Medical Sociology Midterm

Egoistic

- detached from society - on own ans overwhelmed by resulting stress - over stimulation of a person's intelligence by the realization he/she has been deprived of collective actively and meaning

Be familiar with the different types of suicide (according to Durkheim)

- egoistic, anomic, and altruistic

Be familiar with Cooley's "looking glass self".

- self concepts are a direct result of our interactions with others - see ourselves in imagination as we think we appear - see judgement of others and imagine how we are viewed

By 2050 it is projected that ____%of all Americans will be 65 and older.

20%

Woman's reproductive role accounts for less than ____percent of all doctor visits.

20%

In 2004, the average infant in the U.S. could be expected to live for ____years.

78

AIDS potentially entered the United States through what country?

Africa > Haiti > United States

Which stage of Suchman's concept of the illness experience requires decision-making by the sick person?

All of them

What is the most prevalent health problem of persons over the age of 65?

Arthritis

What group is the healthiest?

Asian

For all causes of death,______have the lowest death rates. (which race/ethnicity)

Asian/Pacific Islanders

_____babies die more often that _____babies.

Black / Whites or Males/Females

Today, women outlive men by how many years?

By 5 years

What does CDC stand for?

Center of Disease Control

Weber maintains that life_____influence life conduct/life choices.

Chances

Alternative medical practitioner

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) can include the following: acupuncture, Alexander technique, aromatherapy, Ayurveda (Ayurvedic medicine), biofeedback, chiropractic medicine, diet therapy, herbalism, holistic nursing, homeopathy, hypnosis, massage therapy, meditation, naturopathy, nutritional therapy, osteopathic manipulative therapy (OMT), Qi gong (internal and external Qigong), reflexology, Reiki, spiritual healing, Tai Chi, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and yoga.

What type of mortality is highest for Native Americans?

Diabetes

The interaction between life choices and life chances produces _____toward particular forms of action. These constitute a "habitus" according to Bourdieu.

Disposition

The work of what two scholars linked the poor health of the English working class to capitalism in a treatise published in 1845?

Engel and Marx

According to the World Health Organization, significant improvements in health in the nineteenth century were brought about by what might be called _____methods.

Engineering

What is the most dangerous job in the United States?

Fisherman

Medical sociologists divide health-oriented behavior into two general categories: _____behavior and ____behavior.

Health and Illness

What is the leading cause of death in the United States, accounting for more than one-third of all deaths?

Heart disease

____is the leading cause of death for women after age 66.

Heart disease

How is AIDS primarily transmitted in Africa?

Heterosexual relations

What minority group is most likely to use hospital emergency rooms as their primary source of medical services?

Hispanics

Which group has the highest percentage of persons without health insurance?

Hispanics but specifically Mexicans

Who suggests two major types of stress are: life events and chronic strains?

Hurlen or Pearlin

The theory of the _______maintains that our self-concepts are the result of social interaction in which we see ourselves reflected in other people.

Looking glass self

Which social class visits physicians the most?

Lower class because they tend to be more sick or have more then 1 disease

Who are exposed to more violence in their daily lives and find themselves in situation where stress, inadequate diets and housing, and less opportunity for quality health care are common?

Lower class/the poor

What federal program provides health insurance to those 65 years and older?

Medicare

Which social class visits doctors the least?

Middle class

The ______in sub-Saharan Africa plays a particularly important role in the transmission of AIDS.

Migrant workers

What caused the prevalence of STDs to soar around the globe?

Migrant workers, birth control pills, ideology of sexual liberation ad permissiveness among young urban adults; new pattern of employment ; availability of multiple sexual partners

For all causes of death________have the highest death rates. (which race/ethnicity)

Non-Hispanic/Blacks

Health lifestyles activities typically take place_____the health care delivery system.

Outside

Which scholar initially provided a theoretical approach for medical sociology?

Parsons

According to the World Health Organization, we are currently living in the _____era.

Post Medical

A major factor causing the infant mortality differences between blacks and whites is ______.

Poverty

Morbidity

Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group. - how often a disease occurs in a specific area; focus on death

Several studies find that the strongest and most consistent predictor of a person's health and life expectancy is_____.

SES: Social Class

One of the greatest threats worldwide, from infectious diseases, comes from what?

STD: sexually transmitted disease

What order did the first three epidemiological eras appear?

Sanitary, infectious and chronic - small pox, syphilis and bubonic plague

What factors promote self-care on the part of laypersons

Shift in disease patterns from acute to chronic illnesses and the accompanying need to care for symptoms that cannot be cured; Dissatisfaction with professional medical care that is depersonalized; recognition of the limits of modern medicine; The increasing awareness of alternative healing practices; Heightened consciousness of the effects of lifestyles on health; The desire to be in control of one's own health when feasible

What important concept did Talcott Parson's book The Social System contain?

Sick roll

Putman defines _____as a community-level resource reflected in social relationships involving networks, but also norms, and levels of trust.

Socio-capital

People who become infected with HIV may be subjected to discrimination which can isolate them socially. What is this social outcome called?

Stigma

Where is equality in living conditions among the best in the world?

Sweden

In which study were syphilis patients intentionally not treated and allowed to die?

Tuskegee study

How does the neighborhood you live in produce good or poor health?

access to resources

Fertility rate

births per 1000 women per year (general between 15 and 44 years old)

Bioterrorism

deliberately inducing an illness and death by preparing biological agents and cases (overt and covert)

Overt

done or shown openly; plainly or readily apparent, not secret or hidden.

Brenner's thesis is that there are few areas of our lives not intimately affected by the state of the ____.

economy

Which SES factor is the strongest single predictor of good health? (income, education ,wealth, occupation, neighborhood)

education

Hippocratic Oath

foundation of modern medical ethics; physicians swear that he/she will help the sick, refrain from intentional wrongdoing and keep confidential

What are the components of self-care?

health behavior and illness behavior

Stress

heightened mind body reaction to stimuli (fear and anxiety)

What type of mortality is highest for blacks?

infant

What is self care?

most common response to symptoms of illness; involves taking vitamins, home remedies, OTC drugs, managing chronic illness and consulting health care providers

Sick role

norms and values expected when sick (exemptions vs obligations)

Covert

not openly acknowledged or displayed.

Results have shown that the equalization of health care alone has _____the disparity in health between social classes.

not reduced

The epidemiologist studies both the _____and ______of health problems in a population.

origin and distribution

Altrustic

people feel themselves so strongly integrated into a demanding society that their only escape seems to be suicide

Anomic

people suffer a sudden dislocation of normative systems where norms and values are no longer relevant so controls of society no longer constrains then from suicide

In Rosenstock's model, what would be an example of an external trigger?

personal knowledge of someone affected by the health problem, mass media communication, interpersonal contact (not external=perception of bodily states)

How does the World Health Organization define health?

physical, mental, and social well being

Morality

principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior.

What is a "case" in epidemiological terms?

refers to an episode of a disorder illness or injury involving a person

Incidence

refers to the number of new cases of a specific health disorder occurring within a given population during a stated period of time

What is the most common response to symptoms of illness by people throughout the world?

self-care

Compared to women, men usually have substantial health inferiority in terms of life expectancy because of the combination of two major effects: biological and ______effects.

socio-psychological

Master Status

status that has exceptional importance for social identity often shaping a persons entire life

What type of mortality is highest for Hispanics?

stomach cancer, diabetes, cancer, STD's, alcoholism, cirrhosis of the liver and homicide

Social status is a _____dimension in "social class" consisting of how much esteem the person is accorded by other people?

subjective

What are the 5 stages of Suchman's Illness experience?

symptom experience, assumption of the sick role, medical care contact, dependent patient role, recovery and rehab

Lay referral system

system consisting of nonprofessionals; Friedson-process of seeking medical help to reach professional practitioner; highest in lower class

Prevalence

total number of cases of health disorder that exist at any given time