MCB 2000: Chapter 8 Learn Smart
A nitrogen-containing molecule found in DNA and RNA that provides the bases for the genetic code is a nitrogenous __________________
Base
Which type of RNA composes ribosomal subunits? -tRNA -rRNA -mRNA
rRNA
Which is true regarding adenine and guanine? -Both are purines -Adenine is a pyrimidine and guanine is a purine -Both are pyrimidines -Adenine is a purine and guanine is a pyrimidine
Both are purines
One possible anticodon for the tRNA carrying the codon GUU is: -GUU -CTT -CAA -CUU -GUA
CAA
Please variation occurs when streptococcus pneumonia produce a ____________
Capsule
A _______ is a discrete cellular structure composed of a neatly packaged DNA molecule
Chromosome
The letter A indicates the structure called the ___________
Chromosome
The structure indicated by the letter A is called the ___________
Chromosome
The first challenge in gene ____________, or recombinant DNA technology, is locating and isolating a target gene
Cloning
________ is the process of producing a genetically identical population of cells or genes in recombinant DNA technology
Cloning
Which of the following are true for repressible operons? -Usually turned off unless substrate is present -Example is the lac operon -Code for catabolic enzymes -Code for anabolic enzymes -Usually turned on unless product is in excess
Code for anabolic enzymes Usually turned on unless product is in excess
A(n) _________ is the specific sequence of 3 mRNA nucleotides that encodes a particular amino acid.
Codon
Photoactivation to repair DNA damage requires -DNA photolyase -Ultraviolet light -Helicase -DNA polymerase -Visible light
DNA photolyase Visible light
What enzyme builds the new DNA strands in PCR? -Helicase -DNA polymerase -RNA polymerase -Ligase
DNA polymerase
Which enzyme is indicated by the letter A in the image ? -Reverse transcriptase (DNA replication diagram) -Gyrase -DNA polymerase
DNA polymerase
Which two enzymes are responsible for proofreading newly replicated DNA? -DNA polymerase III -Topoisomerase -Primase -Ligase -DNA polymerase I
DNA polymerase III DNA polymerase I
RNA polymerase converts __________ into the various types of ________________
DNA; RNA
What involves the separating of the two strands of target DNA? -Denaturation -Engineering -Priming -Sequencing
Denaturation
______ is the pentose sugar in DNA
Deoxyribose
What are the three components of DNA nucleotide?
Deoxyribose sugar Nitrogenous base Phosphate
What two components of the nucleotide are bound to form the backbone of a DNA strand?
Deoxyribose sugar Phosphate
The importance of a _______ ________ gene on a plasmid vectors is to allow identification and isolation of the recombinant cloning hosts
Drug resistance
Transcription and translation are simultaneous in -Fungi -E. Coli
E. Coli
What is true regarding DNA semiconservative replication? -One DNA helix will be entirely new and one will be the original DNA helix used as a template -One new DNA helix will be made from the nucleotides of an old worn DNA helix -Each new DNA helix contains one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand
Each new DNA helix contains one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand
Viral genomes are composed of: -Both DNA and RNA -RNA only -DNA only -Either DNA or RNA
Either DNA or RNA
During which stage of chromosome replication does the DNA polymerase move at the rate of 750 bases per second? -Elongation -Initiation -Termination
Elongation
Proteins that remove incorrect bases in DNA and replace them with correct ones are termed _____________ repair enzymes
Excision
In eukaryotic genes, introns are interspersed between coding regions called ________, that will be translated into protein.
Exons
True or False: Bacterial conjugation is sexual reproduction
False
True or False: Mutations are always harmful to cells
False
A(n)______________ mutation results from an insertion or deletion of nucleotides, leading to a shift of the triplet sequence from the point of mutation downstream.
Frameshift
____________ mutations nearly always result in a nonfunctional protein because every amino acid after the mutation is different that what was specified in the original code
Frameshift
____________ _____________ provides a DNA fingerprint to compare genetic similarities between individuals
Gel Electrophoresis
______ _______ is a laboratory technique for separating DNA fragments according to length by employing electricity to force the DNA through a gel-like matrix
Gel electrophoresis
A(n)________ is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a group of related proteins. A) Triplet B) Chromosome C) Protein D) Codon E) Genome F) Gene
Gene
What strategies are used to isolate a target gene for use in recombinant DNA technology? -Gene probing for desired sequences -Synthesis of cDNA -Sanger method DNA sequencing -Amplification by PCR -Digestion with endonucleases
Gene probing for desired sequences Synthesis of cDNA Amplification by PCR Digestion with endonucleases
What is commonly shared between bacteria through the process of conjugation? -Genes for virulence factors -Bacteriophage DNA -Resistance plasmids -Genes for polymerase enzymes
Genes for virulence factors Resistance plasmids
The science of heredity is: -Reproduction -Biology -Genetics
Genetics
Which term represents all of the genetic information within a cell? -Gene -Chromosome -Genome
Genome
Which term represents all of the genetic information within a cell? A) Gene B) Chromosome C) Genome
Genome
The ______ is the genetic makeup of an organism that is ultimately responsible for an organism's expressed characteristics.
Genotype
Regardless of lactose levels, the lac operon remains in the "off" position is what nutrient(s) is present? -Glucose -Amino Acids -Fatty acids -Protein
Glucose
________ is most often used in the laboratory to separate strand of DNA
Heat
____________ is most often used in the laboratory to separate strand of DNA
Heat
______ breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the two strands of DNA together, resulting in two separate strands. -DNA polymerase -Helicase -Restriction endonuclease -Primase
Helicase
Select the enzymes that function in DNA replication -RNA polymerase -Helicase -Ligase -Reverse transcriptase -DNA polymerase
Helicase, Ligase, DNA polymerase
A F+ cell has a separate fertility plasmid, whereas a(n)____________ cell has the F factor incorporated into its _____________
Hfr
Which type of bond is the arrow pointing to? -Ionic -Covalent -Hydrogen
Hydrogen
A sequence of DNA in eukaryotic gene that does not code for protein is called a(n) -Promoter -Exon -Intron -Mutation
Intron
The advantage of cDNA in genetic engineering is the synthesis of eykaryotic genes without ______________
Introns
Taq polymerase is used in PCR because A) It can copy DNA from many species B) It is inexpensive and readily available C) It is stable at high temperatures
It is stable at high temperatures
Okazaki fragment are created during discontinuous synthesis of the ______________DNA strand
Laggin
The arrows are pointing to the ___________ strand created by discontinuous replication (DNA replication diagram)
Lagging
The newly forming DNA strand that is discontinuously replicated in segments (Okazaki fragments) is called the _____________ strand
Lagging
In the gel see here, the band marked with an arrow would be relatively _______________fragment -Large -Small (Section 8.6 gel electrophoresis diagram)
Large
Which strand is replicated continuously without segments during DNA replication? -Lagging -Leading
Leading
What enzyme seals the sticky ends of DNA pieces after splicing? -Endonuclease -DNA polymerase -Ligase -Helicase
Ligase
Which is true regarding bacterial chromosomes? -Located in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm -Enclosed in a membrane-bound organelle
Located in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm
Which of the following describe the origin of replication? -Located on the ribosome -Located on the chromosome -AT-rich -GC-rich
Located on the chromosome AT rich
Which of the following are the three major types of RNA? -Messenger -Deoxyribose -Ribosomal -Polymerase -Transfer
Messenger Ribosomal Transfer
What amino acid sequence is encoded by the DNA template sequence 3'-TACCGCGCTCTACCG-5' (Look up the genetic code figure in your textbook) -Proline- Tryptophan-Arginine-Glutamic Acid- Methionine -Methionine-Alanine-Arginine-Aspartic Acid-Glycine -Tyrosine-Arginine-Alanine-Leucine-Proline -Methionine-Arginine-Alanine-Aspartic Acid-Proline
Methionine-Alanine-Arginine-Aspartic Acid-Glycine
A ____________ is an agent that induces changes in DNA
Mutagen
Which term refers to an organism that has a mutation? -Mutagen -Mutant -Wild type
Mutant
A(n) _______ is a permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence of a cell.
Mutation
The red arrow is pointing to which part of this nucleotide? -Phosphate group -Pentose sugar -Nitrogenous base
Nitrogenous base
Chromosome are located in the __________ of protozoal and fungal cells.
Nucleus
In replication of DNA, the lagging strand is replicated in a discontinuous manner forming ____________ fragments
Okazaki
A(n) __________ in bacteria consists of a regulatory gene, a control region, and structural genes.
Operon
An operator, promoter, and regulator are components of which prokaryotic unit? -Operon -Protein -Structural gene
Operon
A _____________ is a sequence that is identical both forwards and backwards
Palindrome
Restriction enzymes recognize and clip at sequences called __________
Palindromes
The process of bacteria turning on or off a group of genes that changes its phenotype is called __________ __________
Phase variation
The expression of the genotype creates trains referred to as: A) The genome B) The phenotype C) Semiconservative replication
Phenotype
Phase variation is a type of ____________ variation
Phenotypic
Transposons are linked to which of the following bacteria? -Phenotypic changes in colonies -Intermicrobial transfer of drug resistance -Production of endospores for survival -Production of virulence factors such as toxins -Replacement of damaged DNA
Phenotypic changes in colonies Intermicrobial transfer of drug resistance Replacement of damaged DNA
Which type of chemical bonds in DNA are broken by restriction endonucleases? -Disulfide -Hydrogen -Ionic -Hydrophobic -Phosphodiester
Phosphodiester
What are restriction fragments? -Enzymes used to cut DNA -Strands of DNA separated by heating -Pieces of DNA produced by endonucleases
Pieces of DNA produced by endonucleases
Donor and recipient bacterial cells are connected by the sex _______ during conjugation
Pilus
In bacterial conjugation, a recipient cell having no F (fertility) ____________ DNA is considered F-.
Plasmid
A(n)_____________ mutation involves any substation of a single nucleotide that does not change the DNA reading frame
Point
DNA __________ synthesizes DNA strands in the 5' to 3' direction
Polymerase
The _____ ______ ________ is a technique that makes numerous copies of DNA segments for testing
Polymerase chain reaction
What process is occurring in the figure shown here? -Recombinant DNA technology -Southern blot -Polymerase chain reaction -Sanger sequencing -DNA fingerprinting
Polymerase chain reaction
Laid down in replication as a template for DNA sequence
Primer RNA
__________ are short strands of a known sequence of DNA that serve as landmarks to indicate where DNA amplification will begin in PCR
Primers
_________ are formed from long chains of amino acids produced in translation.
Proteins
In the central theme of molecular biology, DNA encodes _______ which encodes protein
RNA
In the central theme of molecular biology, DNA encodes ________ which encodes protein.
RNA
The spliceosome is comprised of
RNA and protein
How does RNA differ from DNA in bacteria and eukaryotes?
RNA is single stranded In RNA, uracil replaces thymine
_________ is the enzyme that transcribes DNA into RNA
RNA polymerase
Which si the main event of transcription initiation? -RNA polymerase binds the DNA promoter -mRNA attaches to the ribosome -Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds
RNA polymerase binds the DNA promoter
This figure represents which process? (picture on 8.1) -Replication -Translation -Transcription
Replication
A _______ _______ is an enzyme present naturally in cells that cleaves specific location on DNA
Restriction endonucleases
The pentose sugar in RNA is ___________, while in DNA the pentose sugar is _____________
Ribose; deoxyribose
rRNA composes _________ subunits together with protein
Ribosome
Which two types of horizontal gene transfer do NOT require direct contact between the donor and the recipient cells? -Transformation -Transduction -Conjugation
Transformation Transduction
_______ is the process of decoding the messenger RNA into a polypeptide.
Translation
"Jumping genes", or _____________, are gene sequences that can lead to changes in genotype within a cell or between cells
Transposons
True or False: Recombinant human insulin from bacteria or yeast is a superior product to insulin purified from pig or cow pancreas because the immune system doesn't recognize it is as a foreign antigen.
True
True or False: The structure of DNA is essential for providing variety since the order of nucleotides is responsible for the unique qualities of each organism
True
The start codon AUG is associated with the tRNA anticodon ________ and the amino acid __________ -TAC; fMet -UAC; fMet -fMet; UAC
UAC; fMet
The nitrogenous base thymine is only found in DNA, while _________ is only found in RNA
Uracil
Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA molecules? -Uracil -Adenine -Guanine -Thymine
Uracil
Which of the following are true for inducible operons? -Code for anabolic enzymes -Usually turned off unless substrate is present -Code for catabolic enzymes -Example is the lac operon -Usually turned on unless product is in excess
Usually turned off unless substrate is present Code for catabolic enzymes Example is the lac operon
A genetic element such as a plasmid or a bacteriophage that is used to introduce genetic material into a cloning host during recombinant DNA experiments is called a(n) _____________
Vector
The letter A indicates a strand of ___________
mRNA
Which type of RNA is a copy of the DNA template corresponding to a protein-encoding gene? -rRNA -tRNA -mRNA
mRNA
Which type of RNA is a copy of the DNA template corresponding to a protein-encoding gene? -tRNA -rRNA -mRNA
mRNA
_________ is a copy of the DNA template corresponding to a protein-encoding gene
mRNA
During ________, the DNA is duplicated prior to binary fission
Replication
Order the following events in the processing of eukaryotic transcripts. 1. The gene is transcribed to mRNA 2. A series of adenosines is added to the mRNA 3. The mRNA leaves the nucleus 4. A spliceosome excises introns from the mRNA 5. The mRNA is translated into protein
1, 2, 4, 3, 5
Put these general steps in order for the recombinant DNA procedure. 1. Remove and isolate a selected gene from a donor organism 2. Use vector to deliver selected gene into cloning host 3. Insert the gene of interest into a vector
1, 3, 2
Order these organisms by the size of their genomes, form smallest to largest. 1. Fungi 2. Viruses 3. Humans 4. Bacteria
2, 4, 1, 3
Put the 3 basic steps of PCF in order 1. Priming 2. Extension 3. Denaturation
3, 1, 2
Order the following steps in excision repair 1. Enzymes remove the nitrogenous base on one strand 2. DNA polymerase I synthesizes new DNA as needed 3. Enzymes recognize a mismatch in the two DNA strands 4. Ligase seals the phosphate backbone of the DNA
3, 1, 2, 4
Place the following in order to indicate the naming process for restriction enzymes 1. The order discovered in the bacterium 2. First 2 letters of bacterial species 3. First letter of bacterial genus
3, 2, 1
What is the complementary DNA sequence to the DNA template 3' - ATACTAAAATTT-5'
5'-TATGATTTTAAA-3'
What describes a plasmid? -A small linear piece of DNA with its own origin of replication -A small circular piece of self-replicating DNA that contains essential survival genes -A small circular piece of DNA that replicates its nonessential genes independently of the chromosome
A small circular piece of DNA that replicates its nonessential genes independently of the chromosome
Which of the following describe the origin of replication? -Located on the ribosome -AT-rich -GC-rich -Located on the chromosome
AT rich Located on the chromosome
The letter A indicates which components of translation? -mRNA nucelotides -Amino Acids -tRNAs
Amino acids
Besides the gene of interest, most vector plasmids also contain what feature? -Competence gene -Adherence gene -F factor -Radioactive labeling gene -Antibiotic resistance gene
Antibiotic resistance gene
In DNA, the two strands of the helix are arranged in a(n) _____________ arrangement
Antiparallel
A __________ mutation occurs when a gene that has undergone mutation reverses back to its original sequence -Silent -Missense -Back -Nonesense
Back
A phage is a virus that infects _____________ -Bacteria -Plants and animals -Other viruses -Human cells
Bacteria
Operons found in ____________ (organisms).
Bacteria
Recombinant human insulin is produced from -Bacteria -Yeast -Humans -Pigs
Bacteria Yeast
________ are effective cloning vectors because they can transfer donated DNA through transduction
Bacteriophage
Which of the following make good cloning vectors? -Bacteriophages -Fungal hyphae -Protozoans -Plasmids
Bacteriophages Plasmids
A bacterial cell described as ______________ can accept soluble DNA from the surrounding environment
Competent
DNA that is made from RNA is called ______________ DNA
Complementary
What is the function of rRNA? -Brings amino acids to the ribosome -Composes ribosomal subunits
Composes ribosomal subunits
______________ in bacteria refers to horizontal gene exchange via pili.
Conjugation
Which of the following are methods of gene transfer in bacteria? -Conjunction -Transduction -Transcription -Transformation
Conjugation Transduction Transformation
What is used in the laboratory to renature DNA into its normal double stranded form? -Cooling -DNA polymerase -Water -Helicase -Heating
Cooling
Transcription occurs in the _______ of bacteria and the _______ of yeast cells
Cytoplasm; nucleus
According to the rules of complementary base pairing; the nitrogenous base _______ forms hydrogen bonds with guanine.
Cytosine
Genomes of cells are composed of
DNA
Which is the main event of transcription termination? -RNA polymerase reaches a terminator region -A stop codon is reached -The peptide is released from the ribosome
RNA polymerase reaches a terminator region
During transcription elongation, RNA polymerase synthesizes a strand of __________ from template ______________
RNA; DNA
During transcription elongation, RNA polymerase synthesizes a strand of _____________ from template ________
RNA; DNA
During transcription, RNA polymerase synthesizes _____ from a(n) ______ template
RNA; DNA
The primary intent of ________ DNA technology is to combine the genetic material from two organisms
Recombinant
________ ________ technology, also known as genetic engineering, deliberately modifies the genetic structure of an organism to create novel products or organisms.
Recombinant DNA
What process is illustrated in the figure shown here? -Polymerase chain reaction -DNA fingerprinting -Recombinant DNA for gene cloning -Sanger sequencing
Recombinant DNA for gene cloning
________ refers to the horizontal transfer of genes between donor and recipient microogranisms, forming a new strain different from donor and recipient.
Recombination
Remove introns in eukaryotes
Regulatory RNA
Remove introns in eukaryotes
Regulatory RNAs
Which of the following is NOT a type of posttranslational modification? -Addition of a cofactor -Joining with other proteins to form quarternary structure -Removal of the introns -Removal of the first amino acid
Removal of the introns
What events initiate translation? -The ribosome shifts to the next condon -Ribosome scans to find AUG on the mRNA transcript -tRNA is synthesized -Assembly of the ribosomal subunits
Ribosome scans to find AUG on the mRNA transcript Assembly of the ribosomal subunits
Determine gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Ribozymes
What is the function of mRNA? -Serves as a transcript of a gene sequence of template DNA -Composes ribosomal subunits -Brings amino acids to the ribosome
Serves as a transcript of a gene sequence of template DNA
A _____________ mutation alters the DNA sequence of a gene, but does not change the amino acid sequence of the protein that is encoded by the gene.
Silent
Which type of transduction involves temperate phages that incorporate their genome into the bacterial host chromosome before carrying pieces to another host cell? -Specialized transduction -Generalized transduction
Specialized transduction
______ mutations occur when errors are made in DNA replication whereas ______ mutations are caused by exposure to radiation or chemical agents.
Spontaneous; Induced
Which is the main event of translation termination? -Stop codon is reached and the peptide is released from the ribosome -A terminator sequence is reached and mRNA is released from the DNA template -tRNA leaves the E site on the ribosome
Stop codon is reached and the peptide is released from the ribosome
_________ genes code for proteins
Structural
______________ genes code for proteins
Structural
What is the role of reverse transcriptase?
Synthesizes DNA from RNA
What is recombinant DNA technology? A) The deliberate modification of the genetic structure of an organism to create novel products or organisms B) The use of technology to create many copies C) The creation of DNA from RNA using reverse transcriptase D) The ability to visualize differences in DNA sequences between individuals
The deliberate modification of the genetic structure of an organism to create novel products or organisms
What is the role of the operator in an operon? -Codes for the regulatory molecule -The on/off switch -The site of RNA polymerase binding to start transcription
The on/off switch
What is a cloning host? -The organism that the gene of interest is isolated from for transfer to another organism -The organism that receives and replicates a foreign piece of DNA inserted during a genetic engineering experiment -A plasmid or phage that can transfer DNA between cells
The organism that receives and replicates a foreign piece of DNA inserted during a genetic engineering experiment
Which are events of translation elongation? -The ribosome shifts from one codon on the mRNA to the next -A tRNA delivers the next amino acid in the sequence -Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds -RNA polymerase adds RNA nucleotides to a growing mRNA strand -mRNA binds to the ribosome
The ribosome shifts from one codon on the mRNA to the next A tRNA delivers the next amino acid in the sequence Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds
What is the role of the promoter in an operon? -The site of RNA polymerase binding to start transcription -The on/off switch -Codes for the regulatory molecule
The site of RNA polymerase binding to start transcription
Why are plasmids effective vectors in recombinant DNA technology? -The are well characterized -They can carry extremely large pieces of donor DNA -They can be manipulated easily -They can be transferred through transduction -They can be transferred through transformation
They are well characterized They can be manipulated easily They can be transferred through transformation
Which nitrogenous base is found in DNA but not found in RNA? -Adenine -Guanine -Thymine -Cytosine -Uracil
Thymine
If a cloning host receives the recombinant plasmid in recombinant DNA technology, what can it do? -Deliver the target genet o other organisms by transduction -Process the introns from the eukaryotic mRNA transcript -Survive digestion by restriction endonucleases -Transcribe and translate the foreign gene to make product
Transcribe and translate the foreign gene to make product
From DNA to RNA
Transcription
Which of the following are differences between eukaryotic and bacterial protein synthesis? -The start codons are different -Transcription and translation are simultaneous in bacteria but not eukaryotes -The first amino acid is slightly different -The mRNA transcript has to be modified in bacteria before translation
Transcription and translation are simultaneous in bacteria but not eukaryotes The first amino acid is slightly different
Bacteriophage genes that have been transferred by ________ are linked to the production of toxins in some virulent strains of bacteria
Transduction
Which method of genetic transfer involves bacteriophages? -Transposition -Conjugation -Transduction
Transduction
The letter A is pointing to two molecules of _____________ RNA
Transfer
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Transfer of DNA from a source other than the parent of organisms
Vertical Gene Transfer
Transfer of DNA from parent organisms during reproduction
A recombinant plasmid introduced to the cloning host by which process? -Conjugation -Transformation -Transduction
Transformation
If a microbiologist wanted to insert a human gene into a bacterial cell, which type of horizontal gene transfer would be useful means of accomplishing this goal? -Conjugation -Transduction -Transformation
Transformation
___________ involves the uptake of free DNA by competent bacterial cells
Transformation
tRNA carries ___________ ____________ to the ribosome during protein synthesis
amino acids
