marine biology exam 2

White zone:

in TRS supralittoral fringe zone, the true border between the land and the sea, highest

scale leaves

in sea grass, short leaves that protect the delicate growing tips of rhizomes

zone of saturation:

in the midlittoral zone, constantly moist; supports greatest diversity of organisms

zone of retention:

in the midlittoral zone, retains moisture at low tide because of capillary action of water, inhabited by isopod crustaceans worldwide

zone of resurgence:

in the midlittoral zone, water is retained at low tide, supports crustaceans, polychaete worms

Structure of seagrasses

3 basic parts: stems, roots and leaves

percent mangroves lost in Tampa bay

60%

How much of the atmosphere is nitrogen?

78%

sea grass loss in Tampa bay

80% lost in the past 125 years

barnacle populations may be as dense as...

9,000 individuals/m2

micronutrients in estuaries

<1 ppm iron, copper, zinc, manganese

to avoid wave shock...

Animals exhibit compressed or dorsally flattened bodies or shells and Methods for adhering tightly to rock

ice rafting

As a glacier slides very slowly down the slope of a mountain, the ice grinds and gouges off the rock under it, These rock particles are either trapped up under the ice or be pushed down the slope in front of the ice, Much of this sediment carried down the mountain will become frozen into the ice of the glacier

Sediment Deposition by Iceberg Melting

As the iceberg melts, the sediment frozen into the ice is dropped and deposits on the sea floor, This sediment is not distributed according to sediment size as was the case with water transported sediment. Instead ice rafting scatters sediment in a random pattern

seasonal visitors

move in for breeding

tidal visitors

move in with the tide

sounds for protection

•Scare off other animals • Defend territories

Salinity in estuaries

0-35 ppt, varies

Temp in estuaries

large range

sea grass roots

•arise from nodes of stems and anchor plants •usually bear root hairs—cellular extensions •Absorb mineral nutrients •allow interaction with bacteria in sediments

sea grass stems

•have cylindrical internodes (sections) separated by nodes (rings) •vertical stems arise from rhizomes, usually have short internodes, and grow upward toward the sediment surface •grow slowly ensuring leaf production keeps up with sediment accumulation

How do fish produce sound?

•stridulation •drumming •hydrodynamics

main zones of tropical rocky shores

- supralittoral fringe - midlittoral fringe - infralittoral fringe - sub tidal

ecological role of sea grass

-highly productive on local scale - primary producers - stablize sediment

resident species adaptation

-small size; - absent, reduced or firmly attached scales; - compressed/elongate body shape; -absent/reduced swim bladder; -greater body density -tolerant of temp/salinity changes, - some can leave the water to feed

sea grass reproduction

-some use fragmentation, drifting and re-rooting and do not flower -inconspicuous flowers are usually either male or female and borne on separate plants -hydrophilous pollination -a few species produce seedlings on the mother plant (viviparity)

The distribution of oozes on the sea floor is related to

-the abundance of organisms in the surface photic zone -the rate at which the organisms dissolve when they sink through the water column, -the depth at which they settle on the seafloor, -the dilution with other forms of sediment

Meiofauna pass though a _____ screen but are retained by a _____ screen

0.55 mm, 65 mm

Why Produce Sound (Spawn) at Night?

1. Avoid being eaten 2. Better protection for eggs (planktonic eggs) 3. Does not take away from feeding 4. Spawn for longer periods of time

sediment groups

1. Terrigenous Sediment 2. Biogenous 3. Hydrogenous 4. Volcanogenous 5. Cosmogenous Sediment

Terrigenous sediments are transported to the sea by one of three main transporting agents or types of erosion:

1. river transport 2. wind 3. ice rafting

Three factors to determine the maturity of a sediment

1. the degree of rounding of the particles 2. the degree of sorting of the particles by size 3. the amount of clay in the sediment

What Affects Fish Spawning?

1. time of day 2. time of year 3. environmental conditions

Classification and distribution of seagrasses

12 genera in 5 families of 3 clades (groups with a common ancestor)

sea grass in Tampa Bay has increased since

1980s

Zone system for rocky shore proposed by

Alan and Anne Stephenson

Osmoconformers

An organism that allows its internal salt concentration to change with the salinity of the surrounding water

mud flats

Bottoms of estuaries exposed at low tides, A wide variety of organisms live in and on mud

anthropogenic factors of eutrophication

CO2, run off, leaching/dumping

detritus

Dead organic matter, basis of estuarine food webs

oyster reef

Extensive beds form on muddy bottom and create hard substrate for other organisms

longshore current

a water current that travels near and parallel to the shoreline

Tide Pools

depressions in the rocks which retain water during low tide

rocky shore location

Found from California to Alaska on the west coast and from Cape Cod northward on the east coast of North America

salt marsh

Grassy area extend inland from mudflats and partially flooded at high tide,Also called wetlands

little wave action =

fine sediments

Meiofauna:

tiny organisms living in spaces between sediment particles.

seagrass community grass examples

Include eelgrass, turtlegrass, and cordgrass

rocky shore biodiversity

More dense and have greater diversity of algae and animals than sand/mud intertidal regions

why use sound in estuaries?

Moves very fast in water - 5 times faster than in air Travels very far Do not have to be in sight of each other Can communicate at night - avoid being eaten Each animal makes a different sound - can tell each other apart

salt marsh plants are...

Much less adapted to marine life than seagrasses; must be exposed to air by ebbing tide

nitrogen

N2, primary component of the atmosphere

Siliceous Oozes

Ocean waters are undersaturated with silica, so siliceous tests dissolve at all depths, most rapidly in warm, shallow water

river deltas

Once a river flows into the sea, there is no longer a slope for gravity to move the water and all the remaining sediment particles settle to the sea floor.

organic phosphate

PO4 contributes negative charge important link in organic tissues (phospholipids, phosphoproteins, nucleic acids)

hydrodynamics

Quickly changing speed and direction

Subtidal zone (TRS)

Relatively barren compared to subtidal zone in temperate climates

Infralittoral fringe (TRS) organisms

Sargassum and turf algae, Boring urchins, anemones, sponges, bryozoans, sea cucumbers, keyhole limpets

Small, turf-forming red algae dominate which zone

Subtidal zone in tropical rocky shores

Infralittoral fringe (TRS)

Surf zone includes the edge of the lower rocky platform and parts of the reef

Liebig's Law

The growth and reproduction of an organism are determined by the nutrient substance that is available in minimum quantity with respect to the organic need

carbon cycle

The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again

how do we measure sound underwater?

Underwater microphones called hydrophones, data loggers

drumming

Using muscles on or near their swim bladder

biogenous ooze

When sea floor sediment is composed of more than 30% biogenous material by weight, either a siliceous ooze or a carbonate ooze depending on the predominant form of material found in the sediment

iceberg formation

When the glacier reaches the sea, the ice pushes out over the water, then breaks off with a booming sound and a large chunk of ice falls into the sea, ice bergs are formed from land glaciers

Fine sand beaches have __________ abundance of organisms

a greater

rip current

a rush of water that flows rapidly back to sea through a narrow opening

groin

a structure built of large rocks placed out in the water at right angles to the shoreline

Oolite

a type hydrogenous sediment formed from calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate in warm, shallow productive waters. small round pellets that make up limestone sediment

facultative halophyte

adapter to fresh and saltwater

tillers:

additional stems produced by a culm at its base, gives a tufted appearance (cordgrass)

limpets and chitons graze on...

algae at high tide

rock urchins actively feed on...

algae during high tide but retreat to depressions in rock when tide recedes

tide pool organisms

algae, sea stars, anemones, tube worms, hermit crabs, molluscs, many are filter feeders

eutrophication leads to

algal blooms

aerenchyme

allows diffusion of oxygen from blades to rhizomes and roots

mangrove distribution

along tropical shores with limited wave action, a subtle slope (for sediment build up), high rate of sedimentation

vertical sandy shore zonation depends on....

amount of water trapped at each level

keystone predator

an animal that is responsible for maintaining species diversity within an area

bar-built estuary

an estuary / shallow lagoon separated from the open ocean by a bar deposit such as a barrier island

tectonic estuary

an estuary formed when a depression along a fault line fills with water (e.g. San Francisco Bay)

salt wedge estuary

an estuary that occurs when the mouth of a river flows directly into salt water

partially mixed estuary

an estuary with a strong surface flow of freshwater and a strong influx of seawater, equal

nerites

an exclusively tropical group of SNAILS that tends to replace limpets in higher intertidal zones

accidental visitors

are trapped by storms

supralittoral (maritime) zone of rocky shores:

area above high water that may extend several miles inland

tropics geographical location

areas between 23.4 degrees north and south latitudes

when are marine sounds loudest?

at night

sequence and final structure can vary depending on...

availability (seasonality) of plant propagules and larvae

denitrifying bacteria

bacteria which often live in damp soil, and which convert nitrates into nitrogen gas

what type of estuary is cape cod?

bar built

upper midlittoral zone orgs (RS)

barnacles and rock barnacles, barnacles permanently attach to surfaces and are common on shores pounded by heavy waves

Methods for adhering tightly to rock include

barnacles cement themselves, limpets, chitons and snails have enlarged foot for attachment, sea stars use tube feet, rock urchins hollow out cavities, mussels attach with byssal threads, intertidal algae are flexible and attach with holdfast organ

yellow zone orgs

barnacles, limpets, fuzzy chitons, rock snails, irregular worm snails

Infauna:

benthic organisms living in the sediments

Epifauna:

benthic organisms living on the ocean bottom

which zone lacks the knobby periwinkle

black zone

role of seagrasses in depositing and stabilizing sediments

blades act as baffles to reduce water velocity, decay of plant parts contributes organic matter, rhizomes and roots help stabilize the bottom, reduce turbidity

red mangrove salt features

block salts at roots

common estuary birds

blue heron, cormorant, brown pelican, wood stork, roseate spoonbill

breakwater

built along parallel to the beach, again with large rocks.

jetty

built from large rocks placed out at right angles to the beach, but this time they are placed on one or both sides of an inlet or pass out to the open sea.

The two main chemicals that make up biogenous sediments

calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and silicate (SiO2).

what element is fundamental to all living things?

carbon

the most predominant of the biogenous sediments

carbonate ooze

black mangrove location

closer to land than red, farther away than white

white mangrove location

closest to land

heavy wave action =

coarse sediments

grain size affects on meiofauna

coarse-grain sediments have greater interstitial volume that allows larger organisms to move between the particles, fine-grain sediments have less space and exhibit more burrowing forms

water circulation effects on meiofauna

fine sediments can inhibit water flow and produce anoxic conditions

what type of estuary is Tampa Bay?

coastal plain

Types of Estuaries

coastal plain, fjord, bar-built, tectonic

dominant biological factor in the organization of intertidal communities

competition for space

where is oolite found?

continental shelf, warm water

Ecological roles of salt marsh plants

contribute heavily to detrital food chains, stabilize coastal sediments and prevent shoreline erosion, serve as refuge, feeding ground and nursery for other marine organisms, rhizomes of cordgrass help recycle phosphorus through transport from bottom sediments to leaves, remove excess nutrients from runoff, are consumed by (at least in part) by crabs and terrestrial animals (e.g. insects)

what gives the pink zone its color?

coralline algae

salt marsh plants include:

cordgrasses (true grasses), needlerushes, various shrubs and herbs, e.g., saltwort, glassworts

role of seagrasses as habitat,

create 3-dimensional space with greatly increased area on which other organisms can settle, hide, graze or crawl, the young of many commercial species of fish and shellfish live in seagrass beds

Rainstorms can flood intertidal tide pools __________ salinity and evaporation on hot days ________ salinity

decreasing, increasing

density in estuaries

denser water (salty and cold) found at the bottom

lugworms

deposit feeders that leave coiled, cone-shaped casts during low tide

Organisms in rocky shore intertidal communities must be able to withstand...

desiccation (the process of drying out), searing heat, and freezing, temp and salinity changes, pounded by waves

Productivity of estuary comes from...

detritovores, sediment dumps from rivers, filter feeders

The most abundant groups that form biogenous sediment

diatoms and coccoliths among the plant kingdom

usual sequence of succession:

diatoms or filamentous algae followed by perennial species of red algae followed by barnacles and mussels

Types of beaches:

dissipative, reflective

diversity is greatest when ..

disturbance prevents dominant competitors from excluding other species and allows less successful competitors to become established

Relationship Between Tides and the Activity of Midlittoral Organisms

during high tide, bivalves project their siphons to filter feed and bathe their gills, carnivorous snails hunt bivalves, echinoderms emerge in search of food, mole crabs and coquinas move with the tide, filter-feeding predators come in with the tide

passive margin example

east coast

Animals of the midlittoral zone(sandy)

echinoderms, snails, lugworms

1 clade sea grass

eelgrasses and surf grasses

propagule

embryonic plant that grows on the parent plant

the beach down stream from the breakwater experiences _________

erosion

salt marsh example

everglades

black mangrove salt features

excrete salt on leaves

Adaptations of salt marsh plants to a saline environment

facultative halophytes—tolerate salty as well as fresh water, leaves covered by a thick cuticle to retard water loss, well-developed vascular tissues for efficient water transport, Spartina alterniflora have salt glands, secrete salt to outside, shrubs and herbs have succulent parts

climax community

final stage in ecological succession

managnese nodules

fist-size accretions of the black metal manganese (Mg). also contain large amounts of nickel and cobalt.

Mangrove reproduction

flowers pollinated by wind and bees. viviparous, have propagules

ecological roles of mangroves

food, habitat, erosion control ex) root system stabilize sediment epiphytes live on aerial roots canopy houses insects and birds mangals are nursery for fish eaten by animals contribute to detrital food chain

sea weed mats

form in midlittoral zone of rocky shores when the tide goes out, trap water and provide haven for sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins and bryozoans, reducing stress of increased temperature and desiccation on these animals

Cosmogenous sediments

form out in space when meteorites move into our atmosphere and burn, leaving small iron-containing fragments called Tektites.

Coastal Plain

form when sea levels rise and drown lowlands and river mouths. aka- drowned river mouths

Biogenous sediments

formed from the remains of biological organisms

fjord estuary

former glaciated valley now flooded with seawater

Red Mangrove location

furthest out in the water

where does siliceous ooze occur

generally occur in COLD regions of high surface productivity, such as the Southern Ocean around Antarctica.

white mangrove salt

glands at the base of leaves excrete salt

Wentworth Scale order

gravel, sand, silt, clay

man-made structures that will interrupt the movement of sand along a coastline

groins, jetties, breakwaters, river dams

rockweeds (brown algae) in midlittoral zone (RS)

grow on rocks without full exposure to the sea, do not tolerate large waves

Rocky Shores are composed of

hard materials

Tides in Estuaries

have a strong influence, creates tidal current with in the estuary

plants in the sea in estuaries

have few competitors and form single species habitats

why is there a lack of larger algae in higher zones of tropical rocky shores

herbivory

white zone organisms

hermit crabs, isopods, knobby periwinkles are common

macronutrients in estuaries

higher concentrations carbon, nitrate, phosphate, silicate

rhizomes

horizontal stems with long internodes with growth zones at the tips, usually lying in sand or mud

vegetative growth

how sea grass grows, growth by extension and branching of horizontal stems (rhizomes) from which vertical stems and leaves arise

Seagrasses are...

hydrophytes (generally live beneath the water

yellow zone

in TRS midlittoral fringe, microscopic boring algae covering its surface give it a yellow or green color

Pink zone

in TRS midlittoral fringe, sometimes underlies the yellow zone, characterized by widespread encrustation of coralline algae

gray zone

in TRS supralittoral fringe zone, farthest zone from low tide line where macroscopic marine algae grow, middle

black zone

in TRS supralittoral fringe zone, immersed only at the highest spring tides, lowest

human uses of seagrass

indirect - fisheries depend on coastal seagrass meadows direct - extracted material used for food, medicine and industrial application

Beach slope is determined by...

interaction of waves, sediment particle size, and relationship of swash and backwash

Characteristics of the meiofauna

invertebrates from many phyla, elongated with few lateral projections, armored to protect them from being crushed by moving sand grains

Osmoconformer examples

inverts, jellies, tunicates

pink zone orgs

irregular worm snail, mats of anemones, keyhole limpets, gastropods

predation in tropical systems

is very strong and spread over a number of consumers, hence no keystone predator

gray zone organisms

knobby (and other) periwinkles, nerites

black zone organisms

lacks knobby periwinkle, several species of algae and cyanobacteria dominate, smaller periwinkles, other nerites, fuzzy chiton

rocky shore adaptations include:

large body exposes less surface area, light color reduces heat gain, adaptations of kidneys, aggregate in large clumps, mobile animals (crabs) move down as tide retreats into crevices of sheltered areas, close shells at low tide, e.g., barnacles and mussels, clamping down tightly to rock, e.g., limpets and chitons, produce gelatinous covering, e.g., rockweed

desiccation and salinity fluctuations in sandy shores are ____ severe than on rocky shores

less

less temperature variation and fewer storms are ____ stressful

less

tropical rocky shores have ____ temperature variation and seasonal rainfall than in temperate intertidal

less

fauana on the sandy shores is..

less abundant than in rocky shores, and does not occupy all available space

role of seagrasses as primary producers

less available and less digestible than seaweeds, contribute to food webs through fragmentation and, loss of leaves - sources of detritus

predation on sandy shores

less important - fewer predators among invertebrates

Greater exposure =

less influence of competition and predation, more influence of abiotic (physical) factors, e.g., waves, particle size and slope

black mangrove seeds

lima bean shaped

Supralittoral fringe inhabitants (RS)

limpets and isopods, some periwinkles and isopods breathe air, most inhabitants protected from predation by virtue of location

foliage leaves

long leaves from vertical shoots with 2 parts -sheath that bears no chlorophyll -upper blade that accomplishes all photosynthesis of the plant using chloroplasts in its epidermis undergo periods of growth

what gives the yellow zone its color?

microscopic boring algae

higher temperatures are ____ stressful

more

cons of osmoconformers

more sensitive to changes

meiofauna reproduction

most exhibit brood protection because they produce a small number of offspring

Cosmogenous sediment abundance

never very abundant, but is always present

what is the limiting nutrient in Tampa bay

nitrogen

white mangrove features

no visible roots, heart shaped leaves

competiton on the sandy shore

not a major factor in determining distribution

succession

occurs when disturbances strip intertidal rocks of inhabitants

where is most of Earth's carbon?

ocean

why does temp have less affect on sandy shores

of insulating properties of sand and water retention

a cushion of water

on sandy beaches, separates the grains of sand below a certain depth, especially true on beaches with fine sand where capillary action is greatest

immature sediment

one that has only traveled a short distance or time from its point of origin to the beach.

mature sediment

one that has traveled a long time or long distance from its point of origin to the beach.

where are manganese nodules found?

only found on the abyssal plain, in waters 4,000 to 5,000 meters deep, in the pacific

what type of sediment formed the lower keys (fl keys)

oolite

two notable hydrogenous sediments

oolite and manganese nodules

infauna

organisms that burrow in the sand to survive dry periods and intense heat from the sun

Osmoregulators

organisms that maintain a constant osmolarity regardless of the external environment

Hydrogenous sediments

originate in the water column. They have no land origin, no biological origin, but are formed chemically in the water.

Terrigenous (Lithogenous) sediment

originates on the land and is transported to the sea, Most terrigenous sediments are found on the continental shelf

other factors affecting meiofauna distribution

oxygen availability, also lower at greater depths, temperature, upper layers are more variable, salinity, wave action

middle and low midlittoral zone orgs (RS)

oysters, mussels, limpets, periwinkle, Bivalves, limpets, chitons, rock urchins

3rd clade sea grass

paddle grass (Ruppia), manatee grasses, and shoal grasses

2nd clade sea grass

paddle grasses (Halophila), turtle grasses, and Enhalus

red mangrove seed

pencil shaped

limiting nutrient in most estuaries

phosphate

what mineral is plentiful in Florida?

phosphate

estuary

place where freshwater from rivers mixes with saltwater from the ocean

Hydrophytes

plants which grow in water

active margin

plate movement forming steep coastline

black mangrove features

pneumatophores, dark and waxy leaves

meiofauna feeding habitats

predators, herbivores, suspension feeders and detritivores

mineral phosphate

present in large amounts in rocks and subsoils

variety/distribution of organisms in infralittoral zone

primarily influenced by sediment characteristics, seagrass beds occur in the subtidal zones of some coasts, many species of fish live here, pace of life is constant relative to that on the beach

nitrogen fixers

produce organic nitrogen

red mangrove features

prop roots, large green leaves with yellow underside

white mangrove seeds

raisan shaped

Osmoregulators examples

reptiles, birds, arthropods

Osmoregulator cons

require special organs

intertidal fishes categories

residents and temporary inhabitants

Infralittoral fringe of rocky shores organisms

rich flora and fauna of organisms that can tolerate limited air exposure, molluscs, sea stars, brittle stars live among large kelps (ex. Laminaria), hydrozoans, anemones, sea urchins, spider and Jonah crabs

By far the most important transporting agent of sediment is...

river transport

are sandy or rocky shores a more stressful environment?

rocky

flowering plants in estuaries

seagrass, Marsh plants, mangroves

Factors affecting the size of meiofaunal populations

seasons (peak during summer months), protection from wave action = greater abundance, predation can have severe effects in the upper layers of sediments

flowering plants compete with....

seaweed for light

common periwinkles bury themselves in...

seaweed to retain moisture during low tide

rocky shore Zonation:

separation of organisms into prominent horizontal bands defined by color or distribution of organisms

How is particle size measured?

sieves

limiting nutrient

single essential nutrient that limits productivity in an ecosystem

Structure of salt marsh plants

smooth cordgrass, initiates salt marsh formation, grows in tufts of vertical stems connected by rhizomes, dominates lower marsh

generalists

species with broad niches

hydrophilous pollination

sperm-bearing pollen is carried by water currents to stigma (female pollen receptor)

Supralittoral Fringe of Sandy Shores

stretches from the high tide line to the point where terrestrial vegetation begins

unusual conditions that must occur before any transport of sediment to the sea by the wind can occur:

strong winds, coastal sediment source

The Infralittoral Zone of Sandy Shores

subtidal zone is truly marine, exposed only during the lowest spring tides

infralittoral fringe of rocky shores:

subtidal, area below midlittoral zone extending from the lowest of low tides to the upper limits reached by large kelps (laminarians)

Organisms attached to high intertidal locations face greatest challenge to maintain...

suitable body temperature and avoid water loss

rocky shore zones

supralittoral fringe, supralittoral, midlittoral, infralittoral fringe, infralittoral

ghost crabs

supralittoral zone, have gills, but only make short forays into water to wet them, live in burrows, and are nocturnal scavengers

3 major sandy shore zones

supralittoral, midlittoral, subtidal (infralittoral)

supralittoral zone inhabitants

temperate-insects, isopods, amphipod crustaceans, Ghost crabs and fiddler crabs replace amphipods in the tropics

mangrove distribution limiting factor

temperature

Stridulation

the act of producing sound by rubbing together certain body parts

Sediment particle size influences...

the beach's nature, porosity of sediments, ability of animals to burrow

Wentworth Scale

the classification of sediments by size; a boulder is the largest grain size and clay is the smallest grain size in this classification system

rhizosphere—

the system of roots and rhizomes also increases complexity in surrounding sediment

midlittoral zone of rocky shores:

the true or middle intertidal zone; extensive part that is regularly exposed during low tides and covered during high tides

The ability of a river to erode sediments is determined by...

the velocity of the flow, not the volume.

when algae die

the water becomes hypoxic or anoxic and the algae decompose

why do coarse sand beaches have less organisms?

they drain well, dry out quickly

Temporary inhabitants

tidal, seasonal and accidental visitors

The purpose of a jetty

to keep sand from filling in the pass or inlet, Eventually, sand spills over the end of the jetty into the pass. When this happens, the pass and jetty must be dredged or the jetty extended.

life in estuaries

tolerant species, generalists, large pops uncommon due to pollution

oysters and mussels survive low tides by ...

trapping water in their shells

Comparison of Temperate and Tropical Rocky Intertidal Systems

tropical- -Higher stress and predation -Abundant mobile invertebrates, but fewer sessile ones in the tropics temperate- -Large body size or residing in higher areas are more important means of avoiding predators -Macroalgae have more impact on community structure

Resident species

typically have special adaptations for surviving harsh intertidal conditions, e.g., cling fish, blennies, gobies, sculpins

As tide retreats...

upper regions exposed to air, changing temperatures, solar radiation, dissication, lower regions exposed only a short time before tide returns to cover them

supralittoral fringe (splash zone) of rock shores:

uppermost area covered only by the highest (spring) tide, usually just dampened by spray of crashing waves

where are groins built

used along a beach that is having erosion problems. A groin will trap sand on one side because it will block the normal longshore transport along the beach, Once a single groin is built, then the entire beach eventually ends up with a series of groins.

midlittoral fringe TRS zones

usually divided into yellow and pink zones

Light of Estuaries

varies with turbidity

flowering plant parts

vascular, phloem, xylem, seed plants

culm:

vertical stem (cordgrass)

where does carbonate ooze occur

warmer water

backwash

water flowing down the beach

tide pool challenges:

water loses oxygen as it heats in the sun, salinity changes, oxygen changes due to algae, temperature, pH abruptly returned to ocean conditions when tide reaches the pool

swash

water running up a beach after a wave breaks

most important factor in determining organism distribution on sandy shores

wave action

breakwaters stop...

wave action and longshore action

reflective beach:

wave energy is directly dissipated on the beach, usually steep with course sediment deposited as swash and backwash waters collide

dissipative beach:

wave energy is strong but is dissipated in a surf zone some distance from the beach face, usually flat with fine sediment, receive less wave action and have gentle swash

vertically homogeneous estuary

well mixed with salinity relatively constant with increasing depth, stronger tidal influence

Active margin example

west coast

Tropical Rocky Shores Supra littoral fringe zones

white, gray and black zones

passive margin

wide shelf with no plate movement

wind transport

wind is the least important method of sediment transport in terms of amounts carried from land to sea

which zone is higher? Pink or yellow?

yellow

vertical zones in the midlittoral zone

zone of retention, zone of resurgence, zone of saturation

how do invertebrates use sound?

•A snapping shrimp rapidly shuts its claw, causing the water to cavitate and form a bubble. The sound produced is from the bubble collapsing, not the shrimp itself. Crackling sounds from collapsing bubbles scare away predators

seagrass community

•Continually submerged underwater •Roots stabilize sediments

sounds for mating

•Find mates • Impress possible mates

sandy shores

•Many temperate and tropical shorelines consist of sandy beaches •Extend almost continuously from Cape Cod south to the Gulf Coast on the east coast of North America

sea grass leaves

•arise from nodes of rhizomes or vertical stems •scale leaves and foliage leaves