MGMT 311 Cumulative Final
ABC Manufacturing is organized by departments and expertise areas such as R&D, production, accounting, marketing, and human resources. Which of the following best describes ABC's organizational structure?
Functional Structure
_____ refers to small refinements in current organizational practices or routines that do not challenge, but rather build on or improve, existing aspects and practices within the organization.
Incremental change
______ change focuses on how to help employees to improve some active aspect of their performance or the knowledge they need to continue to contribute to the organization in an effective manner.
Individual-Level
_____ is the ability to compete effectively in global markets.
Industrial competitiveness
_____ is emergent, meaning that it is formed through the common conversations and relationships that often naturally occur as people interact with one another in their day-to-day relationships
Informal organization
______ involves "task-oriented" leader behaviors; instrumental in the efficient use of resources to attain organizational goals, thereby addressing the group's task needs.
Initiating structure
Three phases of design thinking
Inspiration, Ideation, Implementation
_____ are our natural, fundamental needs that are basic to survival.
Instincts
______ conflict can be seen in disputes between two companies.
Inter-organizational
The _______ Locus of Control attributes success/failure to one's own attributes and efforts.
Internal
______ is when managers use their technical expertise to solve internal problems.
Internal consulting
_____ is the final dimension of change and refers to the degree to which the change is intentionally designed or purposefully implemented.
Intetionality
_____ are entrepreneurs who apply their creativity, vision, and risk taking within a large corporation rather than starting a company of their own. They enjoy a high degree of autonomy while receiving a regular salary and financial backing from their employer.
Intrapreneurs
______ represent rewards that are related directly to performing a job.
Intrinsic rewards
______ is an information society, using knowledge to generate tangible and intangible values.
Knowledge Economy
_____ is a high degree of understanding of the company, industry, and technical matters.
Knowledge of the business
_____ is frequently defined as a social (interpersonal) influence relationship between two or more persons who depend on each other to attain certain mutual goals in a group situation.
Leadership
______ is an intense desire to lead others.
Leadership motivation
______ power is the power a person has because other believe that he/she possesses the "right" to influence them and they ought to obey.
Legitimate
______ is concerned with organization-wide issues (AKA "Organization Theory")
Macro-organizational behavior
_____ refers to when leaders in an organization can intentionally shape how these shifts occur over time.
Managed change
_______ is the process of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling the activities of employees in combination with other resources to accomplish organizational objectives.
Management
______ is the technique of making decisions by management without team involvment.
Managerial intervention
_____ Culture emphasizes delivering value, competing, delivering shareholder value, goal achievement, driving and delivering results, speedy decisions, hard driving through barriers, directive, commanding, and getting things done
Market
____ structure has lines for formal authority along two dimensions: employees report to a functional, departmental boss and simultaneously to a product or project team boss.
Matrix
____ organizational structures are characterized by top-down (vertical) hierarchies of control that are rule based.
Mechanistic
_____ organizational structures are best suited for environments that range from stable and simple to low-moderate uncertainty.
Mechanistic
________ is concerned with the behavior of individuals and groups.
Micro-organizational behavior
When Suzanne Pogell wanted to learn to sail, but she could find no one to teach her because men were the ones who sailed, and women were their crew. She finally convinced someone to teach her to sail, and after mastering sailing, she started an all-woman sailing school called Womanship. Pogell started small and plans to stay small. She would be correctly called a(n):
Micropreneur
_____ is a technique where a team member extracts buried disagreements within the group and sheds light on them.
Mining
The four components of ethical decision making
Moral sensitivity, moral judgement, moral motivation/intention, moral character/action
____ are distorted, half-truths that inhibit organizational effectiveness.
Myths
_____ of leadership prevent leaders from acting as they wish.
Neutralizers
_____ describes social theory that focuses on developing a sociological view of institutions--the way they interact and the way they affect society.
New Institutionalism
_____ operate a business for over three months but less than three years.
New business owners
______ are decisions that are novel, unstructured, and generally based on criteria that are not well-defined.
Non-programmed decisions
______ is the stage of development where the team establishes and maintains ground rules and boundaries, and there is willingness to share responsibility and control.
Norming
_____ organizational structures are flatter (horizontal), with participatory communication and decision-making flowing in different directions.
Organic
_____ organizational structures work best in unstable, complex, changing environments.
Organic
_____ change is a change that affects an entire organizational system or several of its units.
Organization-Level
_________ is concerned with organization-wide issues, such as organizational design and the relations between an organization & its environment
Organizational Theory/Macro-organizational Behavior
______ is the study of people in organizations.
Organizational behavior
_____ refers to the constant shifts that occur within an organizational system.
Organizational change
_____ is the process of setting up organizational structures to address the needs of an organization and account for the complexity involved in accomplishing business objectives.
Organizational design
_____ represents the label for a field that specializes in change management
Organizational development
______ is the label for a field that specializes in change management.
Organizational development (OD)
_____ is a system for accomplishing and connecting the activities that occur within a work organization
Organizational structure
____ is a measure of distance of the average number of links separating any two nodes in the network.
Path lengths
______ (E2) is the perceived relationship between performance and outcomes (AKA instrumentalities)
Performance-outcome expectancy
_____ is the stage of development where the team is completely self-directed and requires little management direction.
Performing
____ are a barrier to decision making because we tend to be more comfortable with ideas, concepts, things, and people that are familiar/similar to us.
Personal biases
____ is an intentional activity or set of intentional activities that are designed to create movement toward a specific goal or end.
Planned change
_____ behavior is an activity that is initiated for the purpose of overcoming opposition or resistance.
Political
_____ believe that they have the capacity and knowledge to start a venture and don't fear failure.
Potential entrepreneurs
______ is conflict about the best way to do something.
Process conflict
_____ are decisions that are routine.
Programmed decisions
______ is a conflict-resolution technique where one interrupts group conflict to remind them that what they are doing is necessary.
Real-time permission
______ power is the power a person has because others want to associate with or be accepted by him/her.
Referent
______ is conflict between individuals that is more personal and involves attacks on a person rather than an idea.
Relationship conflict
_____ power is an extension of expert power; the power that a person has because others believe that he/she possesses and is willing to share resources.
Resource
_____ is the study of how the external resources of organizations affect organizational behavior.
Resource dependency theory (RDT)
______ describes the discouragement of differing opinions being brought to light, often in situations of groupthink.
Suppression of dissent
What is the top ranking country on the Global Competitiveness Index?
Switzerland
_____ shows that implementation of new technologies is often forced upon an organization as the environment shifts.
Technological change
________ is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.
Technology
______ is a barrier in decision making when there is little time to collect information and rationally process it to make a good nonprogrammed decision.
Time constraint
_____ leaders subscribe to the notion of "if it ain't broke, don't fix it".
Transactional
_____ leaders move and change (fix) things in "a big way"; inspire others to action through personal values, vision, passion, and belief in and commitment to the mission.
Transformational
_____ refers to significant shifts in an organizational system that may cause significant disruption to some underlying aspect of the organization, its processes, or structures.
Transformational change
T/F: Culture affects the workplace because it affects what we do and how we behave
True
T/F: Diverse teams are better at decision-making and problem-solving because they tend to focus on facts.
True
T/F: Employers try to prevent unnecessary perceptions of inequity.
True
T/F: Expectancy Theory is currently the most comprehensive theory of motivation.
True
T/F: Governments generally want to support entrepreneurship because successful businesses create value among the population.
True
T/F: In the goal theory, specific goals are better than vague goals.
True
T/F: Leaders who use referent and expert power commonly experience a favorable response in terms of follower satisfaction and performance.
True
T/F: Managers across industries, according to Deirdre Borden, spend about 45% of their time in verbal interaction
True
T/F: Most work groups contain at least one informal leader.
True
T/F: Needs provide direction in the motivation process
True
T/F: Recent evidence suggests that individuals who are androgynous are as likely to emerge in leadership roles as individuals with only masculine characteristics.
True
T/F: The ERG Theory is potentially more useful than the Hierarchy of Needs because it doesn't create false motivational categories.
True
T/F: The need for achievement is learned.
True
T/F: The presence of a "devil's advocate" reduces groupthink.
True
T/F: Values are intangible
True
T/F: organizations are too complex to be blamed by one singular thing in a situation of failure, blame should be complex too
True
_____ is the concept of not knowing the outcomes of each alternative until one is chosen.
Uncertainty
_____ is unintentional and is usually the result of informal organizing. It may or may not serve the aims of the organization as a whole.
Unplanned change
____ define a unique character that helps people find meaning and feel special about what they do.
Values
_____ is financing obtained from venture capitalists, investment firms that specialize in financing small, high-growth companies and receive an ownership interest and a voice in management in return for their investment.
Venture capital
_____ leaders are those who influence others through an emotional and/or intellectual attraction to the leader's dream of what "can be"; also another way to refer to transformational leaders.
Visionary
________ have dominated the American economy over time.
White Males
______ are destructive and active responses to conflict.
Winning, displaying anger, demeaning others, retaliating
_____ is an activity that produces something of value for other people.
Work
Theory _____ Leader assumes that the average individual dislikes work and is incapable of exercising adequate self-direction and self-control.
X
Theory ____ Leader believes that people have creative capacities, as well as both the ability and desire to exercise self-direction and self-control.
Y
Work does NOT serve this function:
a source of alienation
The key to the goal theory is that people must ______ the goal.
accept
Moral character/action
actually doing what is right
In order to ensure that an item never comes up for consideration in the first place, individuals will sometimes try to control the _____.
agenda
Kotter's Change Model
aligns with mechanistic view of structure and may; eight step model that relies on a centralized, top-down process for creating planned change
A Black Swan Event
an event that is so rare that it isn't planned for/isn't expected
In the Garbage Can Model, solutions are defined as ______.
answers looking for questions
In the AI Model, ______ conversations are intense, positively framed discussions that help people to develop common ground as they work together to co-create a positive vision of an ideal future for their organization.
appreciative
Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) approach
assumes that an organization is constantly developing and adapting to its environment, much like a living organism
The difference between the small business owner and the entrepreneur is that the entrepreneur _____.
assumes the risk of the business
What are the assumptions of Rational Decision Making?
assumes: problem is clear, options are known, preferences are clear and constant, money and time are not issues, and the choice made is the best choice
False cause
assuming that because two things are related, one caused the other
The ______ leader power style is boss-centered and the manager uses authority.
autocratic
Destructive and passive responses to conflict involve actions such as:
avoiding, yielding, and self-criticizing
The three simplistic routes of blame as described in class are:
blaming bureaucracy/the system, blaming other people, blaming the thirst for power
A ______ describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and captures value.
business model
Max Weber describes _____ leaders as people who possess _____ power that arises from "exceptional sanctity, heroism, or exemplary character."
charismatic; legitimate
Networking team structure has two salient characteristics: ____ and ____.
clustering; path lengths
In the Garbage Can Model, participants ______.
come and go fluidly
The elements that make teams function are:
common commitment & purpose, commitment to how work gets done, mutual accountability, specific performance goals
The six elements of the Total Rewards Strategy
compensation, benefits, work-life effectiveness, recognition, performance management, talent development
In the Garbage Can Model, problems are defined as ______.
concerns that require attention
In the _____ mindset, leaders assume that most people are inclined to resist change and therefore they need to be managed in a way that encourages them to accept change.
conventional
Moral motivation/intention
deciding to do the right thing
Sociocultural forces
demographic trends, lifestyle changes, availability skills, attitudes toward work, gender issues, willingness to move, ethics
The Garbage Can Model of Decision Making
describes the chaotic reality of decision making in organized anarchy; contrasts with traditional decision theory
In Amy Edmonson's interview with the Harvard Business Review, she states that the three underutilized activities for learning from failure are:
detecting failure, analyzing failure, and producing intelligent failure
Moral judgement
determining with actions are right vs wrong
A _____ autocrat retains power, makes unilateral decisions, and closely supervises workers' activities.
directive
A _____ democrat encourages participative decision-making but retains power to direct team members in the execution of their roles.
directive
Work DOES serve these functions:
economic, identity & self-esteem, social status in the community, social functions
Employee's trust in a manager is most influenced by the manager's _________.
emotional intelligence
The _____ leader power style is where members are assigned work and decide on their own how to do it; the leader relinquishes the active assumption of the role of leadership.
free-rein
In SDT, _____ refers to performing an activity for the inherent satisfaction of the activity itself.
intrinsic motivation
Reward systems influence ______ in organizations.
job satisfaction, employee commitment, job effort/performance, occupational/organizational choice
In the expectancy theory, low effort-performance expectancy is typically the result of
lack of sufficient resources and/or organization's failure to measure performance accurately
A _____ is a need that may not be inferred from a person's behavior at one time, yet they may still possess that need.
latent need
Follower behavior is determines _______.
leader behavior
_________ planning involves strategic planning and development activities.
long-range
A ______ is whatever need is motivating us at a given time and dominates all other needs.
manifest need
In the Motivator-Hygiene Theory, ______ relate to the jobs we perform (job content) and our ability to feel a sense of achievement as a result of performing them.
motivators
A ____ is a human condition that becomes energized when people feel deficient in some respect.
need
McClelland studied these needs:
need for achievement, need for affiliation, and need for power
Alderfer's ERG Theory
notes that growth is intrinsically satisfying, regardless of what direction the growth is occurring.
Gerald Salancik & Jeffery Pfeffer:
observe that power to influence others flow to those individuals who possess the critical and scarce resources that a group needs to overcome a major problem.
In the equity theory, if our ratio is greater than the "other's" ratio, that is called ________.
over-reward inequity
An entrepreneur is a person who _______ a business.
owns and operates
According to Linda A. Hill, managing a team requires managing ______.
paradox
The ______ leader power style is where workers are consulted and involved.
participative
Management is "the art of getting things done through ________."
people
A _____ autocrat mixes his/her use of power by retaining decision-making power but permitting organizational members to exercise discretion when executing those decisions.
permissive
A ______ democrat shares power with group members, soliciting involvement in both decision-making and execution.
permissive
Leadership in high-involvement organizations (such as Ralph Stayer, CEO of Johnsonville Foods) has many characteristics of the _______ approach.
permissive democrat
Active and constructive responses to conflict involve actions such as:
perspective taking, creating solutions, expressing emotions, and reaching out
Ralph Stogdill
pioneer of the modern day studies of leadership trait research.
Motivator-Hygiene Theory
poses that there are two sets of needs--one to motivate use to perform well and the other to avoid dissatisfaction.
In the _____ mindset, leaders assume that people are inclined to embrace change when they are respected as individuals with intrinsic worth, agency, and capability.
positive of appreciative
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
posits two different sets of attitudes about the individual as a organizational member.
An essential ingredient for effective leadership is the exercise of ______.
power
Good leaders, formal or informal, develop many sources of ______.
power
Taxation reduces ______ from an enterprise
profit
Lewin's Change Model
proposed the sequence of "Unfreeze, Move, Refreeze"
In decision making, the _____ system is quick, impulsive, and intuitive, relying on emotions or habits.
reactive
Programmed decisions are processed via the _____ system.
reactive
Moral sensitivity
recognizing that the issue has a moral component
Ad hominem
redirecting from the argument itself to attack the person making the argument
Appealing to emotion
redirecting the argument from logic to emotion
In decision making, the _____ system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical.
reflective
Non-programmed decisions are processed via the _____ system.
reflective
_____ are constructive and passive responses to conflict.
reflective thinking, delay responding, adapting
A transition to the fourth phase of the organizational life cycle, _____, occurs when an organization expands to the point that its operations are far-flung and need to operate somewhat autonomously.
renewal or decline
Initiation into an organization is a form of ____.
ritual
'Work to _______' defines employees diligently following every work rule and policy statement to the letter typically results in the organization's grinding to a halt as a result of the many and often conflicting rules and policy statements.
rule
The four components of ERG Theory
satisfaction progression, frustration, frustration regression, aspriation
Self-Determination Theory (SDT)
seeks to explain not only what causes motivation, but how extrinsic rewards affect intrinsic motivation.
elements of emotional intelligence
self-awareness, self-regulation, social awareness, empathy
The degree to which people are organized into subunits according to their expertise is referred to as _____.
specialization
The Five Elements of Max Weber's Bureaucracy Model
specialization, command-and-control, span of control, centralization, and formalization.
Appreciate Inquiry (AI) Model
specifically designed as an abundance-based, bottom-up, positive approach.
Equity Theory
states that motivation is affected by the outcomes we receive for our inputs compared to the outcomes and inputs of other people
Goal Theory
states that people will perform better if they have difficult, specific, accepted performance goals/objectives.
The Great Man Theory of Leadership
states that some people are born with the necessary attributes to be great leaders.
The Manifest Needs Theory
states that we have primary (physiological) needs and secondary (learned) needs, but only a few are expressed at a given time; assumes that human behavior is driven by the desire to satisfy needs.
Expectancy theory
states that when faced with two or more alternatives, we will select the most attractive one.
House & Evans Path-Goal Theory of Leadership
suggests that an effective leader provides organizational members with a path to a valued goal
Fiedler's Contingency Model (Contingency Theory of Leadership)
suggests that organizations attempting to achieve group effectiveness through leadership must assess the leader according to an underlying trait, assess the situation, and construct a proper match.
The second phase of the organizational life cycle, _____, occurs as an organization begins to scale up and find continuing success.
survival and early success
Phases of AI Model
1) Define 2) Discover 3) Dream 4) Design 5) Destiny
Order of the Evolution of Organization Structure
1) Functional 2) Divisional 3) Geographic 4) Matrix 5) Vertical Team 6) Virtual
What were Amy Edmonson's three main points about how organizations should address failure in the Harvard Business Review interview where she used the Columbia Space Shuttle disaster as an example of organizational failure?
1. Build in failure; 2. Embrace, not shoot, the messenger; 3. Allow for analyzing failure, not burying it
Where does the US rank on the Global Competitiveness Index?
2nd place
_____ is when leaders assume that employees will change if they can be inspired to aim for greater degrees of excellence in their work.
Abundance-based change
______ is the technique of working with or around differences.
Adaptation
_____ Culture emphasizes creating, innovating, visioning the future, managing change, risk-taking, rule breaking, experimentation, entrepreneurship, and uncertainty.
Adhocracy
_______ are individual investors or groups of experienced investors who provide venture financing from their own funds.
Angel investors
The Tannenbaum & Schmidt Continuum notes a spectrum of leader power styles with categories :
Autocratic, Participative, Free-Rein
_____ refers to how to manage the flows of resources and information in an organization.
Centralization
_____ are more likely to take initiative, engaging in non-directed activities that may benefit the organization.
Change agents
____ Culture focuses on relationships, team building, commitment, empowering human development, engagement, mentoring, and coaching
Clan
____ refers to the degree to which a network is made up of tightly knit groups.
Clustering
_____ power is the power a person has because people believe that he/she can punish them by influencing pain or by withholding or taking away something that they value.
Coercive
_____ is conceptually skilled, capable of exercising good judgement, having strong analytical abilities, possessing the capacity to think strategically and multidimensionally.
Cognitive ability
______ is the ability to view situations from more than one cultural framework.
Cognitive complexity
______ refers to the way in which people report to one another or connect to coordinate their efforts in accomplishing the work of the organization.
Command-and-Control
______ describes how contact must be maintained and nurtured with representatives from various constituencies outside the company.
Community relations
_____ is a process commonly used by designers to find the solution to complex issues, navigate new or uncertain environments, and create a new product for the world.
Design thinking
_____ leaders are individuals who are formally groomed to take on a leadership role.
Designated
_____ is when employees receive their rewards as a function of their level of contribution to the organization.
Distributive justice
_____ structure is many functional departments group under a division head.
Divisional
_____ is a high level of effort, including a strong desire for achievement as well as high levels of ambition, energy, tenacity, and initiative.
Drive
______ (E1) is the perceived probability that effort will lead to performance.
Effort-performance expectancy
_____ leaders are individuals who arise from the dynamics and processes that unfold within and among a group of individuals as that endeavor to achieve a collective goal.
Emergent
_______ is the ability to recognize, understand, pay attention, and manage one's own emotions and the emotions of others.
Emotional intelligence
In the ______ phase of the organizational life cycle, the organization is usually very small and agile, focusing on new products and markets. The founders typically focus on a variety of responsibilities, and they often share frequent and informal communication with all employees in the new company.
Entrepreneurship
_____ is when managers continually watch for changes in the business environment.
Environmental scanning
_______ is the owner's investment in the company and does not have a specific date for repayment
Equity Capital
______ is the tendency of decision makers to remain committed to a poor decision, even when doing so leads to increasingly negative outcomes.
Escalation of commitment
_____ actively run a business that is over three and a half years old.
Established business owners
_______ refer to our beliefs about what is right vs wrong, good vs evil, virtuous vs corrupt.
Ethics and morals
The three levels of management:
Executives, Middle, and First-Line
The "ERG" of ERG Theory
Existence opportunities, Relatedness opportunities, Growth opportunities
______ power is the power a person has because other believe he/she has and is willing to share expert knowledge that they need.
Expert
The ______ Locus of Control attributes success/failure to the behavior of others.
External
______ are rewards that are external to the work itself.
Extrinsic rewards
T/F: Employees experience (perceive) over-reward inequity rather than under-reward inequity.
False
T/F: Government can support entrepreneurship by increasing negative incentives or by decreasing/eliminating positive incentives.
False
T/F: In the goal theory, intending to achieve easy goals result in better performance than intending to achieve difficult goals.
False
T/F: Innovation boosts in diverse teams is limited to one type of diversity.
False
T/F: Pay secrecy always improves motivation.
False
T/F: Planned change processes often involve small groups of people and step-by-step or phase-by-phase activities that unfold over a short period of time.
False
T/F: Reward and legitimate power product consistent results.
False
T/F: Situations are one-dimensional.
False
T/F: The follower is a passive player in the leadership process.
False
T/F: Theory X and Theory Y thinking is strictly an American phenomenon.
False
T/F: Transformational leadership is negatively related to follower satisfaction, performance, and acts of citizenship.
False
T/F: Structural change often induces technological change.
False: technological change often induces structural changes.
_____ is when a business is owned and managed by multiple family members, usually for more than one generation.
Family Entrepreneurship
_____ describes an officially defined set of relationships, responsibilities, and connections that exist across an organization
Formal organization
______ refers to the degree of definition in the roles that exist throughout an organization.
Formalization
_____ is the stage of development where the team is mainly focused on similarities and the group looks to the leader for structure and development.
Forming
Tuckman's Stages of Group Development
Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning
_____ structure is organized by departments and expertise areas; referred to as pyramid structures; governed as a hierarchical. top-down control system
Functional
______ is borrowed money that must be repaid at some agreed-upon future date
Debt Capital
______ is the process of thinking through possible options and selecting one.
Decision-making
_______ is an entrepreneurial strategy attempting to found and build a company from personal finances or from the operating revenues of the new company.
Bootstrapping
______ define the degree of discretion that is available to employees for self-directed action.
Boundary conditions
_______ says that the decision making process is limited with incomplete information as well as our capacity to process all the information.
Bounded rationality
______ is the process of gathering as many solutions or options as possible.
Brainstorming
The ______ covers the four main areas of any venture: customers, offering, infrastructure, and financial viability.
Business Model Canvas
_______ skills represent a manager's ability to organize and analyze information.
Conceptual
______ is the "relationship-oriented" behavior of a leader; instrumental in creating and maintaining good relationships.
Consideration
_____ refers to the situation that surrounds the leader and the followers.
Context
______ is when managers evaluate and take corrective action concerning the allocation and use of human, financial, and material resources.
Controlling
_____ involves the creation of new products, processes, and ventures within large organizations.
Corporate Entrepreneurship
_____ is the generation of new or original ideas; it requires the use of imagination and the ability to step back from traditional ways of doing things and seeing the world.
Creativity
_____ is the process of raising new venture funds from a large "crowd" audience, typically virtually from the Internet.
Crowdfunding
____ is defined as "the way we do things around here".
Culture
_____ is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another.
Culture
______ is one of the most difficult kinds of changes to create within an organizational system.
Culture change
______ is when managers are involved in direct contact with customers/potential customers.
Customer relations & marketing
_____ is an inclusive concept that involves all outside factors and influences that impact the operation of a business that an organization must respond or react to in order to maintain its flow of operations.
General environment
____ structure is organized by locations of customers that a company serves; aimed at moving from mechanistic to organic to serve customers faster and with relevant products and services.
Geographic
_______ strategists understand world markets and think internationally.
Global
______ is the degree to which we dedicate ourselves to achieving a goal.
Goal commitment
_____ change centers on the relationships between people and usually focuses on helping people to work more effectively together.
Group-Level
In 2000, Eric Baker and Jeff Fluhr came up with a concept that would do away with scalping if they had their wish, and everyone used StubHub.com. The Internet company brings people who want tickets and people who have tickets that they are not using together. The company has assisted in the sale of tens of millions dollars worth of tickets annually and is always trying to sell more. It charges a small fee for its assistance. Baker and Fluhr would be classified as:
Growth-oriented entrepreneur
Characteristics of intrapreneurs
Have a high degree of autonomy in spite of the fact that they work for a large corporation; receive regular salaries and employee benefits; run mini-companies within larger corporations; creativity, vision, risk taking
_____ is one of the first motivation theories, assuming that people are motivated to satisfy mainly their own needs (seek pleasure, avoid pain).
Hedonism
______ are mental shortcuts to help reach a decision, often used when faced with programmed decisions.
Heuristics
______ is the focus of programmed decisions.
Heuristics
_____ involves ventures in the information, communication, and technology space, which typically have high expectations for revenue growth.
Hi-Technology Entrepreneurship
_____ Culture emphasizes efficiency, process and cost control, organizational improvement, technical expertise, precision, problem solving, elimination of errors, logical, cautious and conservative, management and operational analysis, and careful decision-making
Hierarchy
_____ is a commitment to the truth, where word and deed correspond.
Honesty and integrity
When followers' form of compliance is one of "how much am I getting" or "how much should I give", the base of power is probably ________.
Reward Power
Ritual vs. Ceremony
Rituals are repeated and everyday occurrences; ceremonies are grand events to mark a special occasion.
_____ is a technique used in programmed decisions where the decision maker selects the first acceptable solution without engaging in additional effort to identify the best solution.
Satisficing
_____ is an assurance in one's self, one's ideas, and one's ability.
Self-confidence
______ is the belief about whether we can successfully execute some function or task or achieve some result.
Self-efficacy
_______ can be defined as one's opinion or belief about one's self and self-worth
Self-esteem
_____ refers to individuals who start several businesses, simultaneously or one after another.
Serial or Habitual Entrepreneurship
_____ is creating innovative solutions to immediate social and/or environment problems and mobilizing resources to achieve social transformation.
Social Entrepreneurship
______ influence is one's ability to effect a change in the motivation, attitudes, and/or behaviors of others.
Social/interpersonal
_____ refers to the scope of the work that any one person in the organization will be accountable for.
Span of Control
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory
States that a person's direction and intensity will be focused on satisfying the lowest level need that is not currently satisfied
_____ is the stage of development where team members clash for control of the group and people begin to choose sides.
Storming
____ is a change, either incremental or transformational, that helps align an organization's operations with its strategic mission and objectives.
Strategic
McKinsey 7-S Model
Strategy, structure, systems, style, staff, and skills all revolve around and are interconnected with shared values in an organization,
_____ has to do with the changes in the overall formal relationships within an organization.
Structural change
_________ is the technique of reorganizing to reduce friction on the team.
Structural intervention
_____ for leadership can clarify role expectations, motivate organizational members, or satisfy members.
Substitutes
_____ is when managers oversee the work of their subordinates.
Supervision
Two dimensions of environment-industry-organization fit model are _____.
environment complexity and environmental change
In SDT, _____ refers to the performance of an activity in order to attain some valued outcome.
extrinsic motivation
The Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX) Theory
focuses attention on consequences associated with the leadership process; views leadership as consisting of a number of dyadic relationships linking leader with follower
The effectiveness of leader behavior is determined by ____.
follower characteristics
The ______ is the individual who is recognized by those outside the group as the official leader of the group.
formal leader
Economic Forces
globalization, competitors/supply chain, currency exchange rates, employment/wage rates, lending policies of financial institutions
When one person or group desires a different outcome than others do, _____ conflict can occur;
goal
Government & Political Forces
govt legislation, international law, wars, local regulation, taxation, trade union activity
When people are among homogeneous and like-minded teammates, the team is susceptible to _______.
groupthink
In terms of organizational survival, _______ is perhaps management's biggest challenge.
how to become more competitive
In the Motivator-Hygiene theory, _____ relate to the work environment (job context) and are based in the basic human need to avoid pain.
hygienes
SDT found that as the level of extrinsic rewards _______, the amount of intrinsic motivation _________.
increases; decreases
Technological Forces
info tech and the Internet, new production forces, how tech is sold and serviced
The ______ leader is one that members of a group acknowledge as their leader.
informal
Diversity in teams leads to greater _______.
innovation
In the goal theory, it is believed that people will attempt to achieve those goals that they _______ to achieve.
intend
In a third phase of the organizational life cycle, _____, the organization expands and the hierarchy deepens, now with multiple levels of employees.
sustained success or maturity
A manager's ______ skills represent the use of tools, procedures, and techniques unique to his/her specialty.
technical
Genetic fallacy
the assumption that something can't be trusted because of its origins
Non-sequitur
the conclusion that is presented isn't a logical conclusion or isn't the only logical conclusion
Bandwagon approach
the idea that if the majority of people are doing it, it must be good/right
Appeal to tradition is
the idea that if we have always done something one way, that must be the right/best way to do it.
Operant conditioning focuses on _______.
the learning of voluntary behaviors
Grace Hopper: "You don't manage people, you manage _____. You lead people."
things
To reach its potential, diversity (specifically gender) needs to go beyond _______.
tokenism
Complex-Unstable Environment
uncertainty is high.
Complex-Stable Environment
uncertainty is low-moderate.
Simple-Stable Environment
uncertainty is low.
Simple-Unstable Environment
uncertainty is moderate-high.
In the equity theory, if our ratio is less than the "other's" ratio, that is called _______.
under-reward inequity
In the expectancy theory, ______ are the degree to which we perceive an outcome as desirable, neutral, or undesirable.
valences
Conflict is a barrier in decision making because _____.
we try to avoid it as much as possible, even if it leads to a great decision
Natural Disasters & Human-Induced Problems
weather, extreme storms, pollution, health, food, stress