public health exam 3
what are risk factors for malaria
-accessibility of preventative measures -travel expenses -job policies -income -productivity loss governmental: supply and staff health policies, purchase drugs, lower gdp because of productivity loss, low tourism so less funds geography: hot and moist weather conditions, stagnant water, absence of trees, nearby maize, livestock location, swamps education: how to protect themselves, what preventative measures to use, congenital malaria
what efforts have been taken to reduce occupational risk
OSHA not exists and it is the occupational safety and health administration, it has safety standards each workplace has to meet and its purpose is to protect workers' safety and health
define health education
any combination of learning experiences designed to facilitate voluntary actions conducive to health usually embedded in promotion programs, one tool or strategy, and focuses on individuals at the micro level
what are 3 ways to prevent infection at the population level
control measures: water treatment, vector control, rodent reduction barrier protection: isolation/quarantine immunizations: herd immunity screening and treatment
what infectious diseases have on-going concern
dengue, yellow fever, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, influenza, smallpox, cholera, leishmaniasis, west nile virus and plague
define the directs and indirect routes of infectious disease transmission
direct routes of transmission include through: skin to skin contact, mucous to mucous contact, across placenta, through breast milk, sneeze-cough/aerosoilized contact indirect routes of transmission include: food-borne, water borne, vector borne, and air borne
explain the epi triad in relation to disease transmission
the epi triad is the agent, host, and environment that affects the disease. factors of HOST include age, sex, genotype, behavior, nutritional status, and health status. factors of the ENVIRONMENT include weather, housing, geography, occupational setting, air/water quality, and food. factors of AGENT includes the infectivity, pathogenicity, virulence, immunogenicity, antigenetic stability, and survival.
What is enviornmental health?
the science and practice of preventing human injury and illness and promoting well-being by identifying and envaluating environmental sources of hazardous agents and limiting exposures to hazardous physical, chemical, and biological agents in the environment that may adversely affect human health
identify priority infectious diseases which pose a threat to public health
this is a disease with potential to cause a public health emergency because it does not have an effective drug or vaccine
what is MDR and XDR
this is when the antibiotic regimen is not completed and tb becomes antibiotic resistant and lethal
the environmental sustainability model
this model show the economy: (economy and wealth) encapsulated by community (society and culture, health and well being, governance and policy, and education and learning) which is then encapsulated by environment (air, ecosystems, materials, water, land, energy, and habitat)
explain why qualitative methods are used
to learn more about priority populations, evaluate programs and prevention strategies, and program planning by needs and assets assessments
explain the concept of toxicology
toxicology is the study of the effects of poisons and understanding how something produces a toxic effect
whats the deal with contraception
unmet needs for contraception is a huge public health crisis and this problem is magnified among poorer populations in developing countries, 82% of unintended pregnancies are due to an unmet need to contraception
what is the difference between an infectious and a communicable disease?
infectious disease is a disease caused by different classes of pathogenic organisms called germs (virus or bacteria) communicable disease is an infectious disease that may be passed from individual to individual all communicable diseases are infectious diseases but not all infectious diseases are communicable diseases
what are determinants in the environment that influence health
infrastructure (air filtration- screens on windows), changes in food production and handling, increased use of antibiotics, global air travel, interactions with animals
what are the current stats on tuberculosis and social determinants of tuberculosis
it is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. 1/4 of the worlds population is infected. most common is india, china, pakistan, indonesia, and south africa
define health promotion
it is the combination of educational and environmental supports for actions and living conducive to health. broader than health education, it is purposeful and organized, and involves a planned intervention at the macro level
what is disease x
it stands for the unknown and represents the knowledge that a serious epidemic could be caused by an unknown pathogen
what are 3 ways to prevent infection at the personal level
keeping hands clean, PPE, heaving healthy habits, getting immunized, avoid social situtations if you are sick or if others are sick
explain the difference between qualitative and quantitative methods/data
qualitative is text based, is narrow-deep information, is inductive-open ended and is potentially valid and reliable quantitative is numbers based, broad-shallow information, and deductive-focused on testing/confirming hypothesis
approaching public health problems from a systems perspective
systems perspective= the bigger picture, public health issues need to be addressed through a systems perspective because we LIVE in systems, and there are RELATIONSHIPS between all parts of a system, PH prblems are complex and complicated and they have factors that are inextricably linked and have multiple interacting parts and multiple stakeholders
identify and briefly explain qualitative methods
takes a systematic approach, there is a world 'out there' that can be studied, expressed in words and images, determinants & health concepts are complex and can be patterned and predictable and have THEMEs you collect qualitative data through interviews, focus groups, case studies, community forum/meeting, systematic observation, participant observation, and content analysis
TB video
tb is one of the top 10 leading causes of death worldwide, many people are developing resistance to TB. a vitamin a derived new medication is being created for tb
explain what health promoters do
the conduct needs assessments, identify health problems/ develop problem statements utilizing epi data. plan programs in a variety of settings, implement programs and evaluate programs, they act as a resource, they advocate/educate policy makers, communicate healthy vs risky, develop health communication campaigns, write grants, create health ed materials and curriculum, conduct research etc
why may a disease be an on-going concern
the disease continues to pose major public health problems and further research and development is needed through existing major disease control initiatives, funding streams, and regulatory pathways for improved interventions
poverty vs tuberculosis
the elimination of tb takes a lot of dedication with 6 months of antibiotics. its hard to afford the whole package and there are not alot of hospitals, transportation systems, and public support in poorer countries
what are the three guiding questions
1. define the public health issue 2. what are the determinants involved in this issue 3. what controversial and or ethical concerns may be involved
explain the assumptions of community based health promotion
1. health status can be changed 2. disease occurrence can be can be understood 3. prevention strategies can be developed for health problems 4. health is affected by multiple factors not just lifestyle 5. changes in micro and macro level behaviors and factors can positively affect health 6. people and communities can assume responsibility for their health 7. individual responsibility does not mean victim blaming 8. for permanent behavior change people must be ready and motivated
explain health promotion by level
1. individual level- knowledge, skills, attitudes, beliefs, and self efficacy 2. interpersonal level- social support systems, social networks, and social norms 3. institutional level- organizational characteristics and their rules and regulations, physical characteristics 4. community level- relationships between organizations, groups, physical environment 5. public policy level- laws and policies at the local, state or national levels
what are 10 global healthcare challenges
1.elevating health in the climate debate (emissions kill 7mil ppl per year) 2.delivering health in conflict and crisis (there were 1000 attacks on healthcare workers in 2019 leaving 193 medical staff dead) 3.making healthcare fairer (people in wealthier nations can expect to live 18 years longer) 4.expanding access to medicine (medicine and vaccines are not available for 1/3 global population) 5.stopping infectious diseases (kills millions of ppl) 6.preparing for epidemics (airborne viruses spread quickly) 7.protecting people from dangerous products (harmful foodstuffs lead to malnutrition in poorer areas) 8.investing in the people who defend our health (health workers are in short supply so they need to be paid and trained well) 9.keeping adolescents safe (policymakers need to promote positive mental health and better contraceptive awareness) 10.earning public trust (use social media to spread reliable info)
what are public health issues that are associated with environmental determinants
24% of global deaths are linked to the environment. causes of death related to the environment are ischaemic heart disease, chronic respiratory disease, cancer, inintentional injuries, respiratory infections, stroke, diarrhoeal diseases, diabetes, malaria, and neonatal conditions because... people are exposed to risk factors such as air pollution, inadequate water sanitation, chemicals, radiation, community noise, occupational risks, agricultural practices, build environments, and climate change
who are some important environmental figures in history
RAMAZZINI was an italian doctor who was the first to link hazards of dust, fumes and gases to lung disease/ asthma in workers. he published de morbis artificum PAUL EHRLICH was a german scientist who developed staining procedures to see how toxicants affected living organisms RACHEL CARSON was an american scientist and activist who founded our contemportary environmental movement and questioned pesticide practices
describe the video clips in the environmental health module
Radium girls: radium was used to make watches glow in the dark, it was in cosmetics, it was in butter and chocolate and in pills. Even tough there was evidence radium was harmful in large amounts. Big radium funded research that said radium was good In small amounts. Radium girls were artists and they were paid a lot, it was very lucrative. The radium girls would lick the paintbrushes to make them pointy and accumulating radium into their bones which caused holes in bones and cancerous tumors. This ended up benefiting workers because they brought attention to it to help protect those in the radioactive industry today. Flowing the mercury trail: if the ocean ain't happy nobody happy. PCBS get into plankton which are eaten by whales and then gets accumulated in the whales and predators. Pcb can be passed through mothers milk. In Japan they eat dolphin and whale which infects the ppl w pcb. Red tides are blooms of toxic algae which cause neurological damage and jam packs the bottom of the sewage. Blooms create poisoning.
describe the articles posted in the infectious disease and control module
Road to zero: Ebola epidemic cause people leaving Africa to be quarantined for 21 day, cdc facilities to be nuilt in Africa to prevent future Ebola epidemics, amd people were skeptical of the foreigners who came to help so they had to find a way to communicate the dangers of Ebola in a way they could understand to change their behaviors and go in to a hospital for early care. 1918 flu pandemic: in 1918 WW1 was going on and more soldiers died from the flu than the war. There was a short supply of medical professionals because they were all helping with war. There was no vaccine or remedy. 1/3 of the world had the flu. The cdc was formed to prevent future pandemics in 1946 Healthcare associated infections: Every day 1 In 25 patients get sick from medical care. There are 5 common infection sites the bloodstream, the urinary tract, the gastrointestinal tract, surgery sites, and the lungs. The most dangerous infections are cdiff, staph/mrsa, pseudomonas, cre, and enterococcus. 1 in 9 will die.
explain exposure concepts
There are different toxic responses from different routes of exposure: absorption (skin), injection (bite/puncture), inhalation (air via nose), ingestion (mouth), mucousal membranes (nose/eyes); frequencies of exposure, suration of exposure, how the body metabolizes the toxin, life stage, gender, form and ability to be absorbed, metabolism, distribution in the body, excretion, individual health, nutritional status, presence of other chemicals, and nutritional status.
what are strategies to end TB
WHOs end tb strategy with DOTS core was very successful and there was global effort. this program had continuous evaluation, targets, and improvement in practice. but, success depends on cooperation and dedication of the country
who is at risk for complications after an unmet need for contraception
adolescent women in poor countries, those physically immature due to malnutrition, older women in poor countries
define program
an intervention thought of as a treatment and it must be well planned. may be a single event or a series or a combination
treatment of tuberculosis
antibiotics
summarize the documentary spillover
disease strikes disease in brazil: zika virus destroys brain tissue in fetus. at first zika wasn't thought of as a dangerous virus until babies were born with microcephaly. zika is spread by mosquitos, blood transfusions, and sexual contact ebola is spread through close personal contact. contact tracing leads to quarantining but also being able to trace the disease back to point zero the goal of the researchers was to capture animals and try to find diseases they have that may spillover to humans and cause detrimental disease 1 spillover can lead to an epidemic. as humans and domesticated animals encroach on wildlife spillover is more likely nepa is another example of this. in bangledesh people became ill with amoeba btw december and march when tree climbers work which means this virus also comes from bats because the bats are in the trees. raw date palm sap is the route of transmission. there is concern that the virus may adapt to humans and be able to spread from human to human which could lead to a pandemic. now the predict project is working to try to find sources of spillover before they spill over by collecting samples from animals and sending them to lab to test for different pathogens in brazil mosquitos are bred to compete with wild male mosquitos, when these mosquitos mate with females the offspring die before maturity which stops zika spread.
explain how health promotion and health education are related
health promotion (macro) encapsulates health education (micro). at the macro level interventions are for a group of people and is not directed at individuals, the interventions are population based at the micro level interventions are for interventions for individuals, these interventions are person based effective health promotion combine both approaches
food waste activity
how food waste affects the environment: it emits methane in landfills and takes up alot of land and water a potential solution to this is to donate excess food to people in need. how food waste affects people: it leads to food insecurity because since alot of food is wasted prices are increased to account for this so people would rather choose less expensive more processed groceries. a solution to this would be to donate the excess to food banks so that people who cannot afford produce have access to it how food waste affects monetary costs: it is less expensive to throw food away than to donate it so a solution to this could be tax breaks to produce companies who donate their excess/ ugly fruit
what can birth control change
in developting nations it can reduce maternal deaths, reduce infant mortality, empower women and enhance education, and is a key factor in acheiving gender equality the length of time in between births because birth control allows the control of timing btw pregnancies, the length of the interval and increase risk of infant mortality the age at which women become pregnant which can reduce the risk of infant mortality
who is at risk for malaria
in the US: black men 25-44 from 1st or 2nd gen african immigrants poor subtropical areas in africa: young children, pregnant women, travelers, those with hiv, malnourished families and elders
poverty vs infant mortality
infant mortality is higher in countries where income per capita is lower because poverty creates condition where babies are less likely to survive such as lack of clean water, low health care spending, malnutrition, poor sanitation, poor healthcare
what is tuberculosis
infectious communicable disease caused by bacteria. it has an indirect route on transmission through particles in the air and it can affect anywhere in the body through the bloodstream. persisting global issue and it is a disease of the impoverished
what are barriers to birth control
limited access to birth control and lack of supplies, inability to afford contraceptives, inability to obtain contraceptives, lack of info about where to obtain contraception, religious or cultural opposition to contraception, opposition by partner or family, lack of knowledge about methods, fear of side effects, and perception that they could not get pregnant
what are historical examples of occupational risk
miners had PARACELSUS which came from inhaling metal vapors - this led to the foundation for the field of chemotherapy POTT came from chimney sweeps and it linked cancer and soot radium girls- radium dial painters licked their paintbrushes to bring them to a point - the owners knew radium caused illness nut let the women work in danger anyway
what is the issue with malaria
mosquitos can go through windows and doors to infect people, mosquitos are the vecots and malria's symptoms are flu like with high fevers, chills, enlarged spleen, and muscle pain
how do you prevent malaria
nets reduced death of children by 20%, insecticides distribution campaigns antimalarial drug dose fumigating houses - residual insecticides tho which does have health concerns
how does lack of contraception affect womens health
over 300k women dies each year from pregnancy related causes in developing countries where abortion is a major consequence and is illegal and unsafe in most countries contraception allows economic and personal freedom, ability to choose education and career, and the ability to choose family size and lifestyle
summarize the articles and video clips posted in the community health promotion module
what is health promotion: health promotion is any combination of educational, organizational, economic, and environmental supports for behavior conducive to health. behavior change is complex and influenced by many factors. there are 3 stages of behavior change that are taken into consideration when making a plan 1: awareness (media display visual campaigns, lecyure, discussion) 2:initiation/decision (individual needs to know behavioral modification techniques to make the changes they need to make (skill building classes like nutrition, stress management, fitness) and 2.5: decisions making/ initiation (individual has enough info and can make a decision concerning their behavior stage 3: continuation (behaviors are chose and tuened into lifestyle- social support). wellness is achieving and maintaining balance in aspects other that physical health so a a person can be physically ill but still have a good level of wellness. community systems model: improving the health of people and places across south carolina including evidence based interventions, implementation tools and resources, partnership with local coalitions, community health assessments, community health improvement plas, policy/sysytem/environmental changes, and health equity lens LHSC summary: Live Healthy South Carolina is a collaborative process led by the Alliance for a Healthier South Carolina (Alliance) to systematically assess and advance the health of all South Carolinians. South Carolina's first comprehensive state health assessment (SHA) and the state health improvement plan (SHIP) were created through this initiative. the priorities are: resilient children, chronic health conditions, behavioral health, healthcare transformation, and factors that affect health and the coalition response to these priorities are: child wellbeing coalition, SCale down/diabetes advissory council/tobacco free collaborative, behavioral health coalition, alliance policy and advocacy team, and the SC office of rural health action plan success of sc birth outcomes initiative: SCBOI was established to help stop early deliveries, and help premature babies, trying to reduce c sections through education and training 24% of babies are born in a baby safe hospital and there was a 70% decrease in non-medically necessary early elective deliveries, there was a decrease in infant mortality, and a decrease in low birth weight babies community health investments yield results: health investments have economic benefits bc less sicks days and more productivity. healthy lifestyles should be the #1 ambition. better health saves money and screening is another way to promote health. free fitness in parks, no smoking increases community health and saves money in the long run
describe the video clip posted in the special topics in environmental health module
why does half of americas food go to waste: much of what is grown in american farms never gets to the market because something goes wrong in the packaging process, food that isnt sold to best buyer is dumped because of price it takes to get to the market, imperfect produce doesn't sell,