MasteringHealth Ch 3

From the list below, choose all of the correct symptoms of celiac disease that affected individuals may present with. Select all that apply.

- Fatigue - Chronic Stomachache - DIarrhea

Digestive problems can occur at nearly any point in the digestive process. Some problems are minor, like occasional heartburn, indigestion, or constipation. However, other problems like ulcers or cancer can be very serious. Medical treatment may also be required if a minor problem occurs persistently. Fortunately, there are also many dietary approaches that can help manage many digestive disorders. One condition that can be managed through diet is celiac disease, a serious autoimmune disease that causes damage to the small intestines when gluten is consumed. Select all the sentences below that correctly describe the proper identification and treatment of celiac disease. Select all that apply.

- People with celiac disease should include foods with dietary fiber such as beans, fruits, vegetables, brown rice, and quinoa. = Home-cooked meals are a good way to increase variety and reduce the cost of a gluten-free diet.

The specialized structure of the villi allows for efficient absorption of digested nutrients, which are then transported throughout the body. Review the accompanying figure and label the fields accordingly. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. Note that not all labels will be used. FROM TOP LEFT TO DOWN THEN BOTTOM RIGHT THEN UP

- Villi - Microvilli - Intestinal Cell - Lymph Vessel - Blood Capillaries

How long do the cells that line the gastrointestinal tract typically function?

3 to 5 days

Food that has been moistened with saliva and then swallowed through the esophagus is called __________.

A bolus

What is the name of the process that requires energy (adenosine triphosphate, or ATP) for digested nutrients to be absorbed through the small intestinal wall into the bloodstream or lymphatic system?

Active Transport

The main role of the organs in the gastrointestinal tract is to ___________.

All Options are Correct - Break food down into its smallest components - Absorb the nutrients - Prevent microorganisms in food from entering the tissues of the body

The primary function(s) of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach is to ________.

All Options are Correct - Enhance mineral absorption - Activate the protein-digesting enzyme pepsin - Destroy microorganisms

Which of the following statement(s) regarding digestion is/are correct?

All of these statements are correct - Stomach mixes and churns the bolus until it becomes a liquid called chyme. - The gallbladder secretes bile, which emulsifies the fat, breaking it into smaller particles. - The presence of chyme in the duodenum stimulates the gallbladder and the pancreas to release bile and pancreatic juice.

Elizabeth is seated with her friend at her favorite restaurant. It's the first time she has eaten out after beginning her new diet. She wants to be sure to choose gluten-free items from the menu. She orders sparkling water with lemon and the grilled salmon with sautéed kale and mushrooms. The waiter reminds her that she can choose one more side dish. Which of the following side dishes is gluten-free and, therefore, safe for Elizabeth to eat?

Baked potato with a small dollop of sour cream

When fat enters the duodenum, the gallbladder secretes ________ to break up the large fat globules.

Bile

We will now consider the various secretions involved in digestion within the small intestine, including their organ of origin and their functions in digestion. Review the descriptions listed below of the various secretions that aid in digestion within the small intestine. Match the correct secretion with its organ of origin and/or its function. Drag the appropriate items into their respective bins.

Bile - This secretion is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder - This secretion acts to emulsify fats Pancreatic Lipase - This enzyme is secreted by the pancreas and acts to digest lipids Pancreatic Amylase - This enzyme is secreted by the pancreas and acts to digest carbohydrates Protease - Secreted by the pancreas, this enzyme acts to digest proteins

Villi contain ___________ __________ and _____________ __________ that absorb nutrients, which are then transported through the body.

Blood Vessels & Lymph Vessels

What is the autoimmune disorder that damages the walls of the small intestine when gluten is consumed?

Celiac disease

Before exploring the processes that occur in the small intestine, you must be able to use the vocabulary of the small intestine effectively. In this activity, match the correct term with the sentence that describes the structure of the small intestine. Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. The three structural features of the small intestine that increase its surface area are the __________, the villi, and the microvilli.

Circular Folds

_____ is the process by which food is broken down into absorbable units.

Digestion

The first section of small intestine, receiving chyme from the stomach, is called the _________.

Duodenum

Without the cartilage at the back of the tongue called the _________, food would enter the trachea during swallowing.

Epiglottis

In this activity, you will sort the digestive disorders of the gastrointestinal tract according to the organ in which the disorder primarily occurs. Drag each of the following names of digestive disorders into the appropriate bin to indicate the organ that is primarily affected.

Esophagus - Heartburn - Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Stomach - Gastric or Peptic Ulcer - Gastroenteritis Small Intestine - Celiac Disease Large Intestine - Hemorrhoids - Constipation - Flatulence - Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Chyme passes through the ________________ that connects the ileum with the ascending colon.

Ileocecal Sphincter

The last portion, or segment, of the small intestine is called the __________.

Ileum

Which intestinal disorder is characterized by the colon overresponding to normal stimuli, which causes alternating patterns of constipation and diarrhea?

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

The ____________ is the middle portion of the small intestine.

Jejunum

During _____________, teeth cut and grind food into smaller pieces as the tongue mixes them with saliva.

Mastication

The hair-like projections that cover the surface of an intestinal cell and contribute to the increased surface area of the small intestine are called ________.

Microvilli

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is essentially a long muscular tube that starts in the mouth, continues through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, and ends in the rectum. Each site functions in different ways to complete mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and elimination. Accessory organs like the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas produce digestive secretions that act on specific nutrients and assist with digestion. Drag the appropriate items into their respective bins.

Mouth - Food mixes with saliva here Stomach - This organs temporarily stores chyme - This organs secretes hydrochloric acid (HCl) which activates pepsin Small Intestines - This organ contains villi and microvilli to increase surface area - Most digestion and absorption of food occurs in this organ Large Intestine - This organ consists of the cecum, colon and rectum Pancreas = This organ releases amylase into the small intestine to digest starch

This large gland, located near the stomach, releases digestive enzymes after a meal and also secretes insulin and glucagon to control blood glucose levels. This accessory organ is called the _________.

Pancreas

Some smaller molecules can cross via. __________ _________ Like with facilitated diffusion, no energy is required because the concentration of a nutrient is higher inside the GI tract than in the enterocyte. Unlike with facilitated diffusion, however, no __________ ____________ is needed.

Passive Diffusion & Carrier Protein

Before exploring the functions of the different cells and organs involved in digestion, you must first be able to use the vocabulary effectively. This activity asks you to place the correct terms into the appropriate sentences to complete the descriptions of the digestive processes, from the initial stages of digestion through elimination. Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Not all vocabulary terms will be used. Food is propelled forward by rhythmic contractions called __________, which moves food down the esophagus and through the stomach.

Peristalsis

Nutrients are transported, absorbed, and excreted via a variety of mechanisms throughout the body. This section will discuss these systems. Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. A process called ___________ helps to propel first the bolus and then chyme forward through the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine.

Peristalsis

The secretions called ________ are produced in the glands located behind the tongue and contain the enzyme amylase to chemically digest carbohydrate.

Saliva

A key objective in this chapter is to identify the major enzymes in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats as well as the organs that secrete them. This activity requires you to match the enzyme with the secreting organ. Drag the names of the enzymes to their respective bins, representing the appropriate secreting organ. Some organs secrete more than one enzyme.

Salivary Glands - Salivary Amylase Stomach - Pepsin - Gastric Lipase Pancreas - Chymotrypsin - Carboxypeptidase - Pancreatic Lipase - Pancreatic Amylase = Trypsin

In this activity, you will sort the specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs according to their functions and secretions. Drag each of the following secretions and functions to their respective bins, representing the appropriate organs of the digestive tract.

Stomach - Secretes Intrinsic Factor - Secretes Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) - Secretes the hormone gastrin Gallbladder - Concentrates and store bile Liver - Produce bile Pancreas = Produce glucagon - Produces pancreatic lipase - Produces amylase - Produces insulin

A food package states that "calcium builds strong bones." This is an example of what type of claim?

Structure/function claim

What is chyme?

The semiliquid, partially digested food mass that leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine

Which of the following is true regarding the small intestine?

The small intestine has a vast digestive surface area.

_____________ are finger-like projections that cover the circular folds of the small intestine and contribute to its increased surface area.

Villi

What is the main cause of heartburn?

a weak gastroesophageal sphincter

Nutrients like glucose and amino acids are absorbed through __________ ___________-, which requires both a carrier protein and energy in the form of ATP.

active transport

Salivary amylase begins the digestion of ________ in the ________.

carbohydrate; mouth

Which of the following gastrointestinal tract conditions alters the structure of the small intestine, resulting in malabsorption?

celiac disease

The _________ system releases hormones into the bloodstream to regulate cellular use of absorbed nutrients.

endocrine

A fourth method is called __________, which involves a vesicle that forms from the enterocyte's cell membrane, engulfing the nutrient and then drawing the nutrient into the cell.

endocytosis

The compounds that help break down foods during digestion by speeding up chemical reactions are called _____.

enzymes

The protective tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing and prevents choking is the _____.

epiglottis

The bolus slides down this tube, called the ___________, which connects the pharynx to the stomach.

esophagus

A muscle located at the end of the esophagus must relax before the bolus can enter the stomach. This muscle is called the __________.

gastroesophageal or lower esophageal sphincter

One of the most common digestive conditions involving the esophagus is ________.

heartburn

Once absorbed, water-soluble nutrients like carbohydrates and amino acids enter capillaries and travel to the liver via the __________ _____________ _________.

hepatic portal vein

The name of the secretion produced in the stomach that helps break down protein and activates pepsin is _____.

hydrochloric acid (HCl)

What is the most common cause of peptic ulcers?

infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria

Most water is absorbed in the __________ __________, and solid waste is then eliminated.

large intestine

Bile is made in the ________ and stored in the _________.

liver; gallbladder

Most fats and fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed and carried through the ______ system.

lymphatic

Fat-soluble nutrients initially travel via the ___________ __________ before entering the bloodstream.

lymphatic system

During digestion, what process or action breaks food down into smaller units that can be absorbed by the body?

mechanical and chemical processes

Digestion begins in the _____.

mouth

In what order do the organs of the gastrointestinal tract digest and absorb nutrients?

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Chemical digestion __________.

occurs when enzymes break apart large molecules into smaller molecules

Which accessory organ makes and secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine?

pancreas

The sphincter that connects the stomach to the small intestine is called the ________.

pyloric sphincter

The sphincter that separates the stomach from the duodenum is the _____.

pyloric sphincter

Most of the digestion and absorption of food occurs in the ________.

small intestine

What is the purpose of the gallbladder?

to concentrate and store bile

Nutrients are absorbed through the lining of the small intestine via a variety of mechanisms. Most nutrients require _______________, where a specific carrier protein is utilized, but no energy is required.

Facilitated Diffussion

Choose the correct description/statement about gluten from the list below.

Gluten is a protein that causes an autoimmune reaction in people with celiac disease.