Mastering A&P: Chapter 4

Which tissue repair process results in the formation of scar tissue?

fibrosis Fibrosis involves proliferation of fibrous connective tissue, called scar tissue.

Choose the answer that shows the correct order for the standard preparation of a histological specimen.

(1) fixation, (2) sectioning, (3) staining The correct order for specimen preparation is fixation, then sectioning, followed by staining.

Which of the following is true about the mode of secretion of exocrine glands? A) Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process. B) Apocrine cells are destroyed, then replaced after secretion. C) Holocrine cells are slightly damaged by the secretory process, but repair themselves.

A

Reticular Lamina

A layer of extracellular material with a fine network of collagen fibers that "belong to" the underlying connective tissue.

Basal lamina

A non-cellular adhesive sheet made largely of glycoproteins secreted by epethelial cells. Acts as a selective filter and also as a scaffolding which epithelial cells can migrate to repair a wound.

Apical surface

An upper free surface exposed to the exterior of the body or the cavity of an internal organ.

Chondroblasts ________. A) are mature cartilage cells located in spaces called lacunae B) within the cartilage, divide and secrete new matrix C) located deep to the perichondrium divide and secrete new matrix on the internal portions of the cartilage

B

Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue. A) It is composed mostly of extracellular matrix. B) Its primary function is nutrient storage. C) Mature adipose cells are highly mitotic. D) Most of the cell volume is occupied by the nucleus.

B

Select the correct statement regarding multicellular exocrine glands. A) Compound glands are so called because they are constructed from more than one cell type. B) The secretory cells of holocrine glands release their product by rupturing. C) Exocrine glands always lack ducts.

B

Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair. A) Granulation tissue is highly susceptible to infection. B) Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable. C) Granulation tissue is another name for a blood clot. D) The clot is formed from dried blood and transposed collagen fibers.

B

An epithelial membrane ________. A) usually involves transitional epithelium B) is formed of epithelium and smooth muscle C) contains simple or stratified epithelia and a basement membrane D) never contains mucus-forming cells

C

Multicellular exocrine glands can be classified ________. A) structurally into alveolar and acinar types B) structurally into vascular and avascular types C) functionally into merocrine, holocrine, and apocrine divisions D) functionally into secreting or nonsecreting types

C

Select the correct statement regarding epithelia. A) Simple epithelia form impermeable barriers. B) Stratified epithelia are tall, narrow cells. C) Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important. D) Pseudostratified epithelia consist of at least two layers of cells stacked on top of one

C

Select the correct statement regarding factors that affect the tissue repair process. A) The type of tissue injured is not an important factor. B) Nutrition does not seem to influence tissue repair. C) The age of the person is a factor in the repair process. D) The health of an individual does not seem to make any difference in the speed of repair

C

Which of the following is true about epithelia? A) Simple epithelia are commonly found in areas of high abrasion. B) Stratified epithelia are associated with filtration. C) Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs. D) Pseudostratified epithelia are commonly keratinized.

C

Which of the following statements is true of connective tissue? A) Elastin fibers are sometimes called white fibers. B) When connective tissue is stretched, collagen gives it the ability to snap back. C) Collagen fibers provide high tensile strength. D) Reticular fibers form thick, ropelike structures.

C

Select the correct statement regarding the cells of connective tissue. A) Connective tissue does not contain cells. B) Connective tissue cells are nondividing. C) Chondroblasts are the main cell type of connective tissue proper. D) ʺBlastʺ cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells.

D

What is epithelial tissue? What are the two forms?

Epithelial tissue (Epithelium plural) is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity. Two Types: Covering & Lining epithelium: forms skin, linings of body cavities and walls of organs Glandular: fashions glands of the body

Which of the following is a property of epithelial tissue?

Epithelial tissue is innervated. Epithelial tissue is an innervated, avascular tissue that exhibits polarity. Epithelial tissue is also highly regenerative.

Choose the correct pairing for a tissue and its embryonic origin.

Epithelium is derived from all three primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Mesoderm forms muscle and connective tissue. Ectoderm forms nervous tissue. Endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm all contribute to formation of epithelia.

Pseudostratified epithelium consists of multiple cell layers.

False While pseudostratified epithelium has the illusion of being a multi-layered tissue, it is in fact made up of only one cell layer. The irregular heights of the cells in pseudostratified epithelia give the tissue a layered appearance. In reality, all of the cells in this tissue rest on the basement membrane (i.e., their basal surfaces are in contact with the basement membrane).

________ are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells. A) Goblet cells B) Mast cells C) Macrophages D) Cilia

Goblet cells

Which of the following describes a holocrine gland?

Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing. Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing. Sebaceous (oil) glands are the only example of holocrine glands in the body.

________ are highly phagocytic cells that are a part of the body's defense system. These cells can be localized (fixed), or they can wander throughout the body.

Macrophages Macrophages, which are peppered throughout loose connective tissue, bone marrow, and lymphatic tissue, may be attached to connective tissue fibers (fixed) or may migrate freely through the matrix. They phagocytize a broad variety of foreign materials, ranging from foreign molecules to entire bacteria to dust particles. These "big eaters" also dispose of dead tissue cells, and they are central actors in the immune system.

________ is a water-soluble, complex glycoprotein that is secreted by goblet cells.

Mucin Like mucous cells, goblet cells are unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucin, a protein that combines with water to form mucus. In goblet cells, the cuplike accumulation of mucin distends the top of the cell, making these cells look like a glass with a stem, thus "goblet" cell. This distortion does not occur in mucous cells.

________ is the tissue that regulates and controls body functions.

Nervous tissue Nervous tissue regulates and controls body functions.

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

Simple cuboidal epithelia are found in areas that stretch. This is incorrect; transitional (not simple cuboidal) epithelia are found in areas that stretch, in particular the ureters and urinary bladder. Simple cuboidal epithelia are designed for absorption and secretion (not stretching).

Basal surface

The lower, attached surface of the epithelial tissue.

Why are adipose, blood, and bone all considered to be connective tissues?

They have a common origin, mesenchyme. Adipose, bone, and blood (like all connective tissues) are derived from mesenchyme, an embryonic tissue. Also common to all connective tissues is the presence of cells and an extracellular matrix that consists of fibers bathed in ground substance.

All epithelia have two surfaces, an apical surface and a basal surface, that differ in both structure and function.

True All epithelia exhibit polarity, which is defined by the presence of an apical surface and a basal surface that differ in both structure and function.

All connective tissues arise from an embryonic tissue called mesenchyme.

True All connective tissues arise from an embryonic tissue called mesenchyme. Mesenchyme has a fluid ground substance containing fine sparse fibers and star-shaped mesenchymal cells. It arises during the early weeks of embryonic development and eventually differentiates (specializes) into all other connective tissue cells. However, some mesenchymal cells remain and provide a source of new cells in mature connective tissues.

Which of the following is NOT a role of connective tissue?

absorption Absorption, the movement of substances into the body, is a role of epithelial tissue. Roles of connective tissue include: binding and support, protection, insulation, and transportation of substances, via blood, within the body.

Which is the most atypical connective tissue since it does not connect things or provide structural support?

blood Blood, the fluid connective tissue (CT) within blood vessels, is the most atypical CT. It does not act as a binding or packing material; it does not provide structural support. It is classified as a CT only because it develops from mesenchyme and consists of cells (blood cells) surrounded by an extracellular fluid matrix (blood plasma).

Which of the following is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is in bone? A) live cells B) lacunae C) blood vessels D) organic fibers

blood vessels

Which tissue is correctly paired with its primary cell type?

bone: osteoblast Osteoblasts/cytes are the primary cell type for bone.

After open heart surgery, the heart's pumping efficiency may be reduced because__________.

both adhesions and fibrosis will interfere with the heart's normal pumping activity and reduce its effectiveness Adhesions are fibrous scars that form between internal organs, which joins them together abnormally. When tissue is injured, fibrous connective tissue reproduces rapidly and forms a scar. This tissue type lacks the normal function of cardiac tissue.

Which muscle cell type has visible striations but is not under voluntary control?

cardiac Yes, cardiac cells, like skeletal cells, have visible striations but are not under voluntary control.

Which tissues have little to no functional regenerative capacity?

cardiac muscle and nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord Cardiac muscle and the nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord have virtually no functional regenerative capacity, and they are routinely replaced by scar tissue.

Cell types likely to be seen in areolar connective tissue include all except: ________. A) chondrocytes B) fibroblasts C) macrophages D) mast cells

chondrocytes

The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ________. A) elastic B) collagen C) reticular D) muscle

collagen

The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength to absorb shock is because they possess ________. A) hydroxyapatite crystals B) collagen fibers C) reticular fibers D) elastic fibers

collagen fibers

Mammary glands exhibit a glandular type called ________. A) simple tubular B) compound tubular C) simple alveolar D) compound alveolar

compound alveolar

Which type of membrane is a dry membrane exposed to the air?

cutaneous membrane The cutaneous membrane is your skin, an organ consisting of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) firmly attached to a thick layer of connective tissue (dermis). Unlike other epithelial membranes, the cutaneous membrane is exposed to the air and is a dry membrane.

Simple columnar epithelium of the digestive tract is characterized by ________. A) dense microvilli B) a rich vascular supply C) fibroblasts D) cilia

dense microvilli

The shape of the external ear is maintained by ________. A) adipose tissue B) elastic cartilage C) hyaline cartilage D) fibrocartilage

elastic cartilage

Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in ________ connective tissue. A) areolar B) dense regular C) embryonic D) reticular

embryonic

Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________. A) exocrine B) endocrine C) sebaceous D) ceruminous

endocrine

Which type of gland produces hormones?

endocrine glands Endocrine glands, which are ductless glands, secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid surrounding them. The hormones then diffuse toward and pass through a nearby capillary wall to enter the blood. Circulating throughout the body in the blood stream is how hormones eventually reach their target cells.

The tissue type that arises from all three embryonic germ layers is ________. A) epithelial tissue B) connective tissue C) nervous tissue D) muscle tissue

epithelial tissue

Which tissue type consists of a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity?

epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity (epithe = laid on, covering). In addition to coverings and linings, epithelial cells can also form glands, called glandular epithelium.

Matrix is ________. A) cells and fibers B) fibers and ground substance C) ground substance and cells D) composed of all organic compounds

fibers and ground substance

Hyaline cartilage is different from elastic or fibrocartilage because ________. A) it is more vascularized B) it contains more nuclei C) fibers are not normally visible D) it has more elastic fibers

fibers are not normally visible

After a heart attack, fibrosis occurs at the site of cardiac muscle cell death. This reduces the efficiency of the heart's pumping activity because __________.

fibrous connective tissue is incapable of contracting Cardiac muscle contains sarcomeres, which allow for the tissue to contract when electrically stimulated. Fibrous connective tissue lacks these special contractile units.

The three main components of connective tissue are ________. A) ground substance, fibers, and cells B) alveoli, fibrous capsule, and secretory cells C) collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers D) fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts

ground substance, fibers, and cells

Epithelial tissue ________. A) is highly vascularized B) has a basement membrane C) is usually acellular D) contains a number of neuron types

has a basement membrane

Which is true concerning muscle tissue? A) highly cellular and well vascularized B) cuboidal shape enhances function C) contains contractile units made of collagen D) is a single-celled tissue

highly cellular and well vascularized

Where is transitional epithelium found?

in areas subjected to stretching Transitional epithelium is found in the urinary system. It lines the ureters, bladder and proximal part of the urethra-organs that are subjected to distention or stretching as urine passes through or fills them.

The first step in tissue repair involves ________. A) replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells B) proliferation of fibrous connective tissue C) inflammation D) formation of scar tissue

inflammation

The correct order of events in tissue repair, from first to last, is ________.

inflammation, organization, and regeneration In order, the basic steps of tissue repair are: inflammation, organization, and regeneration.

Smooth muscle ________.

is under involuntary control Smooth and cardiac muscle are under involuntary control. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control.

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium ________. A) lines the respiratory tract B) aids in digestion C) possesses no goblet cells D) is not an epithelial classification

lines the respiratory tract

Which of the following would be of most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelium? A) microvilli B) Golgi bodies C) lysosomes D) multiple nuclei

microvilli

Which of the following increases the surface area of certain epithelial tissues?

microvilli Microvilli are small finger-like projections that greatly increase the surface area of epithelial cells (thus epithelial tissues), an important attribute of tissues that have a role in absorption and secretion.

What would be a substance you would expect to find expelled from a compound alveolar gland? A) milk B) acid C) oil D) salivary fluid

milk

An exocrine gland that has an unbranched duct would be classified as a ________.

multicellular simple gland Multicellular exocrine glands with unbranched ducts are "simple"; those with branched ducts are "compound". Unicellular exocrine glands do not have ducts.

Which of these is not considered connective tissue? A) cartilage B) adipose C) muscle D) blood

muscle

What are glycosaminoglycans? A) positively charged proteins B) negatively charged proteins C) positively charged polysaccharides D) negatively charged polysaccharides

negatively charged polysaccharides

Which tissue type is responsible for regulating and controlling body functions?

nervous tissue Nervous tissue is the main component of the nervous system, which regulates and controls body functions. Note: the other control system of the body is the endocrine system, which is primarily composed of glandular epithelial tissue.

The presence of lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels would indicate ________. A) cartilage tissue B) fibrocartilaginous tissue C) osseous tissue D) areolar tissue

osseous tissue

Connective tissues ________.

primarily consist of extracellular matrix All other primary tissues are composed mainly of cells, but connective tissues are largely nonliving extracellular matrix, which separates, often widely, the living cells of the tissue.

In connective tissue, the role of collagen fibers is to ________.

provide tensile strength Collagen fibers are extremely tough and provide high tensile strength (that is, the ability to resist being pulled apart) to the matrix. Stress tests show that collagen fibers are stronger than steel fibers of the same size!

________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane. A) Stratified cuboidal B) Stratified columnar C) Transitional D) Pseudostratified columnar

pseudostratified columnar

basement membrane

reticular and basal lamina form the basement membrane which reinforces the epithelial sheet, helps it resist stretching and tearing, and defines the epithelial boundary.

Exocrine glands ________.

secrete substances onto body surfaces Exocrine glands use ducts to secrete substances into the external environment (onto the surfaces of the cutaneous and mucous membranes). Note: "exo" means outside. Endocrine glands are ductless; they secrete hormones into the extracellular fluid of our internal environment. Note: "endo" means inside.

Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue? A) simple squamous B) transitional C) simple columnar D) stratified squamous

simple columnar

The proximal tubule of the nephron (kidney tubule) in the kidney is composed of which type of epithelium?

simple cuboidal epithelium Yes, the simple cuboidal cells line the kidney tubules (nephrons) so that secretion and absorption can take place.

A single-celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of serous membranes is ________. A) simple transitional B) simple columnar C) simple squamous D) simple cuboidal

simple squamous

The wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium?

simple squamous epithelium Yes, this single layer of squamous cells is ideal for the diffusion of gases in the lungs.

Which of the three muscle cell types has multiple nuclei?

skeletal Yes, skeletal muscle cells are elongated and many can be quite long; therefore, they have multiple nuclei.

Which of the following epithelial tissue locations is NOT correctly matched to its function?

skin: absorption The keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of skin is designed for protection, not absorption from the external environment.

Which part of the neuron (a specialized nerve cell) receives signals from other cells and is also the main metabolic region of the neuron?

soma Yes, the soma or cell body receives inputs (signals) from other cells and sends the information to the axon. But unlike a dendrite, it also is the main metabolic and nutritional center of the cell.

In adults, new surface epithelial cells and the epithelial cells lining the intestine are derived from _________. A) mitotic division of existing epithelial cells B) stem cells C) underlying epithelial cells D) components of the connective tissue

stem cells

Injured cartilage might heal more quickly if a treatment were discovered that would __________.

stimulate blood vessels to develop within cartilage Cartilage is normally avascular, so nutrients required for healing must diffuse from distant blood vessels, which delays the healing process.

A multilayered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as ________. A) simple cuboidal B) simple squamous C) transitional D) stratified squamous

stratified squamous

The epithelium of the esophagus is composed of which type of epithelial tissue?

stratified squamous epithelium Yes, this epithelium protects underlying tissues from the wear and tear of constant swallowing in the esophagus.

What is the most obvious structural feature of areolar connective tissue?

the loose arrangement of its fibers The most obvious structural feature of this tissue is the loose arrangement of its fibers. The rest of the matrix, occupied by ground substance, appears to be empty space when viewed through the microscope. Note: the Latin term areola means "a small open space."

Organized groups of cells (plus their intercellular substances) that have a common purpose form a(n) ________. A) organ B) tissue C) organism D) organ system

tissue

Which type of epithelium lines the interior of the urinary bladder?

transitional epithelium Transitional epithelium forms the lining of hollow urinary organs, which stretch as they fill with urine. The ability of transitional cells to change their shape (undergo "transitions") allows a greater volume of urine to flow through the tube-like ureters and allows more urine to be stored in the urinary bladder.

Mucous cells are ________.

unicellular exocrine glands Mucous cells are unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucin, a protein that combines with water to form mucus.

Which statement best describes connective tissue? A) usually contains a large amount of matrix B) always arranged in a single layer of cells C) primarily concerned with secretion D) usually lines a body cavity

usually contains a large amount of matrix