Management 340 Organizational behavior

Which of the following is true of organizational behavior? A).It is a field of study devoted to understanding the attitudes and behaviors of individuals and groups in organizations. B).It is concerned with the application of the theories and principles established in management studies in organizations. C).It focuses on the product choices and industry characteristics that affect an organization's profitability. D).It examines the relationship between firm diversification and firm profitability. E).It examines the best ways to structure training programs to promote employee learning.

A).It is a field of study devoted to understanding the attitudes and behaviors of individuals and groups in organizations.

Which of the following is true of the ethical component of corporate social responsibility? A).It suggests the organization has reached the principled level of moral development. B).It suggests the organization has reached the conventional level of moral development. C).It often involves philanthropic efforts, such as donating time or cash to charitable groups. D).It argues that organizations should contribute resources to improve the quality of life in their communities. E).It states that organizations must fulfill their economic responsibilities to their employees and their shareholders.

A).It suggests the organization has reached the principled level of moral development.

Which of the following is a consequence of high job identity? A).The employee feels annoyed about not getting a job finished. B).The employee does work that has a positive impact on society. C).The employee rarely feels a sense of monotony or repetition. D).The employee feels free from scheduling and sequencing of work activities. E).The employee receives constant information about how they're performing.

A).The employee feels annoyed about not getting a job finished.

________ are defined as a collection of assertions—both verbal and symbolic—that specify how and why variables are related, as well as the conditions in which they should (and should not) be related. A).Theories B).Hypotheses C).Data D).Verifications E).Results

A).Theories

________ contracts are based on a narrow set of specific monetary obligations. A).Transactional B).Economic C).Continuance D).Relational E).Developmental

A).Transactional

Which of the following is an example of a cognitive method of emotion-focused coping? A).avoiding B).working faster C).seeking support D).positive thinking E).changing priorities

A).avoiding

How does job satisfaction positively affect job performance? A).by increasing task performance B).by increasing affective commitment C).by decreasing citizenship behavior D).by increasing continuance commitment E).by increasing life satisfaction

A).by increasing task performance

Geraldo is talking about his new job with his brother. He says he likes this job better than his previous jobs because now he feels respected, and he knows he is doing important work. He has always felt a need to feel this way at work, and now he finally does. Geraldo is describing how his job meets his need for A).esteem. B).control. C).meaning. D).existence. E).relatedness.

A).esteem.

Behaviors are reinforced after a certain number of them have been exhibited under a ________ schedule of reinforcement. A).fixed ratio B).continuous C)variable ratio D).fixed interval E).variable interval

A).fixed ratio

Which of the following is the most widely used supportive practice among small, medium, and large companies? A).flextime B).compressed workweek C).a lactation program D).full-time telecommuting E).a company-supported child care center

A).flextime

Ike, George, and Mike work at an ice producing facility in the same job classification. Ike arrives at work late, produces and loads fewer bags of ice than George and Mike, and never volunteers to sweep up during his break, unlike the other workers. After talking to George and Mike, Ike learns that even though they have all been employed the same length of time, he is being paid two dollars more per hour than they are because they were hired through an outside personnel agency. According to equity theory, which of the following emotions is Ike likely to display? A).guilt B).envy C).anger D).equanimity E).satisfaction

A).guilt

Sarah had been on sick leave for two weeks and when she returned Evan helped her catch up on her routine duties. Evan is A).helping, an interpersonal citizenship behavior. B).helping, an organizational citizenship behavior. C).demonstrating civic virtue, an organizational citizenship behavior. D).being courteous, an organizational citizenship behavior. E).demonstrating civic virtue, an interpersonal citizenship behavior.

A).helping, an interpersonal citizenship behavior.

Blaze feels his workers need to know they are doing something that makes a difference to the company. Blaze walks around among his employees and uses phrases such as "moving forward," "being on track," and "getting there" to convey a sense of A).impact. B).dominance. C).competence. D).self-determination. E).cognitive distortion.

A).impact.

Which of the following compensation plan elements result in a change to base pay? A).merit pay B).profit sharing C).recognition awards D).gainsharing E).lump-sum bonuses

A).merit pay

Well-known responses to demands that occur in a normal, predictable way are known as A).routine task performance. B).adaptive task performance. C).creative task performance. D).interpersonal citizenship behavior. E).organizational citizenship behavior.

A).routine task performance.

Which of the following is a characteristic trait of a bad coworker? A).seems to always be looking for something else, even if it is not better B).adapts when something needs to be changed or done differently C).gets the job done, without having to be managed or reminded D).helps new coworkers and people who seem to need a hand E).is the first to arrive and the last to leave

A).seems to always be looking for something else, even if it is not better

Which of the following describes an emotion? A)."I am feeling bored." B)."I hate peanut butter and jelly sandwiches." C)."I am anxious." D)."I feel calm today." E)."Today, I feel particularly cheerful."

B)."I hate peanut butter and jelly sandwiches."

Which of the following questions is used to evaluate informational justice? A).Do authorities treat employees with sincerity? B).Do authorities explain procedures thoroughly? C).Are rewards allocated according to the proper norm? D).Do procedures consider the needs of all groups? E).Are procedures neutral and unbiased?

B).Do authorities explain procedures thoroughly?

Sierra was meeting with board members of the League of Women Voters and was aware from previous meetings that all the female board members wore dresses to meetings. Sierra normally wore pantsuits to work, or dress pants and a blouse, but on this day, Sierra wore a dress. Sierra is exhibiting A).civic virtue. B).adaptability. C).boosterism. D).interpersonal citizenship behavior. E).courtesy.

B).adaptability.

Joe takes a personal location device with him whenever he goes hiking in the woods because the park ranger said they save lives when a hiker becomes lost. Joe is exhibiting the method of A).experience. B).authority. C).intuition. D).science. E).divination.

B).authority.

Organizations identify the behaviors that underlie task performance by A).creating a correlation grid. B).conducting a job analysis. C).emphasizing citizenship behavior. D).adopting a results-based rating system. E).eliminating activities with high failure rates.

B).conducting a job analysis.

Which of the following is a "hidden cost" of employee turnover? A).retraining delays B).decreased morale. C).reputation damage D).Administrative fees E).recruitment expenses

B).decreased morale.

An example of political deviance is A).sabotage. B).gossip. C).harassment. D).substance abuse. E).wasting resources.

B).gossip.

What reflects the perceived quality of a company's goods and services in the eyes of the public? A).its trustworthiness B).its reputation C).its intentions D).its branding E).its ethics

B).its reputation

Which of the following answer options is not one of the concepts of psychological empowerment? A).impact B).self-efficacy C).meaningfulness D).competence E).self-determination

B).self-efficacy

________ refers to how you feel about your work and what you think about your work. A).Organizational culture B).Life satisfaction C).Job satisfaction D).Organizational commitment E).Job culture

C).Job satisfaction

________ is the use of work time and resources to complete something other than job duties, such as assignments for another job. A).Social loafing B).Looking busy C).Moonlighting D).Daydreaming E).Socializing

C).Moonlighting

Which of the following is true of motivation? A).A person who works hard for a short time is unmotivated. B).Motivation shows a high negative correlation with ability. C).Motivation is a set of energetic forces that originates both within and outside an employee. D).Motivation is a synonym for high levels of intensity and persistence in work effort. E).Motivational forces such as confidence are external to the employee.

C).Motivation is a set of energetic forces that originates both within and outside an employee.

________ is an example of a behavioral strain resulting from prolonged stress. A).Avoidance B).Aggression C).Overeating D).Presenteeism E).Absentmindedness

C).Overeating

Which of the following describes the relationship between challenge stressors and job performance? A).There is no correlation between the two. B).There is a strong negative correlation. C).There is a weak positive correlation. D).There is a strong positive correlation. E).There is a weak negative correlation.

C).There is a weak positive correlation.

The scientific method begins with A).existing data. B).expected or required results. C).a theory. D).a hypothesis. E).the verification of facts.

C).a theory.

Which of the following is characteristic of social exchange relationships? A).impersonal B).based on quid pro quo obligations C).based on obligations that are open-ended D).based on obligations that are specified in advance E)>based on exchanges resembling contractual agreements

C).based on obligations that are open-ended

A formalized method of training in which employees observe and learn from employees with significant amounts of tacit knowledge is known as ________ training. A).transfer of B).variable interval C).behavior modeling D).learning orientation E).non-programmed decision

C).behavior modeling

The process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem is called A).intuition. B).satisficing. C).decision making. D).bounded rationality. E).learning orientation.

C).decision making.

Emotionally charged judgments that arise through quick, nonconscious, and holistic associations are known as A).learning. B).expertise. C).intuition. D).consensus. E).stereotypes.

C).intuition.

Changes in the workplace over the last few decades can be summed up as a(n) A).effort to eliminate lower-skilled jobs in favor of a growing technocracy. B).tendency to encourage early retirement so as to clear the way for younger workers. C).move away from physical, industrial jobs toward knowledge work and service work. D).trend toward the hiring of overqualified foreign workers at the expense of American jobs. E).increase in physical and industrial jobs at the expense of knowledge work and service work.

C).move away from physical, industrial jobs toward knowledge work and service work.

Mary is an extravert who is highly regarded in her department for her conscientiousness to daily tasks. This describes Mary's A).motivation. B).decision making. C).personality. D).ability. E).ethics.

C).personality.

Keenan had worked at the post office for many years, accepting packages for mailing that customers had packed themselves. Keenan could look at a package and tell if it met mailing specifications, and any corrective actions that needed taken. His quick assessments were based on ________ decisions. A).intuitive B).automatic C).programmed D).non-programmed E).bounded rationality

C).programmed

Which of the five satisfaction facets is most likely to be viewed as undesirable by an employee? A).coworker satisfaction B).satisfaction with the work itself C).promotion satisfaction D).pay satisfaction E).supervision satisfaction

C).promotion satisfaction

Moral intensity is driven by two general dimensions: potential for harm and social pressure. Which of the following answer options is a specific facet of the social pressure dimension? A).magnitude of consequences B).probability of effect C).proximity D).temporal immediacy E).concentration of effect

C).proximity

Which motivating force has the strongest effect on performance? A).perceptions of equity B).motivation created by expectancy C).self-efficacy or competence D).difficult goals E).motivation created by valence

C).self-efficacy or competence

A sabbatical involves A).the splitting of one job into two. B).two people sharing the responsibility of a single job. C).taking time off from work to engage in an alternative activity D).increasing the job-related competencies and skills of employees. E).helping employees manage the demands that exist in the different roles they have.

C).taking time off from work to engage in an alternative activity

When the knowledge, skills, and behaviors used on the job are maintained by the learner once the period of learning ends, and generalized to the workplace once the learner returns to the job, this is known as A).training. B).learning. C).transfer of training. D).knowledge transfer. E).behavioral modeling.

C).transfer of training.

acit knowledge is A).easily transferred through written or verbal communication. B).something that can be learned through books. C).typically job- or situation-specific. D).always conscious and accessible. E).readily available to most people.

C).typically job- or situation-specific.

Which of the following answer options is not one of the four primary responses to negative events at work? A).exit B).neglect C).withdrawal D).voice E).loyalty

C).withdrawal

Which of the following statements is an expression of normative commitment? A).Some of my best friends work in my office . . . I'd miss them if I left. B).I really like the atmosphere at my current job . . . it is fun and relaxed. C).I'm due for a promotion soon . . . will I advance as quickly at a new company? D).My organization gave me my start . . . they hired me when others thought I was not qualified. E).My salary and benefits get us a nice house in our town . . . the cost of living would be higher in a new area.

D).My organization gave me my start . . . they hired me when others thought I was not qualified.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates role ambiguity? A).Rose as the manager of the accounting department, must reprimand her best friend, a subordinate, for returning late from lunch. B).The library's marketing department consisted of a single position, who organized marketing for all the various departments. C).A customer at the coffee shop began informing the clerk about her recent health status before even placing her order, the clerk found it difficult to listen as he notices the next customer is showing signs of irritation. D).Steve is hired to cover the visitor information desk at the zoo but on his first day realizes the large, easy-to-understand map is constructed a good 20 feet away from his information desk, which he is not supposed to leave. E).Kim's supervisor asked him to prepare a report of the recent tornado damage but wants the report in two days. Kim hopes he can complete the report on time.

D).Steve is hired to cover the visitor information desk at the zoo but on his first day realizes the large, easy-to-understand map is constructed a good 20 feet away from his information desk, which he is not supposed to leave.

Which of the following examples demonstrates the most effective recovery activity? A).Tara picks her next day's outfit the night before, making her morning routine go a bit faster. B).Tara chose a daycare located on the route she drives to work, making drop-offs and pick-ups easier to manage during rush-hour traffic. C).Tara keeps a grocery list all week and shops every Monday after work. D).Tara is in a book club which meets once a month, so she reads a bit of the book each night before going to sleep. E).Tara always checks her work email from home to keep herself apprised of any developing situations.

D).Tara is in a book club which meets once a month, so she reads a bit of the book each night before going to sleep.

If a scatter plot comparing two variables results in a straight line, which of the following best describes the correlation between the two variables? A).They show a correlation greater than 0.5 but less than 1.0. B).They show a strong correlation of 0.7 or less. C).They show a negative correlation of -0.1. D).They show a perfect correlation of 1.0. E).They show a partial correlation of 0.5.

D).They show a perfect correlation of 1.0.

Which of the following is characteristic of disposition-based trust? A).Trust is based on an authority's ability to be successful. B).Trust is based on the benevolence of an authority toward the trustor. C).Trust is based on the adherence of the trustee to values that the trustor finds acceptable. D).Trust is based on the general propensity of the trustor to trust others. E).Trust is based on feelings toward the authority that go beyond any rational assessment.

D).Trust is based on the general propensity of the trustor to trust others.

Marisa's boss Luna is often insulting to employees she does not like. Luna also mocks the personal appearance and habits of some of Marisa's coworkers. Luna's behavior is an example of A).benevolence. B).moral turpitude. C).ethical behavior. D).abusive supervision E).managerial oversight.

D).abusive supervision

When an employee has a desire to remain a member of an organization because they want to, they are exhibiting which type of commitment? A).focus of commitment B).normative C).continuance D).affective E).effective

D).affective

Which of the following answer options is not an example of a decision-making bias? A).framing B).representativeness C).anchoring D).consensus E).contrast

D).consensus

Sal and Brianna find out that Debby got a 10% annual salary increase, while they each got a 5% increase. Since all three of them had the same level of sales over the last year, Sal and Brianna think the situation lacks: A).informational equity. B).informational justice. C).interpersonal justice. D).distributive justice. E).procedural justice.

D).distributive justice.

The moderate correlation between learning and job performance may be underestimated because A).learning seems less relevant to citizenship behavior and counterproductive behavior. B).employees with higher levels of expertise become more highly valued commodities on the job market. C).higher levels of job knowledge are associated with slight increases in emotional attachment to the firm. D).it is difficult to measure tacit knowledge, which is relevant to task performance, due to its unspoken nature. E).of the difficulty fulfilling one's job duties if the employee does not possess adequate levels of job knowledge.

D).it is difficult to measure tacit knowledge, which is relevant to task performance, due to its unspoken nature.

When an employee is able to redefine their jobs in a proactive way, such as altering the boundaries of their jobs, the employee is engaged in A).job enrichment. B).flow. C).variety. D).job crafting. E).growth need strength.

D).job crafting.

A management philosophy that bases an employee's evaluations on whether the employee achieves specific, mutually agreed-upon performance goals is known as A).360-degree feedback. B).forced ranking. C).social networking systems. D).management by objectives. E).behaviorally anchored rating scales.

D).management by objectives.

Spending money to train and develop employees is a means of fostering A).social adherence. B).affective commitment. C).voluntary commitment. D).normative commitment. E).continuance commitment.

D).normative commitment.

One of the reasons why job performance should be defined only in terms of behaviors, and not in terms of results, is that results are A. less objective than behavior. B).a poor indicator of a firm's success. C).not as connected to the central concerns of managers. D).often influenced by factors that are beyond the employee's control. E).possible to interpret in a variety of ways, and thus are easily manipulated.

D).often influenced by factors that are beyond the employee's control.

Which of the following is true of diversity in the workplace? A).Fewer American employees are working as expatriates in foreign countries. B).An increasingly diverse workforce decreases the economic output of a country. C).Remaining a member of the workforce is detrimental to the health of older workers. D).The average age of the workforce is decreasing as the baby boomer generation nears retirement. E).Diversity makes it more challenging to retain valued employees by reducing affective and continuance commitment.

E).Diversity makes it more challenging to retain valued employees by reducing affective and continuance commitment.

Which of the following is true according to the Rule of One-Eighth? A). One-eighth of organizations will not believe the connection between how they manage their people and the profits they earn. B).Twelve percent of organizations that do see the connection will do what many organizations have done—try to make a single change to solve their problems. C).Twenty percent of organizations will actually do what is required to build profits by putting people first. D).All organizations that see a connection between how they manage their people and the profits they earn make comprehensive changes for effective people-management. E).One-half of the firms that make comprehensive changes will persist with their practices long enough to actually derive economic benefits.

E).One-half of the firms that make comprehensive changes will persist with their practices long enough to actually derive economic benefits.

Which of the following is characteristic of the preconventional stage of moral development? A).Right versus wrong is referenced to a set of defined, established moral principles. B).Concepts such as doing one's duty and maintaining the social order come to be valued for their own sakes. C).Right versus wrong is referenced to the expectations of one's family and one's society. D).People seek the approval of friends and family members, conforming to stereotypes about what is right. E).Relationships are based on self-interest, with little concern for loyalty, gratitude, or fairness.

E).Relationships are based on self-interest, with little concern for loyalty, gratitude, or fairness.

Maintaining a good attitude with coworkers, even when they have done something annoying or when the unit is going through tough times, is known as A).helping. B).courtesy. C).civic virtue. D).boosterism. E).Sportsmanship.

E).Sportsmanship.

Which of the following is true of stress? A).The demands and situations that cause people to experience stress are called strains. B).Stress is defined as the negative consequences that occur when demands exceed a person's capacity. C).People evaluate and cope with similar stresses in the same way and hence experience the same stress levels. D).Stressors are defined as psychological responses to demands that tax or exceed the person's capacity or resources. E).Stress depends on both the nature of the demand and the person who confronts it.

E).Stress depends on both the nature of the demand and the person who confronts it.

Which of the following is specifically identified with job significance? A).a distinct sense of beginning and closure B).a sense of monotony or repetition C).a sense of satisfaction and pleasure D).a sense of how well one is performing E).a sense of value to society

E).a sense of value to society

Which of the following conditions describes a physiological strain? A).loss of appetite B).conflict avoidance C).lashing out in anger D).developing a phobia E).a weakening of the immune system

E).a weakening of the immune system

Serious interpersonal counterproductive behaviors include A).theft. B).sabotage. C).incivility. D).gossiping. E).harassment.

E).harassment.

With regard to the value-percept theory, which of the following conditions for a value would result in a high level of employee dissatisfaction? A).high Vwant, low Vhave, and low Vimportance B).how Vwant, high Vhave, and low Vimportance C).equal Vwant and Vhave, and high Vimportance D).low Vwant, high Vhave, and high Vimportance E).high Vwant, low Vhave, and high Vimportance

E).high Vwant, low Vhave, and high Vimportance

Goal setting theory argues that assigning employees specific, difficult goals will result in A).lower self-esteem. B).poor performance. C).higher turnover rates. D).elimination of self-set goals. E).higher levels of performance.

E).higher levels of performance.

Which of the following is something a company could do to foster bonding and affective commitment? A).add dental coverage to its health insurance package B).offer incentives to the team with the highest sales C).offer college reimbursement for business classes D).offer free leadership seminars to all employees E).hold a weekly "employee appreciation" party

E).hold a weekly "employee appreciation" party

Which of the following attributes is associated with cognitive-based trust? A).blind trust B).ethical behavior C).bias suppression D).trust propensity E).integrity

E).integrity

Which of the following qualities of an organization adds to the value of its resources by making it inimitable? A).its utilization of diverse materials B).its technological superiority C).its lean processes D).its marketing E).its people

E).its people

Which one of the following is an individual outcome of interest to organizational behavior researchers? A).diversity B).motivation C).leader power D).decision making E).job performance

E).job performance

Mentally "checking out" and going through the motions at work is a reaction known as A).absence. B).attrition. C).exit. D).moonlighting. E).neglect.

E).neglect.

Which of the following is an example of a daily hassle? A).working late B).time pressure C).role ambiguity D).benign job demands E).office equipment malfunctions

E).office equipment malfunctions

Gilbert would like to foster goal commitment in his department. He decides to do this by encouraging the collaboration of employees and leaders on setting the specific proficiency level and due date for a major production goal so that the employees feel a sense of ownership over the goal. Gilbert has implemented a strategy known as A).support. B).rewards. C).publicity. D).resources. E).participation.

E).participation.

Norcraft, Inc. usually moves new employees to a higher position within a year and fills most of its higher-level positions internally, resulting in a satisfied workforce as well as cost saving through lower turnover of employees. Which facet of job satisfaction has Norcraft fostered? A).pay satisfaction B).supervision satisfaction C).task satisfaction D).coworker satisfaction E).promotion satisfaction

E).promotion satisfaction

Which of the following is an example of a positive emotion? A).boredom B).calm C).sluggishness D).guilt E).relief

E).relief

The tendency for people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations is known as A).a stereotype. B).projection bias. C).availability bias. D).self-serving bias. E).selective perception.

E).selective perception.

Bernadette would like to generate intrinsic motivation in her employees because she feels it will ultimately lead to better performance. Which of the following outcomes would foster the intrinsic motivation she wants? A).praise B).bonuses C).free time D).promotion E).skill development

E).skill development