Mastering A&P ch. 2

the phosphorylation of adenosine forms

AMP

Body's most readily available source of energy

carbohydrate molecules

Glycoproteins and proeoglycans are combinations of amino acids and ____

carbohydrates

A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms is

saturated

The alpha-helix and pleated sheet are examples of ____ protein structure

secondary

Shortage of steroids in the body would result in a shortage of ____ and ____

sex hormones; plasma membranes

you would expect a peptide bond to link what?

two amino acids

What part of an atom can interact to form chemical bonds?

valence electrons

In hydrolysis reactions, compounds react with ____ causing _____

water; decomposition

According to the rules of complementary base pairing in nucleic acids, cytosine would pair with the base

guanine

which element commonly has only a proton as its nucleus

hydrogen

An atom that has either gained or lost electrons

ion

Atoms are the smallest stable units of ________

matter

In water, phospholipids tend to form tiny droplets with hydrophobic tails buried inside called ____

micelles

Each amino acid differs from another in the _____-

nature of the side chain

Isotopes of an element differ in the number of

neutrons in the nucleus

Radioactive atoms have unstable _________

nuclei

Radioisotopes have unstable

nuclei

____ molcules store and process genetic information

nucleic acid

A _____ is to a nucleic acid as an amino acid is to a polypeptide

nucleotide

An amino acid is to a protein as ____ is to a nucleic acid

nucleotide

Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins are classified as

organic molecules

A molecule of water is formed by what type of bond?

polar covalent bonds

Formation of hydrogen bonds requires hydrogen atoms and what else?

polar covalent bonds

Water molecules are formed by

polar covalent bonds

A fatty acid that contains two or more double covalent bonds is said to be

polyunsaturated

If an atom loses an electron, it becomes a ____

positively charged cation

The atomic number of an atom is determined by the number of ______ it has

protons

When ionic bond forms, which part(s) of the atoms are directly involved?

protons and electrons

The mass number represents the number of ____ and ____

protons; neutrons

the nucleus of an atom consists of _______ and _______

protons; neutrons

What is/are needed to form a triglyceride molecule?

3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule

A polysaccharide that is formed in liver and muscle cells to store glucose is

glycogen

If an isotope of oxygen has 8 prorons, 10 neutrons, and 8 electrons, its mass number is

18

Maximum number of electrons that the first energy level can hold

2

Which element do organic compounds always contain>

C

the formation of a complex carbohydrate is what type of reaction?

Dehydration synthesis

An important buffer in body fluids is

NaHCO3

The "A" in ATP stands for

adenosine

The most abundant high-energy compound in cells is

adenosine triphosphate

If a substance has a pH that is greater than 7, it is

alkaline

The monomers of protein are

amino acids

A side chain on an amino acid is sometimes called ____

an R group

In an aqueous solution, cations are attracted toward

anions

One mole of any element has the same number of ________

atoms

What is not produced through chemical bonding?

atoms

A(n) ____ removes hydrogen ions and a(n) ____ releases hydrogen ions

base; acid

Most of the lipid in the human body is in the form of ____

cholesterol

the strongest bond between two atoms is the ____ bond

covalent

A bond where atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

covalent bond

When atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons, they form

covalent bonds

A pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind

element

Chemical reactions that absorb energy

endergonic

Triglycerides are composed of glycerol and three ____

fatty acids

The most important metabolic fuel molecule in the body is

glucose

The structure of RNA differs from DNA in that

the backbone of RNA contains ribose

the chemical behavior of an atom is determined by

the outermost electron shell

Which property of water helps keeps body temperature stabilized?

thermal inertia

Most of the fat found in the human body is in the form of

triglycerides