mhm yes

French Long-lot System

In which farms were long, thin sections of land that ran perpendicular to a river. The best examples of this system in North America occur in Quebec and Louisiana.

monoculture/monocropping

In which only one crop is grown or one type of animal is raised per season on a piece of land. As a result, these farmers purchase very specific equipment, irrigation systems, fertilizers, and pesticides designed for their one crop or animal to maximize efficiency.

Double Cropping

Planting and harvesting a crop two to three times per year on the same piece of land.

subsidies

Public financial support

Metes and Bounds

"these" were used for short distances and often referred to feature of specific points such as "from the oak tree, 100 yards north, to the corner of the barn." "the other part of this term cuz they decided to have a two part term" covered larger areas and were based on larger features, such as streams or roads.

5 Criticisms of Von Thunen Model

-Farming was an economic activity: Government policies can interfere with a free-market economy and effect farmer's decisions. -Farmers were in business to make a profit: Simp0ly to provide enough food for his or her family, not profit, is the goal for many farmers especially in less-developed areas. -There was one market where farmers sold their products: Modern agriculture systems have multiple markets; rarely is just one market available. -There was one transportation system: Planes, trains, and trucks (especially modern refrigerated transportation have changed distance considerations for farmers. -The market was situated in the center of an isotropic plain: Differences in land formation, soil fertility, and climate exist in agricultural regions, making isotropic plains uncommon.

Why didn't GR help Africa

-Africa has a greater diversity of climate and soils than other places. hence, development of the right fertilizers proved to be very expensive. -Africa has many regions with harsh environmental conditions. Insects, plants, and viral strains have proven to be extremely challenging to the Green Revolution researchers and their technology. -Africa is large and lacks a well-developed transportation infrastructure, so the costs of investment in research, development, and transportation were very high. -Africa's staple crop such as sorghum, millet, cassava, yams, cowpeas, and peanuts were not always included in research for seed-hybridization programs.

Second Agricultural Revolution

-Began in the 1700s, used the advances of the Industrial Revolution to increase food supplies and support population growth. Agriculture benefitted from mechanization and improved knowledge of fertilizers, soils, and selective breeding practices for plants and animals.

feedlots (CAFOs)

-Confined spaces in which cattle and hogs have limited movement. The animals grow bigger in a shorter period of time because of their reduced movement. This new practice maximizes the use of space and prepares the animal for slaughter quickly, thus maximizing profit.

Green Revolution impact on gender roles

-Even though much of the farming labor is performed by women, men usually dominate socially, politically, and economically based on many societies' traditional beliefs. When the Green Revolution and its technologies were introduced to these countries it was often men who benefitted and were given decision-making powers. Men owned the land, had access to financial resources, and were educated on newer methods of farming, while women were often excluded from these opportunities. This further marginalized women and limited their role within many societies.

Impact of Norman Borlaug

-His work was successful in turning Mexico from a wheat-importing country to one that was self-sufficient and even had a wheat surplus. After his success in Mexico, Borlaug worked with governments in South Asia to deal with food shortages in the face of expanding populations. However, the benefits of increased food production were accompanied by concerns. The increased use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides led to fears about the unforeseen consequences of their use on farm products. Borlaug argued that the alternative of people dying from famine was not acceptable and his research and methodology are credited with saving millions of lives.

Positive Impacts of the Green Revolution

-Increased food production in the developing world has prevented millions from starvation. -Higher yields of different crops -More money funded for researching agriculture -lowering food prices

Machinery's impact on Green Rev.

-Machinery such as tractors, tillers, broadcast seeders, and grain carts were introduced to countries of the developing world. The introduction of these agricultural technologies assisted in production and challenged traditional labor-intensive farming practices that had been in place for thousands of years.

Second revolution impact on demographics

-Resulted in fewer, yet larger and much more productive farms. This change caused a decrease in the number of farm owner and an even greater drop-off in the need for agricultural laborers.

Negative Impacts of the Green Revolution

-Some of these were environmental damages, gender inequalities, economic obstacles, and failures in Africa. -New hybrid seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and fossil-fuel using equipment, resulted in damages to the natural environment. -Introduction of chemicals into the environment resulted in potentially hazardous runoff, which posed consequences to the local ecosystems such as polluted drinking water, species extinction, and health issues for the population. -Less developed countries needed more fossil fuels to fuel the machines that were given to them by developed countries, these increased stress on the environment.

Green Revolution

-The advances in plant biology of the mid-20th century are known as the ____ ________. dr. Norman Borlaug, considered the "Father of the _____ ________", laid the foundation for scientifically increasing the food supply to meet the demands of an ever-increasing global population. Borlaug's development of higher-yield, more disease-resistant, and faster-growing varieties of grain are his most important contribution to the revolution.

Columbian exchange

-The global movement of plants and animals between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas, Europeans brought hundreds of plants and animals back east. Crops such as coffee (originally from eastern Africa) and bananas and sugarcane (originally from New Guinea) continue to thrive today in the tropical climates of the Americas. Temperate climate crops such as potatoes (originally from northwest South America) and maize (originally from southern Mexico) are still extensively grown in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas.

Irrigation

-The process of applying controlled amounts of water to crops using canals, pipes, sprinkler systems, or other human-made devices, rather than to rely on must rainfall.

hybridization

-The process of breeding two plants that have desirable characteristics to produce a single seed with both charactersiticcs.

Crop Rotation

-The technique of planting different crops in a specific sequence on the same plot of land in order to restore nutrients back into the soil.

Third Agricultural Revolution

-Was born out of science, research, and technology, and it continue today. This revolution expanded mechanization of farming, developed new global agricultural systems, and used scientific and information technologies to further previous advances in agricultural production.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)

-a process by which humans use engineering techniques to change the DNA of a seed

Factory Farming

A capital-intensive livestock operation in which many animals are kept in close quarters, and bred and fed in a controlled environment. The term comes from these operations running like a factory.

Location Theory

A key component of economic geography, deals with why people choose certain locations for various types of economic activity- factories, stores, restaurants, or agriculture.

Plantation

A large commercial farm that specializes in one crop. Most of these are found in the low latitudes with hot, humid climates and substantial rainfall. They are typically labor intensive and often exploits the low-wage labor available in nearby villages and towns.

Enclosure Movement

A series of laws enacted by the British government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use. This land had previously been common land shared by peasant farmers. Similar movements occur. ed throughout Europe that allowed for larger farms, more efficient production, and crops sold for profit rather than personal consumption.

Aquaculture (aquafarming)

A type of intensive farming. Rather than raising typical farm animals in close quarters with a controlled environment, fish, shellfish, or water plants are raised in netted areas in the sea, tanks, or other bodies of water.

Economies of Scale

An increase in efficiency to lower the per-unit production cost, resulting in greater profits. ex: Grain farmer who increases the size of his or her farm by purchasing an additional quarter section (160 acres). By using the existing machinery on the farm more efficiently, the farmer can successfully plant and harvest the additional acreage without the purchase of new equipment.

Luxury Crops

Are not essential to human survival but have a high profit margin. -ex: cocoa beans

Von Thunen Model Assumptions

Assumed that a farmer had one primary market, but they often have secondary markets as well. A dairy farmer might primarily sell milk to a local dairy. But the farmer might also make and sell cheese, which does not spoil as quickly as milk, in a distant market.

Independent Invention

Crops and animals were domesticated in multiple regions with seemingly no interaction among the people.

Diffusion of Goods

Crops from all over the world have moved to different locations. Many crops that we associate with a certain locations are actually far far away from their place of origin.

Fair Trade Movement Principles (5)

Direct trade that will eliminate the intermediary. Transactions directly between the producer and the importer ensure more money to the producer.

Von Thunen Model

Economic model that suggested a pattern for the types of products that farmers would produce at different positions relative to the market (community) where they sold their goods, is the start of location theory.

Agribusiness

Farms run as corporations

extensive subsistence agriculture

Few inputs are used in this type of agricultural activity. It is often practiced in areas that have climatic extremes such as tropical, semi-arid, or arid regions.

Plant Domestication

Growing crops probably began after domestication of animals. People first used vegetative planting, or using parts of the stems or roots of existing plants to grow other. Planting seeds came later. eventually people in separate hearths began to trade of crops, animals, and innovations.

Intensive Commercial Agriculture

Heavy investments in labor and capital are used in this type of agriculture which often results in high yields and profits.

VT zone 1

Horticulture, a type of agriculture that includes market gardening/truck farming and dairy farming would occur. Horticulture produces perishable items, and farmers need to get them to market quickly, especially important before trucks and refrigeration. Is classified as intensive farming because it is focused on perishable items.

Animal Domestication

Hunters in Central Asia were probably the first people to domesticate animals. They raised dogs and horses for protection, work, transportation, or as a food source. Later, agriculturalists in Southwest Asia kept goats, pigs, sheep, and cattle. People then domesticated cats, horses, camels, and llamas, among other animals.

Fair Trade

In recent years, many consumers have become more aware of the disparity between the high incomes of those in developed countries, who manage trade, and the low incomes of those in developed countries who manage trade, and the low incomes of the producers in the developing world.

Grain Farming

In regions too dry for mixed crop agriculture, farmers often raise wheat. China, India, Russia, and the US are the world's top wheat producers.

Ghana Vision 2020

In the mid-1900s, the president of Ghana presented a framework known as Ghana Vision 2020, which included long-term plans for economic and social development policies, including agricultural and industrial programs. The goal was to raise Ghana into the ranks of the idle-income countries of the world by 2020.

Shifting cultivation

In this type of subsistent extensive farming, farmers grow crops on a piece of land for a year or two. When the soil loses fertility, they move to another field.

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture

Is often labor and animal intensive.

Comparative advantage

Naturally occurring beneficial conditions, that would prompt farmers to plant crops differently from those predicted by von Thunen's model.

Livestock Ranching

The commercial grazing of animals confined to a specific area. Similar to pastoral nomadism, this technique is found in areas that are too dry to grow crops in large quantities.

Milk Shed

The geographic distance that milk is delivered.

Interdependence

The globalization of agriculture has increased interdependence among countries of differing levels of development. Developed countries such as the US rely on producers in Mexico, other countries with warm climates, and ones in the Southern Hemisphere, for fresh fruits and vegetables year-round.

Climate

The long-term weather patterns in a region.

Capital

The money invested in land, equipment, and machines.

Vertical Integration

The ownership of other businesses involved in the steps of producing a particular good. Owning the contributing businesses gives the large farm more control of the variables and results in greater overall profits.

Commercial Agriculture

The primary goal of this is to grow enough crop/livestock to sell for profit. This form of agriculture exists in all countries but is more common in more developed countries. Most of the time the profit gained go straight back into the farm to make it larger or to purchase more technology.

Agriculture

The process by which humans alter the landscape in order to raise crops and livestock for consumption and trade.

Supply Chains

The process of gathering raw materials and turning them into a final product. This product is then distributed and sold.

Infrastructure

The roads, bridges, tunnels, ports, electrical grids, sewers, telecommunications, etc. of a country.

Neocolonialism

The use of economic, political, and social pressures to control former colonies, can be one way to describe the current state of global food distribution.

Subsistence Agriculture

There are two goals of this type of agriculture. the first is to support the immediate needs of the farmer and their family and the second is to sell/trade and extra crop. Most of the time these farmers live in less developed parts of the world and have small farms. often times due to monetary problems that restrict the purchase of expensive agriculture machines, there is often little extra crop

Pastoral Nomadism

These people use a type of subsistent agriculture is practiced in arid and semi-arid climates around the world. these people typically rely on the animals they farm for survival. They do this by using the meat of the animals for food and the hides for shelter. They are constantly moving themselves and their herd around and often trade their animal meat for crop.

Clustered (nucleated) Settlement

These settlements had groups of homes near each other in a village and fostered a strong sense of place and often shared of services, such as schools. Villagers raised crops and animals in the fields and pastures around their settlements. Soil types, climate, and labor force influenced the types of crops grown by residents of rural settlements and solid in local markets.

Hunters and Gatherers

They lived in small, mobile groups-approximately 30-50 people- who could move easily in search of food.

Ways Rich countries exploit Poor

They take advantage of the opportunity for inexpensive land and labor, and a favorable climate. In some situations, they also take advantage of weak labor and environmental laws, which allow them to reduce costs and increase profits.

VT zone 4

This ring was used for grazing of livestock, such as beef cattle. Livestock could be located farther from the market since they have lower transportation costs because farmers can walk them to market.

Extensive Commercial Agriculture

This type of farming uses low inputs of resources but has the goal of selling the product for profit.

VT zone 2

This zone includes forests. Wood was an extremely important resource in 1826, both as building material and as a source of fuel. It was believed that because wood was hard and expensive to transport, it would be harvested very close to the markets where it would be sold.

intensive agriculture

Those in which farmers or ranchers use large amounts of inputs, such as energy, fertilizers, labor, or machines, to maximize yields.

Cool Chains

Transportation networks that keep food cool throughout a trip.

extensive agriculture

Use fewer amounts of the inputs and typically result in less yields.

First (Neolithic) Agricultural Revolution

Was the origin of farming. It was marked by the domestication of plants and animals. Much of the farming that took place during this time was subsistence farming, when farmers consumed the crops that they raised using simple tools and manual labor.

VT zone 3

Wheat and corn were the focus of this VT zone. Though valuable, they did not perish as quickly as vegetables and milk and were not as difficult to transport as wood. In addition, corn can be used to feed live stock

Intercropping/Multi-cropping

When farmers grow two or more crops simultaneously on the same field. ex: A farmer might plant a legume crop alongside a cereal crop to add nitrogen to the soil and prevent soil erosion.

Free Market Economy

Where supply and demand, not government policy, determine the outcome of competition for land, the farmer who will have the greatest profit will pay the most at each location to occupy the land.

Dispersed Settlements

a pattern in which farmers lived in homes spread throughout the countryside. occur on other locations such as those with rugged/challenging environments. They encourage self sufficiency but make shared services difficult (schools, defense, etc).

Linear Settlements

a pattern of settlement in which building and human activities are organized along the lines of a river or a transportation route.

Commercial gardening

a type of intensive farming that uses large scale commercial vegetable gardens to grow fruits and veggies. The crop is shipped around in trucks which is where it gets its second name of truck farming.

Bid-rent Curve

can be used to determine the starting position for each land use relative to the market, as well as where each land use would end.

Public Land Survey (township and range) System

created rectangular plots of consistent size. The government organized land into townships, areas 6 miles long and 6 miles wide. Each square mile, or section, consisted of 640 acres, and it could be divided into smaller lots, such as half sections or quarter sections.

Commodity Chain

is a process used by firms to gather raw materials to transform them into goods or commodities and effectively add value to them.

Mediterranean Agriculture

is practiced in regions with hot, dry summers, mild winters, narrow valleys, and often some irrigation. Common crops grown include figs, dates, olives, and grapes.

Second Revolution advances

its a chart on page 294 sorry

Major Hearths (chart)

its on page 283 i can't put it on here sorry

Mixed Crop and Livestock

large scale type of farming that us an intensive commercial integrated system. It uses manure from livestock, who eat the crop to get fat, to fertilize the very same crop. does two jobs at once.

Dairy Farming

milk. big way to say they are commercially farming milk instead of having the small locally owned dairy farms selling milk like before.

Bid-rent Theory

the closer the land is to an urban center, the more valuable it is. A form of distance decay

Transhumance

the seasonal herding of animals from higher elevations in the summer to lower elevations and valleys in the winter