Mexico
How did Diaz lose his presidency?
He called for open elections.
How did Cardenas impact economics?
He encouraged investment in industrialization, agriculture, and created infrastructure.
How did Cardenas impact political discourse and representation?
He helped the voices of the poor be heard
What happened after Cardenas left office?
His work was reversed
Post revolution, citizens believed that it was the ___________ responsibility to provide wealth, thus turning to
government, state capitalism
Calles
(1929 to 1936) wanted income tax, anti-clericism. Develops the PRI--> perfect dictatorships.
How is the senate elected?
128 elected (3 from each state), and 32 elected by proportional representation
When was Mexico released from colonialism?
1821
Lazaro Cardenas (1934-1940)
Handpicked by Calles. Unexpectedly couped and gave land back to the peasants. Encouraged workers to form unions and demand better working conditions
Calles ruled from
1929-1934
When did women have the right to vote?
1953 - (local) and 1958 (national)0
When was the Mexican oil boom?
1978 to 1982
When did PRI lose a election?
2000
Mexican Miracle
3 decades of sustained growth from 1940's to 1970's
How is the chamber of deputies elected?
300 by simple majority vote and 200 by proportional representation
How many presidents did Mexico have between 1833 to 1855
36
Sexina
6 year terms in one term, written into the 1917 constitution
Why does Mexico resent the U.S.?
A 1848 treaty after the Mexican War gave huge tracts of land to the U.S. due to a war (nearly half)
Was ISI successful?
No, the disparity of the rich and poor increased, industrialization needed foreign technology
Poncho Villa
A indigenous leader fighting in the North in 1910 revolts against Diaz
Zapata
A indigenous leader fighting in the south in 1910 revolts against Diaz
Why is there Anti-American sentiment?
After America intervened in the Mexican Revolution.
When did deregulation occur?
Between 1988 to 1994
Confederation of Mexican Workers
CTM, organized under Cardenas, became the most powerful voice of organized labor within the PRI
The congress is composed of
Chamber of deputies and the senate
What is a consequence to Mexicos varied climates and regions?
Communication and transportation between regions difficult and infrastructure expensive
How did Calles keep peace between competing warlords?
Contenders would accommodate others interests w/o violence and the country would prosper and they would have more power
State Corporatism
Corporate statism or state corporatism is a political culture and a form of corporatism whose adherents hold that the corporate group which is the basis of society is the state. The state requires all members of a particular economic sector to join an officially designated interest group.
New Federalism
Developed in the 1980s to give state and local governments more budgetary power
What saved Mexico from economic decline in the 1970s?
Discovering oil wealth
What was one good thing that Portifirio did?
Encouraged Modernization.
What temporarily mitigated the economic crisis of the 1970's?
Finding oil deposits. However, petroleum prices plunged in 1980's, causing Mexico to be plunged into deep crisis
What changes did Madero make before he was killed in 1913?
Nothing. He used military force to suppress activists.
When did the first Constitution arise?
In 1857, the Constitution was anti-Clericist because the Church has a lot of power. Had a bill of rights
Where do Amerindians mostly preside?
In the southern rural areas
What were costs of industrialization in the 1940s?
Industrialists who received extensive subsidies had few incentives to produce efficiently, high tariffs kept out foreign competition--> little improvements
What was the significance of the Revolution of 1910
Institutions and symbols of todays political regime
What was the downfall of the oil boom?
It accounted for 77% of the nations exports--> heavily dependent
What was the effect of foreign investment in the early 1900s?
It caused a culture of nationalism which spurred the 1910 revolution
What were the effects of Porfiriato on the Mexican people?
It cut of economic and political opportunities for middle and upper class Mexicans
How did Mexico attempt to fight its economic problems in the 1970s?
It signed a stabilization agreement with the IMF to reduce government spending, increase tax collection , and control inflation
What was a downside to ISI?
It widened the gap between the rich and poor, causing a growth in the informal sector. As time went on, the poor could not afford the products made needed for further industrialization
How is the Mexican constitution different from the U.S one?
It's easier to amend, and includes the right ot a job or right to health care (which isn't really implemented)
How has the government changed since the 1980s?
Its become more decentralized
What incentives did organized labor give in the 1940s?
Job securities, job subsidies, and health care.
Who was elected in 1911?
Madero, a opposition leader
import substituting industrialization
Mexico made all of the stuff they originally imported. They also used tariffs to protect Mexican industries from foreign competition. Was considered successful
Did the creation of the Mexican Constitution stop violence?
No
In the 1940's, did organized labor have a lot of freedom?
No
Were people happy about NAFTA in Mexico?
No
Describe corruption from 1940 to 1982
PRI was a huge patronage machine, clientelism
Under the _______, the _______ held all the power while the _________ and _________ branch acted mostly as rubber stamps
PRI, executive, legislative, judicial
What are some informal powers of the President?
Patronage machine
What happened in 1910?
People were fed up with the Porfirio government
What were problems in the 1970s economy?
Public debt was increasing, inflation grew
Describe what Mexico used its oil wealth for?
Saving the agricultural sector, increasing wealth.
How did the 1917 Constitution stop dictators from arising?
Sexina, limits the executive.
Why was industrialization in the 1940's unfair?
Some farmers (large ones) benefitted from subsidies.
Who colonized Mexico?
Spain
What are key legacies of colonization seen today?
Strains of authoritarianism, religion is going to play a big role.
Describe economics from 1940 to 1982
Strong industrialization, marked by economic growth that ended in 1970s
What was the effect of agricultural industrializing and ISI?
The Mexican Miracle
What is the effect of NAFTA?
The Mexican economy is more dependent on the American economy
Which revolutionary group emerged from the chaos in the early 1910s?
The Sonoran Dynasty, lead by Calles
What is one example of decentralization?
The bank became independent in 1994
Porfiriato
The period of Porfirio Diaz's rule
What happened to unions during the economic crisis in the 1980s?
Union power declined, cut public subsidies for public transportation, food, electricity, and gasoline
What happened to the economy during the Porfiriato?
They began to focus more on exporting goods, with lots of foreign investment
How were candidates chosen up until the 1990s?
They were chosen by the president, or by the ruling party itself
What happened to the ejidos during ISI?
They were neglected, and often had smaller returns
What were the goals of Spaniards when they colonized?
To enslave the local population and to spread Roman Catholocism
What happened after 1913?
Various revolutionary grassroots groups rose up, Maderos is assissinated.
PRI
developed by Calles, ruled by state corporatism
Is Mexico part of the WTO?
Yes
Does Mexico have different ethnic groups? If so, which ones?
Yes, Amerindian, Mestizos, others
During the 1970's, the President was regarded as ______ _________
above criticism
Under the PRI, the mode of government was mainly
authoritarian
How did Porfirio Diaz and his cronies amass fortunes?
by encouraging foreign direct investment, clientelism.
What style of government does Diaz engage in?
centralized authoritarian system
ejidos
collective land grants, given en masse by Cardenas
What were the effects of the economic crisis in 1980s?
destroyed belief in the ISI, power of interest groups declined.
Maquilauras
factories that produce goods to be exported. Usually in Northern Mexico
Who primarily benefitted from the economic government policies in the 1940s?
farmers who had enough land and economic resources to irrigate and mechanize.
Mexico is considered a
federal republic
Mexican Constitution of 1917
forged out of different revolutionary factions, had a range of agrarian reforms, social security, minimum wage, etc, male suffrage but not womens suffrage, limited power of Roman Catholicism, only Mexican citizens can own land and natural resources. NATIONALIST, protects indigenous rights and no dicatatorship.
During 1990s, a large number of __________ was sold to ____________
government industries, private investors
Between 1940 and 1982, what were the aims of the government, economically?
import substituting industrialization (ISI)
When did discontent about the ISI first start?
in 1960s-1970s, with student protests before the olympics
Amerindian
indigenous people
Anti- Clericalism
is opposition to religious authority, typically in social or political matters. Historical
What economic event happened in 1980s?
oil prices plummeted, GDP dropped
Zapata called for
protections for indigenous people.
State Capitalism
relies heavily on government actions to encourage private investment
Regionalism
rugged terrain limits the area where productive agriculture is possible.
NAFTA
signed in 1993 which eliminated trade barriers
More than likely the candidate who wins is from
the current presidents party
Regime Change
the replacement of one administration or government by another, especially by means of military force.
What happened to ejidos after Cardena's left office?
they were abandoned in favor of developing a strong, entrepeneurial private sector
Porfirio Diaz
took dictatorship in 1876 and lasted 34 years
Historically, state and local governments are very ________
weak