Mastering Ch. 21
During inhalation - the diaphragm and rib muscles contract. - the diaphragm relaxes. - oxygen molecules move into the lungs, and carbon dioxide molecules move out of the lungs. - air moves up the trachea. - the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases.
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract
Internal and external respiration depends on several factors. Which of the following is NOT an important factor in gas exchange? - the molecular weight of the gas - partial pressure of the gases - available surface area - rate of blood flow through the tissue
the molecular weight of the gas
Which statement regarding lung cancer is correct? - Individuals with emphysema are not at risk for lung cancer. - Only smokers will develop lung cancer. - Lung cancers are not aggressive. - More Americans die from lung cancer than any other form of cancer
More Americans die from lung cancer than any other form of cancer
Which statement regarding lung cancer is correct? - More Americans die from lung cancer than any other form of cancer. - Lung cancers are not aggressive. - Individuals with emphysema are not at risk for lung cancer. - Only smokers will develop lung cancer.
More Americans die from lung cancer than any other form of cancer.
From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood? - Bronchioles - Bronchi - Nose - Trachea - Alveoli
Alveoli
Despite the fact that the partial pressure difference is so much smaller for CO2, why is there as much CO2 exchanged between the alveoli and blood as there is O2, ? - CO2 is much more soluble in blood than O2. - The capillary walls are more permeable to CO2 than O2. - CO2 is a smaller molecule and diffuses faster than O2.
CO2 is much more soluble in blood than O2
Which statement is correct? (2) - During external respiration, oxygen is unloaded from the blood. - The greater the available surface area the lower the amount of gas exchange during internal respiration. - During internal respiration, carbon dioxide is unloaded from the blood. - During external respiration, equilibrium is reached for O2 when the partial pressure for O2 in the pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli are the same
During external respiration, equilibrium is reached for O2 when the partial pressure for O2 in the pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli are the same.
Compare dysplasia, metaplasia, neoplasia, and anaplasia. (Module 21.18C) - Neoplasia is the development of abnormal cells; metaplasia is the development of abnormal changes in tissue structure; anaplasia is the conversion of normal cells to tumor cells; and dysplasia is the spread of the malignant cells throughout the body. - Dysplasia is the development of abnormal cells; metaplasia is the development of abnormal changes in tissue structure; neoplasia is the conversion of normal cells to tumor cells; and anaplasia is the spread of the malignant cells throughout the body. - Metaplasia is the development of abnormal cells; anaplasia is the development of abnormal changes in tissue structure; neoplasia is the conversion of normal cells to tumor cells; and dysplasia is the spread of the malignant cells throughout the body. - Metaplasia is the development of abnormal cells; dysplasia is the development of abnormal changes in tissue structure; neoplasia is the conversion of normal cells to tumor cells; and anaplasia is the spread of the malignant cells throughout the body. - Anaplasia is the development of abnormal cells; neoplasia is the development of abnormal changes in tissue structure; metaplasia is the conversion of normal cells to tumor cells; and dysplasia is the spread of the malignant cells throughout the body.
Dysplasia is the development of abnormal cells; metaplasia is the development of abnormal changes in tissue structure; neoplasia is the conversion of normal cells to tumor cells; and anaplasia is the spread of the malignant cells throughout the body.
Which of the following statements is true regarding partial pressure and the diffusion of gases in the body? - The partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary circulation as it returns to the heart is 95 mm of Hg. - Internal respiration involves the diffusion of oxygen from the alveolus into the pulmonary capillary. - The partial pressure of oxygen in the systemic capillary is 40 mm of Hg before it moves into the interstitial fluid. - In internal respiration, the PCO2 in the systemic capillary is 40, while the PCO2 in the interstitial fluid is 45. - If the partial pressure of oxygen in the interstitial fluid is lower than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial fluid, carbon dioxide will not diffuse from the interstitial fluid into the systemic circulation.
In internal respiration, the PCO2 in the systemic capillary is 40, while the PCO2 in the interstitial fluid is 45.
Which statement is correct? - As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated. - Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries. - Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body's cells. - In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. - Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration.
In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells
Which way would O2 and CO2 diffuse during internal respiration? - Both O2 and CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries. - O2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries, and CO2 would diffuse into the cells. - O2 would diffuse into the cells, and CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries. - O2 would diffuse into the pulmonary capillaries and CO2 would diffuse into the alveoli.
O2 would diffuse into the cells, and CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries
How would the partial pressures of O2O2 and CO2CO2 change in an exercising muscle? - The partial pressures of O2 and CO2 would remain unchanged. - The partial pressure of O2 would decrease, and the partial pressure of CO2 would increase. - The partial pressure of O2 would increase, and the partial pressure of CO2 would decrease
The partial pressure of O2 would decrease, and the partial pressure of CO2 would increase.
Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle's law? - The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs. - The partial pressure of a gas in the air you breathe in is equal to the total atmospheric pressure times the fractional concentration of the gas. - How well a gas dissolves in a liquid such as blood depends on both its partial pressure and its solubility.
The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs
Which characteristic is correct regarding an oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve? - Venous blood, leaving peripheral tissues, contains minimal oxygen reserves. - Blood entering the systemic circuit has a PCO2 of 95 mm Hg. - Where the slope is steep, a very small change in plasma PO2 will result in a large change in the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin or released from oxyhemoglobin. - Each arriving oxygen molecule decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for the next oxygen molecule.
Where the slope is steep, a very small change in blood PO2 will result in a large change in the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin or released from oxyhemoglobin
The ventral respiratory group (VRG): - is found in the pons. - affects accessory inspiratory and expiratory muscles when breathing demands increase. - functions in every respiratory cycle. - controls lower motor neurons that innervate the external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm.
affects accessory inspiratory and expiratory muscles when breathing demands increase.
Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity? - diaphragm and external intercostals - internal intercostals and external oblique - diaphragm and internal intercostals
diaphragm and external intercostals
During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration? - acetylcholine (ACh) - histamine - epinephrine - an increase in the parasympathetic nervous system
epinephrine
Which is true regarding the Bohr effect on the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve? - If the pH decreases, the saturation curve shifts to the left. - If the pH increases, the saturation curve shifts to the right. - If the pH decreases, hemoglobin releases more oxygen. - If the temperature decreases, hemoglobin more readily gives up its oxygen reserves.
if pH decreases, hemoglobin releases more oxygen
Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs? - intrapulmonary pressure - atmospheric pressure - intrapleural pressure
intrapleural pressure
Hemoglobin - is the site of cellular respiration. - is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen. - has five subunits. - uses ATP to move oxygen from blood to body cells. - is found in blood plasma.
is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen
Respiratory minute volume, VE: -is calculated by subtracting the dead space, VD, from the tidal volume, VT. - is calculated by multiplying the respiratory rate, f, by the tidal volume, VT. - is the amount of air one moves into or out of the lungs during a single respiratory cycle. - is the amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute.
is calculated by multiplying the respiratory rate, f, by the tidal volume, VT.
Most of the carbon dioxide that is absorbed by blood: is converted to carbonic acid. is converted to carbaminohemoglobin. undergoes chloride shift. functions as pH buffers.
is converted to carbonic acid.
Internal respiration __________. - involves the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs -includes all the processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body's interstitial fluids and the external environment - is the absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells - is the movement of air into and out of the alveoli
is the absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells
After blood becomes oxygenated, - it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to the lungs. - it does not return to the heart, but goes to the nose and mouth. - it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells. - it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to the lungs. - it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to capillaries that supply the body's cells with oxygen.
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.
If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung? - lungs will inflate - lung volume will stay the same - lungs will collapse
lungs will collapse
Emphysema: - is a long-term inflammation and swelling of the bronchial lining. - occurs in individuals identified as blue bloaters. - is a condition characterized by conducting passageways that are extremely sensitive to irritants. - occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
Which structure is located most superior at the hilum of the left lung? pulmonary veins primary bronchus pulmonary artery oblique fissure
pulmonary artery
Each terminal bronchiole supplies which singular structure? bronchiole tertiary bronchus pulmonary lobule secondary bronchus
pulmonary lobule
Which of the following is an accessory expiratory muscle? diaphragm scalene muscle transversus thoracis muscle external intercostal muscle
transversus thoracis muscle
