Mastering A&P ch. 2
the phosphorylation of adenosine forms
AMP
Body's most readily available source of energy
carbohydrate molecules
Glycoproteins and proeoglycans are combinations of amino acids and ____
carbohydrates
A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms is
saturated
The alpha-helix and pleated sheet are examples of ____ protein structure
secondary
Shortage of steroids in the body would result in a shortage of ____ and ____
sex hormones; plasma membranes
you would expect a peptide bond to link what?
two amino acids
What part of an atom can interact to form chemical bonds?
valence electrons
In hydrolysis reactions, compounds react with ____ causing _____
water; decomposition
According to the rules of complementary base pairing in nucleic acids, cytosine would pair with the base
guanine
which element commonly has only a proton as its nucleus
hydrogen
An atom that has either gained or lost electrons
ion
Atoms are the smallest stable units of ________
matter
In water, phospholipids tend to form tiny droplets with hydrophobic tails buried inside called ____
micelles
Each amino acid differs from another in the _____-
nature of the side chain
Isotopes of an element differ in the number of
neutrons in the nucleus
Radioactive atoms have unstable _________
nuclei
Radioisotopes have unstable
nuclei
____ molcules store and process genetic information
nucleic acid
A _____ is to a nucleic acid as an amino acid is to a polypeptide
nucleotide
An amino acid is to a protein as ____ is to a nucleic acid
nucleotide
Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins are classified as
organic molecules
A molecule of water is formed by what type of bond?
polar covalent bonds
Formation of hydrogen bonds requires hydrogen atoms and what else?
polar covalent bonds
Water molecules are formed by
polar covalent bonds
A fatty acid that contains two or more double covalent bonds is said to be
polyunsaturated
If an atom loses an electron, it becomes a ____
positively charged cation
The atomic number of an atom is determined by the number of ______ it has
protons
When ionic bond forms, which part(s) of the atoms are directly involved?
protons and electrons
The mass number represents the number of ____ and ____
protons; neutrons
the nucleus of an atom consists of _______ and _______
protons; neutrons
What is/are needed to form a triglyceride molecule?
3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule
A polysaccharide that is formed in liver and muscle cells to store glucose is
glycogen
If an isotope of oxygen has 8 prorons, 10 neutrons, and 8 electrons, its mass number is
18
Maximum number of electrons that the first energy level can hold
2
Which element do organic compounds always contain>
C
the formation of a complex carbohydrate is what type of reaction?
Dehydration synthesis
An important buffer in body fluids is
NaHCO3
The "A" in ATP stands for
adenosine
The most abundant high-energy compound in cells is
adenosine triphosphate
If a substance has a pH that is greater than 7, it is
alkaline
The monomers of protein are
amino acids
A side chain on an amino acid is sometimes called ____
an R group
In an aqueous solution, cations are attracted toward
anions
One mole of any element has the same number of ________
atoms
What is not produced through chemical bonding?
atoms
A(n) ____ removes hydrogen ions and a(n) ____ releases hydrogen ions
base; acid
Most of the lipid in the human body is in the form of ____
cholesterol
the strongest bond between two atoms is the ____ bond
covalent
A bond where atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
covalent bond
When atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons, they form
covalent bonds
A pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind
element
Chemical reactions that absorb energy
endergonic
Triglycerides are composed of glycerol and three ____
fatty acids
The most important metabolic fuel molecule in the body is
glucose
The structure of RNA differs from DNA in that
the backbone of RNA contains ribose
the chemical behavior of an atom is determined by
the outermost electron shell
Which property of water helps keeps body temperature stabilized?
thermal inertia
Most of the fat found in the human body is in the form of
triglycerides
