Mastering A&P, Chapter 19, Blood Vessels and Circulation
capillary hydrostatic pressure
The vascular pressure that declines from roughly 35 mm Hg to about 18 mm Hg is the pulse pressure. peripheral pressure. diastolic pressure. venous pressure. capillary hydrostatic pressure.
Cardiac output
The volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle each minute.
pressure drops
As blood travels from arteries to veins, -viscosity increases. -pressure drops. -diameter of the blood vessels gets progressively smaller. -pressure builds. -flow becomes turbulent.
88.3 {MAP = Diastolic pressure + (pulse pressure/3)}
Calculate the mean arterial pressure for a person whose blood pressure is 125/70. (Module 19.7C) 97.5 mm Hg 88.3 mm Hg 55 mm Hg 113.3 mm Hg 143.3 mm Hg
Edema is an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in peripheral tissues.
Define edema. (Module 19.8B) -Edema is blood loss. -Edema is swelling of the peripheral vasculature. -Edema is an increase in blood pressure due to net capillary reabsorption. -Edema is an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in peripheral tissues. -Edema is an increase in plasma proteins causing net capillary reabsorption to occur.
The kidney will release erythropoietin and renin is released which leads to angiotensin II activation.
How does the kidney respond to vasoconstriction of the renal artery? (Module 19.10B) -The kidney will activate the sympathetic nervous system release of epinephrine and norepinephrine. -The kidney will release erythropoietin and renin is released which leads to angiotensin II activation. -The kidney will stimulate the release of cortisol by the nearby adrenal glands. -The kidney will stimulate the heart to release natriuretic peptides. -The kidney will activate the baroreceptors to stimulate the cardioinhibitory center of the medulla oblongata.
blood pressure
In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________. blood pressure proteins in the blood
an increase in heart rate and contractility
Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in which of the following? an increase in heart rate and contractility vasodilation of arteries a decrease in blood pressure a decrease in cardiac output
capillary; interstitial fluid
The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________. interstitial fluid; capillary capillary; interstitial fluid
increased blood pH.
A decrease in blood CO2 levels would cause increased respiratory rate. increased blood pressure. increased stroke volume. increased blood pH. increased cardiac output.
both decrease in heart rate and decrease in blood pressure.
An increase in the rate of action potentials from baroreceptors will lead to -decrease in heart rate. -increase in heart rate. -decrease in blood pressure. -both decrease in heart rate and decrease in blood pressure. -both increase in heart rate and decrease in blood pressure.
veins
Blood pressure is lowest in the venules. arterioles. capillaries. arteries. veins.
blood vessel diameter
Blood pressure would INCREASE as a result of a DECREASE in __________. blood vessel diameter blood volume cardiac output blood viscosity
umbilical vein
Blood returns from the placenta in the single: umbilical artery. ductus venosus. umbilical vein. foramen ovale.
All of the answers are correct.
Chemoreceptor reflexes respond to pH. carbon dioxide. oxygen. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.
Autoregulation involves local factors changing the pattern of blood flow within capillary beds in response to chemical changes in interstitial fluids.
Describe autoregulation as it relates to cardiovascular function. (Module 19.9B) -Autoregulation involves local factors changing the pattern of blood flow within capillary beds in response to chemical changes in interstitial fluids. -Autoregulation is the blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients. -Autoregulation involves changing respiratory rates to adjust the pH of blood reaching each tissue or organ. -Autoregulation is the control of blood composition. -Autoregulation involves altering the oxygen content in the blood reaching each tissue or organ.
release of renin
Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure except -decreased peripheral resistance. -reduced thirst. -release of renin. -increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide). -decrease in blood volume.
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Identify the hormones responsible for short-term regulation of decreasing blood pressure and blood volume. (Module 19.10A) erythropoietin and thrombopoietin natriuretic peptides aldosterone and cortisol epinephrine and norepinephrine ADH and aldosterone
Both hearts weigh about the same.
In comparing a trained athlete to a non-athlete, which of these comparisons is false? The athlete has a higher exercise stroke volume. The athlete has a higher exercise cardiac output. The athlete has a higher resting stroke volume. Both hearts weigh about the same. The athlete has a lower resting heart rate.
vascular resistance, vessel length, vessel luminal diameter, blood viscosity, and turbulence
List the factors that contribute to total peripheral resistance. (Module 19.6A) -SNS stimulation, PNS stimulation, hormonal stimulation -heart rate and blood pressure -arterial pressure, capillary pressure, and venous pressure -heart rate, stroke volume, end-diastolic volume, and end-systolic volume -vascular resistance, vessel length, vessel luminal diameter, blood viscosity, and turbulence
venous
Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary? arterial venous
increased activity by the parasympathetic nervous system.
Stimulation of the aortic baroreceptors results in -stimulation of the vasoconstrictive center. -increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart. -increased heart rate. -stimulation of the cardioacceleratory center in the brain. -increased activity by the parasympathetic nervous system.
Total peripheral resistance
The amount of friction blood encounters during flow through blood vessels.
concentration of plasma proteins.
The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the number of red blood cells. concentration of plasma proteins. concentration of plasma waste products. concentration of plasma glucose. concentration of plasma sodium ions.
proteins in the blood
The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________. proteins in the blood blood pressure
pulse
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure. mean arterial pulse critical closing circulatory blood
Blood pressure
The force of the blood against the vessel wall.
Blood viscosity
The friction red blood cells encounter when moving past each other.
epinephrine
The hormone that produces cardiovascular effects similar to activation of the sympathetic nervous system is epinephrine. acetylcholine. sympathetic neuropeptide. bradykinin. tachykinin.
pulmonary circuit
The right ventricle pumps blood to the __________. renal circuit coronary circulation pulmonary circuit systemic circuit
All of the answers are correct.
To defend blood volume against dehydration, the body -experiences a recall of interstitial fluids. -experiences an increase in the blood colloidal osmotic pressure. -accelerates reabsorption of water at the kidneys. -increases water intake. -All of the answers are correct.
reduces; increases
Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which ________ the volume in the arterial and capillary systems. doubles; decreases decreases; doubles reduces; increases increases; reduces None of the answers is correct.
It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low to allow time for diffusion between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid.
Why is it beneficial for capillary pressure to be very low? (Module 19.5C) -It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low to allow time for diffusion between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid. -It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low so that blood doesn't stay in the peripheral circulation too long before returning to the lungs. -It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low because it helps speed up the flow of blood into the venous system. -It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low so that the valves are not damaged. -It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low to maintain peripheral resistance.
Autoregulation
________ is the regulation of blood flow by local mechanisms within a capillary bed. Central regulation Autoregulation Tissue perfusion All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.
Total peripheral resistance
________ refers to all the factors that resist blood flow in the entire circulatory system. Venous return Capillary pressure Cardiac output Total peripheral resistance Vascular resistance
An increase in heart contractility
A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following? an increase in heart contractility vasodilation of arterioles a decrease in cardiac output a decrease in heart rate
increase in blood pressure
All of the following occur in response to hemorrhage except decrease in blood volume. increase in blood pressure. mobilization of the venous reserve. increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart. peripheral vasoconstriction.
The six structures vital to fetal circulation are two umbilical arteries, one umbilical vein, the ductus venosus, the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus. After birth the foramen ovale closes and becomes the fossa ovalis, the ductus arteriosus becomes the ligamentum arteriosus, and the umbilical vessels and ductus venosus become fibrous cords.
Identify the six structures that are vital to fetal circulation but cease to function at birth, and describe what becomes of these structures. (Module 19.24B)
Increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity
If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)? -increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity -decreased PNS activity and increased SNS activity -increased PNS and SNS activity
arteriole
The main control of peripheral resistance by the vasomotor centers occurs in the vein. artery. arteriole. venule. capillary.
angiotensin I formation is triggered.
When renin is released from the kidney, -angiotensin II is converted to angiotensin I. -angiotensin I formation is triggered. -angiotensin I increases salt reabsorption at the kidneys. -blood flow to the kidneys decreases. -blood pressure goes down.
when the peripheral vessels constrict
When will the blood pressure be greater? when the peripheral vessels constrict when the peripheral vessels dilate
artery
Where is blood pressure highest? arteriole capillary venule vein artery
Tissue perfusion is blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients.
Define tissue perfusion. (Module 19.9A) -Tissue perfusion is a measure of the oxygen content in the blood reaching each tissue or organ. -Tissue perfusion is the measure of blood pressure that reaches each individual organ. -Tissue perfusion is blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients. -Tissue perfusion is the control of blood flow to specific capillary beds. -Tissue perfusion is the tissue's response to changes in blood pressure to maintain its blood flow.
Deoxygenated blood flows from the fetus to the placenta through a pair of umbilical arteries, and oxygenated blood returns from the placenta in a single umbilical vein.
Describe the pattern of fetal blood flow to and from the placenta. (Module 19.24A) -Oxygenated blood flows from the fetus to the placenta through a pair of umbilical arteries, and deoxygenated blood returns from the placenta in a single umbilical vein. -Oxygenated blood flows from the fetus to the placenta through a pair of umbilical veins, and deoxygenated blood returns from the placenta in a single umbilical artery. -Deoxygenated blood flows from the fetus to the placenta through a pair of umbilical arteries, and oxygenated blood returns from the placenta in a single umbilical vein. -Deoxygenated blood flows from the fetus to the placenta through a single umbilical vein, and oxygenated blood returns from the placenta through a pair of umbilical arteries. -Deoxygenated blood flows from the fetus to the placenta through a pair of umbilical veins, and oxygenated blood returns from the placenta in a single umbilical artery.
The pulmonary circuit transports blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries, capillaries in the lungs, and pulmonary veins and returns it to the left atrium.
Describe the pulmonary circuit. (Module 19.1A) -The pulmonary circuit transports blood through the arteries, capillaries, and veins of the body from the left ventricle to the right atrium. -The pulmonary circuit transports blood from the left ventricle through the pulmonary veins, capillaries in the lungs, and pulmonary arteries and returns it to the right atrium. -The pulmonary circuit transports blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries, capillaries in the lungs, and pulmonary veins and returns it to the left atrium. -The pulmonary circuit transports blood from the left ventricle through the pulmonary arteries, capillaries in the lungs, and pulmonary veins and returns it to the right atrium. -The pulmonary circuit consists of the vasculature in the lungs.
The respiratory pump is a mechanism by which a reduction of pressure in the thoracic cavity during inhalation assists venous return to the heart.
Describe the respiratory pump. (Module 19.12A) -The respiratory pump is a mechanism by which contraction of the lungs propels blood through the thoracic cavity to the heart. -The respiratory pump is a mechanism by which an increase in pressure in the thoracic cavity during exhalation pushes blood towards the heart. -The respiratory pump is a mechanism by which bronchoconstriction propels blood through the thoracic cavity to the heart. -The respiratory pump is a mechanism by which alternating cycles of bronchiolar constriction and bronchiolar dilation propel blood towards the heart. -The respiratory pump is a mechanism by which a reduction of pressure in the thoracic cavity during inhalation assists venous return to the heart.
The systemic circuit transports blood through the arteries, capillaries, and veins of the body from the left ventricle to the right atrium.
Describe the systemic circuit. (Module 19.1B) -The systemic circuit transports blood through the arteries, capillaries, and veins of the body from the left ventricle to the right atrium. -The systemic circuit transports blood from the left ventricle through the pulmonary veins, capillaries in the lungs, and pulmonary arteries and returns it to the right atrium. -The systemic circuit consists of the vasculature in the heart. -The systemic circuit transports blood from the left ventricle through the pulmonary arteries, capillaries in the lungs, and pulmonary veins and returns it to the right atrium. -The systemic circuit transports blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries, capillaries in the lungs, and pulmonary veins and returns it to the left atrium.
Vasodilation causes arterial diameter to increase in the exercising skeletal muscle.
During exercise, cardiac output may increase by more than 170% to meet the body's increased O2 demands. This increase in cardiac output increases blood pressure. But the accompanying increase in arterial pressure is relatively small—only about 40%. What limits this increase in blood pressure so that it doesn't reach dangerously high levels during exercise? -Blood vessels shorten in the contracting skeletal muscles. -Vasodilation causes arterial diameter to increase in the exercising skeletal muscle. -Hematocrit decreases as more interstitial fluid enters the blood vessels. -Blood volume decreases due to sweating.
All of the answers are correct.
Materials can move across capillary walls by reabsorption. diffusion. filtration. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.
heart rate, stroke volume, peripheral resistance, and venous pressure
Neural and endocrine regulatory mechanisms influence which factors? (Module 19.5A) -blood flow -heart rate, stroke volume, peripheral resistance, and venous pressure -heart rate -capillary pressure -blood volume
Carotid sinus and aortic arch
Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located? -carotid sinus and aortic arch -cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata -The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
right atrium
Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the systemic circuit? (Module 19.1C) left ventricle right atrium right ventricle left atrium
arterial pressure
Which is greater: arterial pressure or venous pressure? (Module 19.5B) venous pressure arterial pressure
net osmotic pressure
Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary? net hydrostatic pressure net osmotic pressure
10% change in vessel diameter
Which of the following changes would produce the greatest change in total peripheral resistance? 10% change in blood viscosity 10% change in vessel length 10% change in vessel diameter 10% change in cardiac output
Decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system
Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles? -decreased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system -increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system -decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system -increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system
decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel by 1/2
Which of the following would have the greater effect on vascular resistance? decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel by 1/2 doubling the length of a blood vessel Neither would be greater.
34 mm Hg
Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary? 12 mm Hg 1 mm Hg 34 mm Hg
a trained athlete
Which of the following would you expect to have the lowest resting heart rate? a trained athlete an 80-year-old woman a teenager with a sedentary lifestyle a person with heart failure an unconditioned adult
an increase in vessel diameter
Which would reduce peripheral resistance: an increase in vessel length or an increase in vessel diameter? (Module 19.6C) an increase in vessel diameter an increase in vessel length
