (heat resistant)
Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement regarding the differences between a dissecting microscope and a compound microscope? a. A compound microscope displays a mirror image of the object, while a dissecting microscope displays an image in the same orientation of the object. b. The compound microscope is used for gross morphological examination, while the dissecting microscope is used to examine cellular structure. c. Dissecting microscopes do not have as high a magnification as compound microscopes. d. Light shines on the sample for a dissecting microscope, while light penetrates a sample for a compound microscope. e. The magnification of a compound microscope is discrete, while the magnification of a dissecting microscope is continuous
The compound microscope is used for gross morphological examination, while the dissecting microscope is used to examine cellular structure.
A dynamometer ... Select one: a. gives you a graphical representation of the electrical activity of muscles b. is any device that measures power or force c. can be used to test the function of your lungs d. measures the electrical activity of your heart muscle, as transmitted through your skin
The correct answer is: is any device that measures power or force
degrees of freedom
The number of individual scores that can vary without changing the sample mean. Statistically written as 'N-1' where N represents the number of subjects. sample #- number of groups
In the goldfish metabolism lab, there was a probe attached to the chamber. a. The probe was measuring the dissolved carbon dioxide concentration in the water independent of the mass of the goldfish. b. The probe was measuring the quantity of carbon dioxide emitted from the fish. c. The probe was measuring the dissolved oxygen concentration in the water. d. The probe was crucial in maintaining constant dissolved oxygen levels. e. The probe was measuring metabolic rate of the goldfish independent of the mass of the goldfish.
The probe was measuring the dissolved oxygen concentration in the water.
DNA gel electrophoresis
The process in which DNA molecules are separated by size/ how positively or negatively charged they are by applying an electric current to them while they are in a gel. QUALITATIVE
Which of these primer design problems is the most serious for the PCR procedure? a. The sequence has mismatched nucleotides in the center because shifted sequences will amplify mutation affecting protein function. b. The sequence has an altered melting temperature due to a deficiency of A-T bonds. c. The sequence has mismatched nucleotides at the 3' end because the replication cannot extend from this mismatch. d. The sequence has mismatched nucleotides at the 5' end because PCR cannot begin correctly from this mismatch. e. The sequence is greater than 20 base pairs long.
The sequence has an altered melting temperature due to a deficiency of A-T bonds.
Which structure and function relationship does not make sense? Select one: a. The beating cilia on the inside layer of the trachea functions to prevent unwanted material from entering the lungs. b. The holes observed on bone samples function to hold capillaries for nutrient transport. c. The web-like structure of neurons are dendrites and axons that function to transport electrical charge across the length of the neuron. d. The skin tissue has large areas of empty space to allow efficient movement of fat tissue. e. The open spaces in the lungs allows for efficient gas exchange.
The skin tissue has large areas of empty space to allow efficient movement of fat tissue.
t-test
The t-test takes into account the difference between the means and standard error of the two samples.
A student was trying to identify three slides. The first slide consisted of a cluster of cells that contained no nuclei. The second slide consisted of cells that were very densely packed with nuclei. The third slide consisted of cells that were porous in places, with nuclei that were spread out. What did the three slides depict? a. The three slides depicted red blood cells, thymus, and bone tissue, respectively. b. The three slides depicted liver, red blood cells, and neurons, respectively. c. The three slides depicted kidney, liver, and bone tissue, respectively. d. The three slides depicted thymus, kidney, and red blood cells, respectively. e. The three slides depicted red blood cells, liver, and neurons, respectively.
The three slides depicted red blood cells, liver, and neurons, respectively. blood: hundreds of round disks with no nucleus, as well as a couple of purple-colored disk-like cells liver: densely packed with nuclei (hexagon) skin: tight packed, layers muscle: striated, nuclei surrounding lung: spread out, appear the most vascularized (have the highest density of blood vessels); branching of thin, pink strands, clear globular spaces, and at high magnification, there are red dots dispersed within the branches bone: also spread out aorta: densely packed nuclei surrounding neuron: porous in places, with nuclei that were spread out
An experimental p-value of 0.06 would mean: Select one: a. There is a 6% chance your sample groups are not significantly different. b. The null hypothesis can be rejected with 6% certainty. c. The results of your study are statistically significant. d. There is a 94% chance your sample groups are not significantly different. e. The hypothesis can be rejected with 6% certainty.
There is a 6% chance your sample groups are not significantly different.
Which of the following is not a parameter of the Lung Function Test? Select one: a. Residual Volume (RV) b. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) c. Tidal Capacity (TC) d. Vital Capacity (VC) e. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Tidal Capacity (TC)
When looking at a liver cell through the microscope, one distinctive characteristic that distinguishes it from all other cells is that: Select one: a. Liver cells are stretched out because they need surface area to filter out the body and maintain homeostasis. b. Various organelles are present because the liver cell has many functions. c. Liver cells appear rough; this is partly due to their filtering capability d. Liver cells have no nucleus, instead they have extra mitochondria which are needed for all the ATP conversion that the cell needs. e. Liver cells are separated from each other, this is absolutely necessary in order for the liver to filter correctly.
Various organelles are present because the liver cell has many functions.
heart system
What observation can be made about the size of the two ventricles? --The left ventricle is significantly larger than the right because it is required to pump blood into the systemic circulation for the rest of the body
epidemic
a disease that shows higher incidence than expected
In the Sanger method of DNA sequencing, DNA synthesis stops when a ________ is encountered. a. Deoxyribose base b. Ribose c. Dideoxyribose base d. Purine base e. Pyrimidine base
a. Deoxyribose base b. Ribose c. Dideoxyribose base d. Purine base e. Pyrimidine base
Cows are ruminant animals that have four stomachs. The stomach contains bacteria that break down cellulose. Which organ of the rat serves the same function?
a. Large Intestine b. Spleen c. cecum d. Pancreas e. Liver
hypothetico-deductive method
an investigator begins by asking a question and formulating a hypothesis only after the results are measured and tested statistically can we determine whether the hypothesis was/not supported by the data and therefore, deduce something about the phenomenon
The picture below shows the volumeter window for a p1000 pipetter. What volume will be pipetted with these settings? Select one: a. 9.4 microliters (ul) b. 940 microliters (ul) c. 0.94 microliters (ul) d. 9.4 milliliters (ml) e. 94 milliters (ml)
b
What does a p-value of 0.04 tell an experimenter? Select one: a. He has miscalculated his t-value. b. There is a 4% probability that he is making a mistake by REJECTING the null hypothesis. c. There is a 4% probability that he is correct in accepting the experimental hypothesis. d. He can conclude that his two sample groups are not significantly different.
b
The difference between the two groups compared will have more significance as the p-value becomes __________. The difference between the two groups compared will have more significance as the t-value becomes __________. Select one: a. larger, larger b. closer to the t-value, closer to the p-value c. smaller, larger d. smaller, smaller e. larger, smaller
c
When using SDS-PAGE, proteins are separated on the basis of their ________________. Select one: a. shapes b. charge-to-mass ratio c. molecular weight d. negatively charged sidechains e. positively charged sidechains
c. molecular weight
Which of the following techniques of handling a pipetter is incorrect: Select one: a. A different disposable polyprolene tip should be used when pipetting different solutions so as to ensure no cross contamination between samples. b. When drawing up the sample liquid into the pipet tip make sure that you slowly release the pushbutton so as to prevent any air bubbles from forming. c. You must be sure to press the pushbutton to the first positive stop before placing the tip of the pipet into the sample liquid. d. When drawing up the sample liquid into the pipet make sure that you are holding the pipetter horizontally so as to maximize the flow of liquid into the tip. e. When releasing the liquid, you must first press the pushbutton to the first stop, then to the second stop so as to expel any remaining liquid.
d
An ectotherm is: a. None of these b. All of these c. An animal that is capable of generating its own body heat therefore its body temperature stays constant over a wide range of ambient temperature. d. An animal that obtains its body heat from the environment therefore its body temperature varies with outside temperature e. An animal that continually radiates heat to its environment
d. An animal that obtains its body heat from the environment therefore its body temperature varies with outside temperature
The Student's t-test is used to Select one: a. calculate the difference in standard deviation. b. test the effect of memory using pictures, words, and audio. c. accept or reject the hypothesis. d. create a new hypothesis. e. determine whether or not there is a significant difference between two separate groups of data.
determine whether or not there is a significant difference between two separate groups of data.
All of the following is true about agarose gels EXCEPT: Select one: a. Agarose is safe to handle, whereas acrylamide is a neurotoxin. b. The pores in agarose gels are bigger than those in polyacrylamide gels. c. Conventionally, agarose gel electrophoresis is set up horizontally. d. Agarose gel electrophoresis can be used for the separation of DNA fragments. e. Agarose gel electrophoresis has a higher resolution than SDS-PAGE (separates proteins based on molecular weight).
dna (which is negative) moves down the agarose gel because it is moving to the positive electrode agarose is nontoxic acrylamide is toxic in powder form After running electrophoresis in an agarose gel, it is treated with ethidium bromide for visualization.: Ethidium bromide covalently bonds to DNA and can then be visualized under UV light. acrylamide is for DNA electrophoresis for DNA fragments of 50-20,000 base pairs polyac=5-500 base pairs - we use poly for separating DNA with very small size difference agarose is horizontal agarose has smaller pore sizes we use gelgreen bc its nontoxic
Lab B: Epidemiology cautions
e.coli strain (may cause diarrhea with/without abdominal cramps, Conjuctivitis in eye wear glove on nondominant hand autoclave gets all waste regular waste: pipettes
If you are asked to pipet 240 microliters of colored water, which pipetter would you use and what is the proper setting in each volumeter window? (top, middle, bottom) Select one: a. p1000 (0,2,4) b. p20 (2,4,0) c. p200 (2,4,0) d. p200 (0,2,4) e. p1000 (2,4,0)
e
Science
the practice of gaining knowledge of nature
What is epidemiology?
the study of disease in populations
The epididymis, the urethra, vas deferens, and seminal vesicle are part of the Select one: a. respiratory system b. reproductive system c. thoracic cavity d. none of the above e. abdominal cavity
reproductive system
falsificationist procedure
simple way of increasing the power of conclusions deduced using the hypothetic-deductive approach create a null hypothesis
Beginning with the stomach, which of the following follows the correct path of the digestive system? a. stomach, pyloric valve, duodenum, small intestine, ileocolic, valve, large intestine, rectum b. stomach, pyloric valve, small intestine, ileocolic valve, duodenum, large intestine, rectum c. stomach, ileum, ileocolic valve, small intestine, duodenum, rectum d. stomach, pyloric valve, duodenum, pyloric valve, small intestine, ileocolic valve, colon, rectum e. stomach, duodenum, colon, small intestine, sphincter, large intestine, rectum
stomach, pyloric valve, small intestine, ileocolic valve, duodenum, large intestine, rectum
Memory Interference Test
survey: mental/physical health, age, education, background anonymous, can choose not to answer tests 1-3: target 20 30 distracters Test 4: 60 items; ten target from each test 30 distracters test 5: reaction times only
protein assays
total proteins
Anterior is equivalent to what part of the rat's body? a. It is towards the tail in a rat b. It is towards the head in a rat c. It is the same as saying dorsal d. None of these e. It is the same as saying posterior
towards the head for humans the anterior is the front (near belly) the posterior of rat = tail the posterior of human=butt
Which of the following techniques for handling a pipetter is INCORRECT: a. All of these techniques are CORRECT. b. When drawing up the sample liquid into the pipet tip make sure that you slowly release the pushbutton so as to prevent any air bubbles from forming. c. When releasing the liquid, you must first press the pushbutton to the first stop, then to the second stop so as to expel any remaining liquid. d. A different disposable polyprolene tip should be used when pipetting different solutions so as to ensure no cross contamination between samples. e. You must be sure to press the pushbutton to the first positive stop before placing the tip of the pipet into the sample liquid.
A
spectrophotometer
An instrument that measures the proportions of light of different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution. The PEAKS represent the segments of the visible wavelength spectrum that are being absorbed more in relation to the rest of the spectrum. determine concentration of DNA, RNA, or protein spectrophotometry: DNA absorbs light at 260 nm, protein at 280nm; when ratio of these is high--> good quality
In a recent study, scientists proposed the following hypothesis: "Consumption of Omega-3 fatty acid can reduce the size of cancerous tumors." The following hypothesis was tested. A sample of 500 rats with tumors was collected. Within this sample size, 250 rats were feed with omega-3 (Group 1) while the remaining 250 rats were not (Group 2). After one month of periodically feeding Group 1 with Omega-3 fatty acid, rat autopsies were taken for both groups. The average changes of tumor size were measure and recorded. Average Change of Tumor Size Group 1: -0.124 g Group 2: -0.112 g Degrees of Freedom: 498 T-test: 1.75 P-value: 0.08 Based on the results from the experiment, which of the following is the best conclusion? a. Consumption of Omega-3 fatty acid has no statistical effect on decreasing the size of previous cancerous tumors. b. Absence of Omega-3 fatty acid in the diet decreases the size of previous cancerous tumors with statistical significance. c. Consumption of Omega-3 fatty acid decreases the size of previous cancerous tumors with statistical significance. d. Absence of Omega-3 fatty acid in the diet directly decreases the size of previous cancerous tumors. e. Consumption of Omega-3 fatty acid directly decreases the size of previous cancerous tumors In the absence of lactose, what gene(s) on the lac operon is/are transcribed?
Consumption of Omega-3 fatty acid has no statistical effect on decreasing the size of previous cancerous tumors.
An assay of which of the following solutions will theoretically have the highest amount of b-galactosidase enzyme activity? a. Luria Broth, glucose and lactose, at 20 mins of incubation b. Luria Broth, glucose and lactose, at 70 mins of incubation c. Luria Broth & glucose, at 20mins of incubation d. Luria Broth and lactose, at 20 mins of incubation e. Luria Broth and lactose, at 70 mins of incubation
E . bgal catalyzes lactase (so you wouldn't want glucose bc bgal wouldn't bind to anything; also 70 min after incubation you would see luria broth (provides nutrients for bacteria growth)
Which of the following should NOT be added to the B-galactosidase blank? Select one: a. Na2CO3. b. ONPG. c. E. coli cells. d. PopCulture e. Z buffer.
E. coli cells. ONPG cleaved by bgal to produce a yellow compound o-nitrophenol (we measure the amount of o-nitro produced) --> looks similar to lactose popculture perforates ecoli walls to release proteins without dentaturing it z buffer promotes the bgal and onpg reaction by optimizing pH Na2CO3 stops the bgal and onpg reaction by changing pH (bgal is pH sensitive) -->not kept on ice!
Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning the detergent SDS? Select one: a. In a multisubunit polypeptide, it breaks apart disulfide linkages. b. For every two amino acids, an average of four SDS molecules associate with them. c. Smaller protein subunits associate with more SDS molecules than do larger subunits. d. It coats proteins with a negative charge, with equal amount of charge per unit length. e. It helps separate protein subunits by their charges.
It coats proteins with a negative charge, with equal amount of charge per unit length.
What kind of gel medium is used in SDS-PAGE? Select one: a. FITC b. Polyacrylamide c. Ethidium Bromide d. Agarose e. TBE
Polyacrylamide determines the size/ # of individual subunits of a protein identical subunits= homodimer different subunits= heterodimer gel filtration= estimate of molec weight in full protein SDS denatures proteins, taking out bonds between subunits so that they can be separated by their molecular weights process: the protein of interest is mixed with a loading buffer (with the reducing agent and sds). reducing agent breaks up linkages; SDS disrupts noncovalent links btwn subgroups and unfolds the poplypeptide chain (and becomes negative); the gell is mounted btwn 2 buffers; proteins loaded into wells; current is applied and the proteins travel to the positive side; the run is complete when the smallest (and thus fastest) protein reaches the bottom we use acquastain dye to look at these bc it doesn't stain the gel, only the protein
A null hypothesis states that the difference between 8 hours of sleep and 3 hours of sleep has no effect on the number of pictures a student will remember during a Picture Memory Interface Test (PMIT). Examining the MIT database, an extremely small t-value of 0.1611 is found. This t-value is much smaller than the smallest t-value on the chart for p-value reference. From this information we can: b. Accept the null hypothesis because the p-value obtained shows that the difference between the two groups being tested is not statistically significant b. Reject the null hypothesis because of the p-value obtained c. Reject the null hypothesis because the data obtained is statistically significant d. Accept the null hypothesis because the p-value obtained was statistically significant
Reject the null hypothesis because the data obtained is statistically significant
You want to determine the distribution of subunits in a given protein. Through gel filtration you determine that the protein is 140 kDs. SDS-PAGE analysis gives three bands that correspond to 12, 25, and 30 kDs. Which of the following is a possible explanation for this result? Select one: a. The protein contains nine 12 kD subunits, one 25 kD subunit, and one 30 kD subunit. b. The protein contains five 12 kD subunits, two 25 kD subunits, and one 30 kD subunit. c. The protein contains two subunits of each size. d. There is not enough information given to determine the number of subunits in this protein. e. The proteins contains two 25 kD subunits and three 30 kD subunits.
The protein contains five 12 kD subunits, two 25 kD subunits, and one 30 kD subunit.
Which of the following statements about a dissecting microscope is accurate? Select one: a. A dissecting microscope is generally higher in its magnifying power than a compound microscope. b. A dissecting microscope focuses on light that passes through the specimen being observed. c. A dissecting microscope uses beams of electrons to obtain an image. d. Magnification through a dissecting microscope is achieved in discrete increments. e. The image viewed through a dissecting microscope will have the same orientation as the specimen being magnified.
The image viewed through a dissecting microscope will have the same orientation as the specimen being magnified.
A study was conducted to see if there was a difference in final exam scores of Life Science 2 students who consumed more than 120mg caffeine per day, versus those who consumed none. Data was recorded and formulated into a t-test. The p-value for this experiment was 0.0325. Which of the following statements would not apply, or is false? Select one: a. There is a 96.75% probability that accepting the alternative hypothesis is correct. b. There is a 3.25% probability that the two test groups are drawn from the same population. c. More information is needed to make a determination. d. The difference in data is significant such that we can claim that caffeine consumption has an effect on final exam scores. e. The p-value falls below the threshold for significance, so we can feel confident in retaining our null hypothesis.
The p-value falls below the threshold for significance, so we can feel confident in retaining our null hypothesis.
Tamique tested E. Coli B-Galactosidase activity but the buffer solution she used for the B-Gal assay was 4 pH units higher than the optimal pH. What problem did Tamique observe? The pH of the solution was too basic to disrupt the cell membrane. b. The pH of the solution was too acidic for transcription of the B-Galactosidase gene. c. The pH of the solution was too basic for B-Galactosidase to bind to o-nitrophenol. d. No problems were observed. e. The pH of the solution was too basic for B-Galactosidase to bind to ONPG.
The pH of the solution was too basic for B-Galactosidase to bind to ONPG.
A student conducts an experiment to test if Drug-A extends the life span of the mice. From the experiment, the average lifespan of mice that were given Drug-A was 0.7 days longer than mice that were not given the drug, and a p-value of 0.58 was derived. What can the student conclude from the experiment? Select one: a. The drug is responsible for extending the lifespan of mice by 0.7 days. b. There is no scientific evidence that Drug-A affects mice lifespan. c. Due to the low p-value magnitude, Drug-A shortens the lifespan of mice. d. Due to the high p-value magnitude, Drug-A extends the lifespan of mice. e. The drug is responsible for shortening the lifespan of mice by 0.7 days.
There is no scientific evidence that Drug-A affects mice lifespan.
what you need to know from bgal
time its been volume of ecoli optical density at 420 nm optical density at 600nm