MARINE BIOLOGY MODULE OYO'S 1-8

a mollusk consists of a shell that has 2 halves that are hinged. it has no radula. to which class does it belong?

Bivalvia

a mollusk has a body mounted on a muscular foot. to which class does it most likely belong?

Gastropoda

identify the features pointed out in the drawing (page 202)

a. nare b. eye c. spiracle d. lateral line e. dorsal fin f. caudal fin g. anal fin h. pelvic fins i. pectoral fins j. gill slits k. mouth

identify the structures below (page 164)

a. umbo b. muscle c. mouth d. foot e. gonad f. gut g. heart h. muscle i. anus j. siphons k. gills l. mantle

identify the structures in the figure below (page 165)

a. water vascular system b. tube feet c. ampullae d. madreporite e. ambulacral grooves f. mouth

the physical features necessary for a cetacean to echolocate include specialized air sacs, nasal plugs, inner ears, melon, and lower-jaw shape. for each of these features, indicate whether it handles the outgoing groups of clicks or the incoming groups of clicks.

air sacs, nasal plugs, and the melon deal with outgoing clicks. the inner ears and lower jaw deal with incoming clicks.

Name a big advantage of an endoskeleton over an exoskeleton.

an endoskeleton grows with the organism so they don't need to molt

A biologist finds a single shark tooth and tells you what kind of shark it comes from. How can he do that?

different sharks have different tooth shapes

dolphins and sharks make look similar but they have very different physical features, both inside and out. give several examples of these.

dolphins have characteristics of mammals, (breathe through lungs, give milk, give birth, have hair follicles) while sharks are fish ( breathe through gills, have scales, laying eggs in most cases). dolphins' tails are dorsoventrally oriented (producing an up and down swimming pattern), while sharks' tails are laterally oriented (side to side swimming pattern). finally, dolphins do not have pelvic or anal fins as sharks do, and they have only one dorsal fin, while sharks have two.

explain the pentamerous symmetry of echinoderms.

echinoderms are radially symmetric and have five radiating parts. They have no head, dorsal or ventral sides

when you see an earthworm tied in a knot, you know there is a problem. why is that not necessarily true when you see a hagfish in knot?

hagfish tie their bodies into knots to clean excess slime and to gain leverage when tearing apart food

the members of the phylum chordata are a very diverse group of organisms. what are 2 similarities among all these animals?

have notochords and a dorsal nerve chord

a fish rarely excretes water when young but does so almost continuously as an adult. is this fish anadromous or catadromous?

if it rarely excretes when young, most likely a saltwater environment. if it starts as an adult, its mostly likely freshwater, meaning the fish is catadromous.

What purpose or purposes do gill rakers serve?

in filter fishes they catch the plankton that the fish eat. in other fish, they keep bits of food from getting into the gill slits

what is the one important difference between the carbon cycle and the nitrogen cycle?

in the nitrogen cycle, naturally occurring nitrogen gas is not in a usable form for most organisms. therefore, it must be fixed by bacteria or cyanobacteria before it can enter the cycle. in the carbon cycle, many organisms can directly utilize naturally occurring CO2 gas to fix the carbon.

Describe the amazing anadromous life cycle of the lamprey.

it begins its life in freshwater where it hatches out of its egg then swims to the ocean where it parasitizes bony fish as an adult, then travels back to freshwater to reproduce.

although countershading is generally considered a form of disguise within the disruptive coloration categories, in which of the other 2 coloration categories could it also be placed?

it could also be considered cryptic coloration.

from the point of hatching out of its egg, list the dangers a young sea turtle must face until it reaches a point in the water offshore.

it could die if it cant get out of the sand. it could not make it to the sea if its not going in the right direction. i could become prey to crabs and birds as it moves toward the ocean, and it could still be prey to fishes and marine birds once its in the water.

A fish is box-shaped. Is it a fast-moving predator, a demersal fish, a slow moving reef swimmer, or does it live in narrow crevices of rock and coral?

its a slow moving reef swimmer

a certain fish has a tapered body shape and is dark gray on the dorsal side of its body and light silver on the ventral side. what can you determine about this fish?

its shape and coloration say its probably a fast open-water swimmer disguised by countershading.

sharks have many different feeding strategies. if a fisherman were to captures an intact carcass of a new species of shark in one of his nets and, after studying it, found nothing in its stomach, what clues from the sharks anatomy could be used to help determine the shark's feeding habits?

its teeth, the difference between its upper and lower lobes of the caudal fin can tell you about its habitat, which aids in finding what it eats.

a divers sees a rounded organism on the seafloor that has 2 openings. water flows in one opening and out the other. the diver says its a sponge. what else could it be?

lancelet, clam, mollusk

the water vascular system operates the numerous tube feet of echinoderms. name some duties of tube feet.

locomotion, food collection, respiration, excretion, and other sensory duties.

if you are dissecting a fish, how can you tell whether it is a carnivore or a grazer? assume there is nothing in the stomach.

look at the intestine. a long coiled intestine means its a grazer, while a short straight intestine means its a carnivore.

suppose you are looking at the dissected remains of a member of phylum echinodermata. the organism has been so thoroughly dissected that it is impossible to determine what it looked like when it was alive. however, the digestive system is completely intact. the person doing the dissection says that the organism was either a sea urchin or a sea star. how can you tell which it was?

look at the length of the gut. a long gut means it was a sea urchin, a short gut means it was a sea star.

a scientist measures the phytoplankton concentrations in 2 ecosystems. one has a much higher concentrations of phytoplankton than the other. does this mean it has a higher productivity as well?

no not necessarily. it would depend on the amount of measured primal productivity in each area.

a fish eats by first biting into its prey, holding it tightly in its mouth, is this fish in class Agnatha?

no, agnathans don't have jaws so they cant bite.

would you expect cetaceans to have delayed implantation like the pinnipeds?

no. delayed implantation ensures the pup is born when the mom is on the breeding grounds. this is important for pinnipeds because the pup has to born on land. in cetaceans, the pup is born in water.

a person puts 5 male fish into. his aquarium and is surprised to find the eggs developing a few weeks later. what happened?

one of the males changed into a female.

suppose you have 3 pearls of the same size. one is a fake, one is a cultured pearl. and one is a natural pearl. if you can use any laboratory equipment that you want, how can you tell which is which?

one way is to use something like an X-ray machine to look fro the irritant. you could also do a chemical test to measure the amount of calcium carbonate in the pearl.

an organisms tissue is constantly bathed in its blood. does it have an open or closed circulatory system?

open

a fish specimen is found to have 10 unfertilized eggs in her reproductive tract. what type of development does this species probably have?

ovoviviparous.

mussels tend to attach themselves to surfaces like barnacles do. if you see a piece of wood that has been underwater and is covered with what appear to be barnacles, how could you make certain the organisms were barnacles and not mussels?

see if the creature has a shell made of 2 segments and that opens, or look for feathery appendages inside the shell.

what are the features in the cartilaginous fishes and the bony fishes that provide an ability to rise in the water column?

sharks (cartilaginous fishes) have a large oily liver that aids in buoyancy and large fleshy pectoral fins that provide lift in the water column. bony fishes have a balloon like swim bladder in which amounts of gas can be regulated

what are the common characteristics of crustaceans?

shells, 2 pairs of antennae

name the trophic levels in the following food chain: macroalgae are eaten by a wrasse fish. which are eaten by a grouper. which are eaten by a shark. by the time this energy has traveled through this chain, has more or less energy been lost in this scenario than the energy loss at the top of the food chain in the previous question?

the macroalgae are in the producer level, the wrass is the primary consumer, the grouper is the secondary consumer, and the shark is the tertiary consumer. the energy loss is greater here because theres one more level to lose energy (80-90%)

How is an operculum of a bony fish more efficient than the gill slits of a cartilaginous fish?

the operculum closes while water is let into the gills in the bony fishes mouth. this keeps water from going back over the gills from the rear

tunicates do not have a notochord in their adult forms. what feature gives their bodies support?

the organs traded for the notochord

name the trophic levels in the following food chain: phytoplankton are eaten by krill, which are eaten by a baleen whale.

the phytoplankton are the producer level, the krill are the primary consumers, and the baleen whales are the secondary consumers.

describe the difference between the scales of a bony fish and those of a cartilaginous fish.

the placoid scales (denticles) of a cartilaginous fish are small and made of a tooth-like material, while a bony fish will have large, thin, overlapping scales that are translucent and have growth rings.

for each of the gastropod structures listed below, indicated the structure in the human body that would perform a similar function: radula gills excretory organ tentacles shell

the radula is used to scrape surfaces to get food. (teeth) the gills get oxygen from the water. (lungs) the excretory organ excretes. (kidneys) the tentacles sense surroundings. (eyes, ears, nose, etc.) the shell protects the gastropod. (skin)

a certain area of beach has been known for encounters between sharks and humans. some people suggest killing off the shark population to prevent any future encounters. if they do this, what might be some other results of this action?

the shark's prey would experience a growth if their predators (sharks) were taken away.

when studying populations, scientists often discuss the reproduction rate necessary for a population to remain unchanged. for example, in order for the human population to remain unchanged year to year, each woman on the planet must have an average of 2.0-2.2 children. postulate why this average would result in a constant human population.

the woman must have enough children to replace her and their father when they die, and a fraction of the women and men who didn't have babies.

How are crabs able to survive out of the water for extended periods of time?

their hard exoskelton keeps moisture on their gills from evaporating

Why is it technically true to say that sharks' bodies are covered with teeth?

their scales (denticles) are made of the same material as teeth

most cephalopods lack a hard outer shell like most other mollusks. how is this beneficial to them for locomotion?

they are more flexible

if you saw a picture of an octopus and a calm for the very first time, you would probably guess that they were very different individuals. after reading this module, in what ways can you say they are similar?

they both have a mantle

the arthropods and the shelled mollusks have open circulatory systems. what is an obvious similarity between these 2 groups, and how do you think it relates to the blood system?

they both have hard outer coverings allowing greater internal body cavity pressure, so the blood flowing out of the vessels into the cavities has pressure to push it back into the vessels.

if, through echolocation, a dolphin can tell the difference between 2 identically shaped objects made of different material, how might this be helpful in the wild?

they can distinguish between living and nonliving things.

how is a flattened body shape useful to the skates and rays?

they can lie on the ocean bottom, hiding until their prey is spotted.

in an elaborate marine-mammal performance at an oceanarium, you see marine mammals doing activities that appear to act out a story. explain how the trainers get the animals to act this way.

they didn't teach, they conditioned them to produce a natural behavior on command, and by choreographing those behaviors, made the animals appear to be acting.

shearwaters and similar birds have a tube that makes the removal of salt from their bodies more efficient. other marine birds have salt glands, but not this tube. why would the shearwaters and similar birds need this tube when other marine birds do not?

they don't have regular access to fresh water.

what is a unique physical feature of marine mammals thats prevents nitrogen gas from dissolving into their bloodstream when they are in a deep dive?

they have a collapsable rib cage.

the agnathans are considered by some scientists to be very primitive, poorly developed fishes. however, this does not make sense in light of the facts. consider the anadromous lampreys. what major issue must these lampreys contend with that most marine fishes never have to address? do you think they could address this issue if they were "primitive" or "poorly developed"?

they must deal with osmosis changes, a primitive organism couldn't cope with such changes.

most crustaceans do not broadcast their gametes into the water. how do they reproduce?

they use special appendages to transfer sperm directly to the female.

Most cephalopods lack the protection of a hard, external shell. what benefit does this give them?

they're flexible. this allows their muscular mantles to forcefully contract, expelling water quickly and propelling them through the water.

Instead of teeth, most rays have dental plates. How is this feature helpful to them?

they're good for crushing shells of mollusks and crustaceans

in 1986, members of a new group of organisms were discovered. their described group was placed in phylum Echinodermata as class Concentricycloidea; the sea daises. they are found at depths below 1,000 meters, look like round, flattened, armless sea stars, and lack a gut. why do you think they were placed in phylum Echinodermata?

they're radially symmetric. they must be pentamerous if their bodies are like a sea star's.

explain why it can be a dangerous situation for an arthropod when it grows.

they're vulnerable after they molt

in the Galapagos islands, a nest of marine iguanas hatches, and a scientist notices that one of them is a darker color than the others. will this iguana be more or less likely than its fellow nestlings to survive? is this new trait most likely due to genetic mutation? why or why not?

this iguana is more likely to survive because a darker color allows the iguana to warm more quickly. most likely this wasn't a result of genetic mutation because mutations tend to cause negative changes tat harm or limit.

you are at a marina and see a fisherman take a fish you have never seen before and place it on the dock. what external features would you look for to determine whether or not it is a bony fish?

to be a bony fish, it must have an operculum instead of gill slits, larger scales, fins with rays, and a terminal mouth.

two ecosystems are being compares in a light and dark bottle experiment. at the end of the experiment in the first area, the light bottle at a depth of 10 meters had 5.1 milligrams of oxygen in it, while the dark bottle had 2.2 milligrams of oxygen in it. at the end of the experiment in the second area, the light bottle at a depth of 10 meters had 4.5 milligrams of oxygen in it, while the dark bottle ad 1.1 milligrams of oxygen in it. which area has the higher net productivity?

to estimate net productivity, subtract the oxygen level in the dark bottle from that in the light bottle. using this formula, the second area has a higher net productivity

what is the purpose of the atrial cavity in a lancelet?

to filter water

you see a school of large predator fish. what is the most likely reason these fish are in a school?

to round up prey.

if the tunicates are attached, rounded organisms that filter the food out of the water (like the sponges), why are they not classified with the sponges?

tunicates have a dorsal nerve cord and a notochord in their tadpole-like larvae form, giving them the characteristics of the chordates.

a biologist gives you a sample from a fish skeleton. he says it might have come from a ray, or it might come from a fish with true bones. if the sample is very har, how could you tell whether it came from a ray or a bony fish?

use a microscope to look for osteoblasts and osteocytes.

in an aquarium, you see a recently eaten clam with its shell open and much of its internal body parts missing. the only other organism in the aquarium is a starfish. could this animal have eaten the clam? how did it penetrate the clam's hard shell?

yes, it pulled the shell apart with its arms.

define the following terms: 1. anadromous 2. catadromous 3. demersal 4. chromatophores 5. myomeres 6. gill rakers 7. migration 8. hermaphroditism 9. oviparous 10. ovoviviparous 11. viviparous

1. a life cycle in which creatures are hatched in freshwater, migrate to saltwater for adulthood, and migrate back to freshwater to reproduce 2. referring to fishes that migrate from freshwater to reproduce in the ocean 3. fishes that live on the bottom of the ocean 4. surface pigment cells that expand and contract to produce various colors 5. bands of muscles along the sides of fishes used locomotion 6. projections along the inner surface of fishes gills used for filter-feeding 7. the regular movement of an organism from one location to another 8. a situation in which an animal has the reproductive organs of both sexes. 9. a type of development in which eggs are hatched outside of the females body 10. a type of development in which eggs are hatched inside the females body 11. a type of development in which the young obtain their nutrients directly from the mother and are birthed live

define these terms: 1. Mantle 2. radula 3. chitin 4. open circulatory system 5. closed circulatory system 6. molting 7. cephalothorax 8. carapace 9. water vascular system 10. ambulacral groove 11. notochord 12. dorsal nerve chord

1. a sheath of tissue surrounding a mollusk's organs, producing shell and aiding respiration. 2. a teeth-covered organ, used for scraping food into the mouths of mollusks. 3. a derivative of carbs that provides flexibility and support. 4. a circulatory system where blood flows from the blood vessels and into body cavities. 5. a circulatory system where the blood always remains in the vessels. 6. the process of shedding an old exoskeleton 7. the anterior part of an arthropod body, consisting of a head an other body parts 8. an armored shield that covers the anterior portion of crustaceans 9. a network of water-filled canals in echinoderms used for locomotion and feeding 10. a channel along the body of echinoderms through which the tube feet protrude 11. a flexible supportive rod that runs the length of the body of the chordate 12. a long bundle of nerve cells located along the dorsal part of organism's body

in each class listed below, give one example of an organism that would be classified in it: 1. Gastropoda 2. Bivalvia 3. Cephalopoda

1. nudibranch 2. clam 3. octopus

for the following organisms, determine whether they spend most of their time in the intertidal zone, the inner shelf, the outer shelf and bathyal zone, or the abyssal zone: 1. deep water (deeper than 150 meters) sharks like the megamouth shark 2. birds that forage the shore for food 3. sponges that harbor photosynthetic algae 4. autotrophic bacteria that do not use photosynthesis but use chemicals found in sediments

1. since the photic zone generally isn't below 100 meters, deep water sharks live in outer shelf and bathyal zone. 2. birds like this would live in the intertidal zone, because the food there would be richest, bringing food with the tides. 3. sponges need to be covered in water all the time, but since its photosynthetic, they have to be in the photic zone, so it must live in the inner shelf. 4. if bacterium is autotrophic, it makes its own food, but it doesn't do photosynthesis, so it doesn't need light. so it probably lives in the aphotic zone. since they use chemicals found in sediments, it probably lives on the seafloor. the seafloor of the aphotic zone is the abyssal zone.

explain how the flounder is "flattened" differently than a skate or ray.

a flounder is flattened laterally, while a skate is flattened dorsally

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MODULE EIGHT OYO'S

MODULE FIVE OYO'S

MODULE FIVE OYO'S

MODULE FIVE STUDY GUIDE

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MODULE SEVEN OYO'S

MODULE SEVEN OYO'S

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MODULE SIX OYO'S

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MODULE SIX STUDY GUIDE

MODULES 5-8 STUDY GUIDES

MODULES 5-8 STUDY GUIDES

a group of people living near the ocean notice a few very large animals swimming in the water. they describe them as slow-moving and report that they will stick their nose out of the water to get a breath of air, but otherwise remain completely submerged. would these animals most likely belong to the order Sirenia, Pinnipedia, or Carnivora?

Sirenia.

when viewed under a microscope, the skeleton of a fish has osteocytes. is this a jawless fish, a cartilaginous fish, or a bony fish?

a bony fish

explain how the countercurrent system helps the diffusion of carbon dioxide concentration in the blood as it flows through the gills and compare that to the carbon dioxide concentration in the water as it flows over the gills.

as water hits the gill tip, it picks up carbon dioxide from the blood. thus the carbon dioxide concentration in the water increases as it travels over the gills. as it travels over the gills, it encounters blood with more CO2 because that blood has just come from the tissues, carrying waste gases. thus, the concentration of CO2 in the blood is always greater than that in the water, allowing CO2 to diffuse out of the blood and into the water over the entire gill.

why are marine birds more widely distributed throughout the world than marine reptiles?

because birds are endotherms, so they can maintain a more stable body temperature. reptiles are poikilothermic or ectothermic, which limits where they can survive.

a brittle star is being attacked by a hungry fish that has a hold of one of its arms. the brittle star instinctively releases its arm and crawls away, avoiding getting eaten. why was it so willing to detach its arm?

because it can regrow them

classify the following organisms as either benthic or pelagic: sea urchin, yellowjack fish, porpoise, coral, diatom, stingray, jellyfish. of the pelagic organisms, which are members of the plankton, and which are members of the nekton?

benthic organisms live on the seafloor while pelagic organisms live in the water column. nektonic creatures can swim, while planktonic creatures float. the benthic organisms are sea urchins, coral, and stingray. the pelagic organisms are yellowjack fish and porpoise (both nekton): diatom and jellyfish (both plankton)

designate the following ecological factors as biotic or abiotic: rainfall, plankton concentration, temperature, species population, dissolved oxygen.

biotic is living, abiotic is nonliving. rainfall, temperature and dissolved oxygen are abiotic. species population and plankton concentration are biotic.

the human circulatory is made up of blood vessels called arteries, veins, and capillaries. arteries carry blood away from the heart, and veins carry blood back tot he heart. capillaries are the smallest of the blood vessels, and they have thin walls that allow gases to be exchanged between the blood and the tissues. would you expect the circulatory system of a bivalve to have all 3 of these kinds of blood vessels? if not what kind or kinds would be missing?

bivalves do not have capillaries.

a child holding a clam states that it is a 'boy clam'. what is wrong with the child's statement?

clams don't have genders

While netting a school of fish a fisherman catches a fish he has never seen before. It has no jaw, no paired fins, and no scales. To which class of fishes does it most likely belong?

class Agnatha

give an example of a type of fish that would benefit from advertising its presence in the ocean.

cleaner fish, poisonous fishes (lionfish)

give an example of mutualism in the crustaceans.

cleaner shrimp eat parasites and organic material from fish.

barnacles can be found growing on many surfaces in marine ecosystems. they even grow on other organisms, such as scallops and crabs. suppose marine biologists do a long-term study of a marine ecosystem. at first, there are few if any barnacles attached to the crabs. however, over a period of several years, the population of barnacles slowly increases, and as time goes on, more and more start attaching themselves to the crabs. over this whole time, the population of crabs stays the same. only the barnacle population increases. would the relationship between the crabs and barnacles most likely be an example of parasitism, commensalism, or mutualism?

commensalism.

what are the 2 body divisions of the animals in the order decapoda? one of these is actually a fusion of 2 body divisions in other arthropods. what 2 body divisions are fused to make it?

decapods have a cephalothorax and an abdomen. the cephalothorax is composed of a fused head and thorax.

a member of class Chondrichthyes has enlarged, wing-like pectoral fins and a thick, fleshy tail. is it a shark, ray, or skate?

skate

what are some of the strategies that enable the gametes of echinoderms to more likely come in contact with one another when they are released into the water column?

so many of them are released at a similar time

an aquarium owner decides to get rid of his aquarium and releases a few non-native sea urchins into the ocean nearby. many years later, a scientist studying that area notices that the population of native sea urchins has drastically decreased. assuming there have been no other significant changes to the area, what may have occurred? was this most likely due to the intraspecific or interspecific competition?

the aquarium urchins were probably more successful at surviving in their new habitat. this is called interspecific competition.

two arthropods of the same size and species are molting. the first takes in less water during the molting process than the second. assuming the 2 arthropods grow at the same rate, which will have to molt sooner?

the first one will molt sooner. when an arthropod takes in water it expands, making a larger exoskeleton, which will take longer to grow out of and vice versa.

most echinoderms are separate sexes and broadcast their gametes directly into the water column. what are some ways that increase a gamete's ability to come in contact with those of the same species?

the gametes are usually released at the same time period during a short season of the year. also, individuals relaease their gametes when gametes of a like species to them are in the water. each individual releases a large quantity of gametes too.

the baleen whales include the largest animals on earth, yet they are filter feeders. why do you think eating tiny organisms is beneficial to support their tremendous size?

the large quantity of readily available plankton is a great source of food.

from the safety of a ship, you observe several scuba divers riding on the back of a huge (50 foot) shark. the captain tells you not to worry about their safety. why?

the largest sharks are filter feeders and don't need eat anything other than plankton