Mic-exam 2 ques.

Acute bacterial meningitis can begin with an infection caused by ____ that develops into a blood infection that then invades the meninges.

-N. meningitidis -H.influenza

Which of the following may result from untreated STDs in females?

-Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) -ectopic pregnancy -infertility

Swimmer's ear is commonly seen in children from swimming pools in the summer. It is often caused by _____.

-Streptococcus -Pseudomonas

Which one of the following pairs is matched?

-TSS-skin peeling -Gonorrhea-urethritis -Cat scratch fever-swollen lymph nodes

Which are types of anthrax infection?

-inhalation -intestinal -cutaneous

All the following are associated with hemolytic disease of the newborn

-it may occur if an Rh (-) female conceives a child who is Rh (+). -it involves a reaction between red blood cells and antibodies. -it can be prevented by using RhoGAM.

Which of the following are autoimmune diseases?

-myasthenia gravis -type I diabetes -systemic lupus erythematosus -rheumatoid arthritis

Often it may be necessary to add a substance to a vaccine to improve its ability to stimulate the immune system called a/an ____.

Adjuvant

Clostridium tetani grows in a/an _____ environment.

Anaerobic

Cases of rheumatic heart disease have decreased in recent years because of

Antibiotic treatment for strep throat

Hyperimmune serum is serum with a higher than normal level of _____.

Antibodies

Passive artificial immunity occurs in the body when a/an _____ is injected into the body.

Antibody-rich serum

_____ cells secrete antibodies that perform receptor functions by binding to antigen

B

The adaptive immune response consists of humoral immunity maintained by _____ and _____, and cell-mediated immunity controlled by _____.

B cells, antibodies, T cells

An early symptom of infection with ________ is a spreading bulls-eye rash at the site of a tick bite.

Borrelia burgdorferi

The cytotoxic T cells have a_____ co-receptor while the helper T cells have a _____ co-receptor.

CD8, CD4

What is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States?

Chlamydia

Gas gangrene is caused by which Clostridial species?

Clostridium perfringens

Diphtheria is caused by ______ diphtheriae.

Corynebacterium

The newest and safest vaccines under development are _____.

DNA vaccines

DTaP is a toxoid vaccine that prevents ______.

Diphteria

Hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome are associated with

E. Coli

________ is a tickborne pathogen that inhabits human leukocytes.

Ehrichia chaffeensis

Traveler's diarrhea is most often caused by a species of _____.

Escherichia

T/F A principal criterion for the diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis is observation of bacteria in a sample of urine.

FALSE

T/F Pertussis is most prevalent in individuals in 20-29 years of age

FALSE -10-14 YEARS OLD

T/F The causative agent of tuberculosis is a gram-negative rod that grows in lung tissue.

FALSE -BACTERIUM IS ACID-FAST

T/F An interesting aspect of Legionnaires' disease is that the bacterial cells exist in food.

FALSE -CELLS EXIST IN WATERBORNE PROTOZA

T/F The organism of meningococcal meningitis is a gram-positive diplococcus that is spread by respiratory droplets.

FALSE -IT IS GRAM NEGATIVE

Infections caused by rickettsias have a characteristic set of symptoms, including

Fever and rash

Botulism is an example of a _____.

Foodborne intoxication

Shigellosis is primarily a disease of the _____.

Gastrointestinal tract

Which of the following organisms cause necrotizing fasciitis, or the flesh-eating disease?

Group A streptococcus

The _____ cell contains on its surface a CD4 coreceptor protein that enhances binding to the macrophage.

Helper T

_____ implies that if enough people in a population are immunized against certain diseases, then it is very difficult for those diseases to spread.

Herd immunity

Which of the following has a conjugate vaccine combined with tetanus or diphtheria toxoid?

Hib

_____ is an exaggerated or inappropriate immune defense that is causing the problems in an affected individual.

Hypersensitivity

Resistance to disease in the passageways of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract is dependent on antibodies in the class _____.

IgA

The colostrum, or first milk of a nursing mother, contains _____ that is transferred to the nursing child.

IgA

The _____ class of immunoglobulins is the principal component of a secondary antibody response.

IgG

The maternal _____ antibodies remain with the child for approximately three to six months after birth providing immunity after birth.

IgG

Of the five classes of immunoglobulins,_____ and_____ are primary disease fighters, while secretory _____ is found on body (mucosal) surfaces.

IgG, IgM, IgA

The danger of attenuated vaccines is they should not be given to _____.

Immunocompromised patients

The bound naive helper T cell secretes _____ to help activate itself when it is bound to a macrophage.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2)

Which one of the following applies to the disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

It is often accompanied by a butterfly rash.

Which organism is found in the acidic vagina of women of reproductive age?

Lactobacillus

______ causes the most wide-spread zoonosis.

Leptospira interrogans

Which one of the following parts of the body is not associated with listeriosis?

Lungs

The formation of _____ by_____ directly lyses and kills pathogens.

Membrane Attack Complexes, complement

All forms of immunity depend on an exposure to antigens and a subsequent response by _____ cells.

Memory

Booster immunizations are used to raise the antibody level by stimulating the _____ cells to induce the secondary antibody response.

Memory

Antibodies produced by a single clone of myeloma cells are referred to as _____ antibodies.

Monoclonal

All the following are among the opportunistic organisms that may cause nosocomial disease

Mycobacterium leprae.

_____ acquired _____ immunity usually follows an obvious illness or it may follow a subclinical illness.

Naturally; active

The _____ is/are the most commonly infected region(S) of the respiratory tract.

Nose

If a serum is given to prevent a disease it is called a ______.

Prophylactic

Which of the skin microbiota is responsible for most cases of the inflammatory condition of acne?

Propionibacterium

An attenuated vaccine is one that

Provide life long immunity, contains live microbes or viruses, and is closest to natural pathogens

_____ T cells prevent autoreactive T cells from attacking self.

Regulatory

Which is a form of plague?

Relapsing

________ is characterized by periods of fever and chills when many spirochetes are present in the blood.

Relapsing fever

Streptococcus pyogenes is highly transmissible by _____.

Respiratory droplets

______ follows streptococcal diseases and appears to be consequences of immune complex formation in the kidneys or heart.

Rheumatic fever

Epidemic and endemic typhus and rickettsialpox are caused by different species of _____.

Rickettsia

Which one of the following genera is not associated with a foodborne intoxication?

Salmonella

Some strains of Streptococcus carry toxins that cause a pink red rash. This is called _____.

Scarlet fever

The cells of Leptospira interrogans, the causative agent of leptospirosis, have which cell shape?

Spirochete

Which of the following can be a cause of food poisoning?

Staphylococcus aureus

Impetigo is a skin disease caused by

Staphylococcus aureus.

Antigens that bind and crosslink an MHC protein and T cell receptor without any processing are known as _____.

Superantigens

Which of the following STIs start with a chancre, then a rash and if untreated results in gummas and death many years later?

Syphilis

T/F Acute sinusitis is commonly caused by members of the regions's indigenous microbiota

TRUE

T/F Cases of diphtheria often are accompanied by accumulation of a pseudomembrane in the upper respiratory tract.

TRUE

T/F Microbial colonization of the respiratory tract is usually limited to the upper respiratory tract.

TRUE

T/F Scattered patches of pneumonia in the respiratory passageways is referred to as bronchopneumonia.

TRUE

T/F The mortality rate for Q fever is generally low and treatment with doxycycline is effective.

TRUE

T/F The organisms that cause primary atypical pneumonia differ from other pneumonia organisms because they have no cell wall

TRUE

Which of the following is a soilborne disease?

Tentanus

_____ responds to, distinguish between and remember specific pathogens previously encountered.

The adaptive immune response

____ becomes activated to eliminate "nonself" cells, such as virus-infected cells or cancer cells.

The cell-mediated immune response

Why should you get a new influenza vaccine every year?

The viruses change rapidly

Why are inactivated vaccines safer than attenuated vaccines?

They can't mutate and cause disease

Lyme disease is transmitted by _____.

Ticks

T/F When the bacterial chromosome is being replicated, one new strand requires more activity of the primase enzyme than the other

True

Cases of cholera are caused by _____ cholerae.

Vibrio

_____ is a pathogen now endemic in the southwestern US in gophers and prairie dogs, and causes an ancient human disease.

Yersinia pestis

The condition known as pseudomembranous colitis is associated with

a response in the intestine to excessive antibiotic use.

An essential element of all allergy reactions is the

accumulation of IgE on the surfaces of mast cells and basophils.

A vaccination would be an example of _____ immunity that is ______ acquired.

active, artificially

It has been discovered that Helicobacter pylori is the major cause of ______.

acute gastritis, gastric ulcers and stomach cancer

Hashimoto disease and Graves disease are similar in that both

affect the thyroid gland.

Exercise sometimes also causes allergies, usually in the form of _____.

an asthma attack.

During the course of a Type IV, cellular hypersensitivity response,

an induration (skin thickening) and erythema may form

Systemic _____ is the most dangerous form of a Type I Hypersensitivity.

anaphylaxis

Conditions seen with the development of dental caries

buildup of plaque, dietary carbs, acidogenic bacterial species

Organisms that normally inhabit the body

cause endogenous diseases.

One could make a case for _____ being the most extensive diarrheal disease.

cholera

An infection of the bladder is termed

cystitis.

The transfusion reaction that arises from the mixing of incompatible blood types illustrates a/an

cytotoxic hypersensitivity

Which of the following is a cause of a secondary immunodeficiency?

damage after an infection, where the virus resembles self cells

What is the most common infectious disease today?

dental caries

Newborns exposed to Chlamydia trachomatis from an infected mother may experience

disease of the eyes or lungs.

The adaptive immune response usually involves protein receptors on B and T cells that recognize discrete regions of the antigen called _____.

epitopes

Brucellosis can be an occupational hazard of _____.

farmers, veterinarians and dairy workers

What are some of the initial symptoms in about 70% of people infected with HIV within the first few weeks?

flu-like symptoms, of fever, chills

A hyperbaric oxygen chamber may be used to treat a patient suffering from _____.

gas gangrene

The majority of bacterial species that cause foodborne and waterborne illnesses in humans are _____.

gram-negative rods

Bacillus anthracis cells are described as rod shaped cells which are

gram-positive spore forming

Antibodies contain two identical_____ chains, and two identical _____ chains.

heavy, light

The immune system originates with a primordial cell in the fetus known as the _____ stem cell.

hematopoietic

The scalded skin syndrome is generally associated with

high mortality rates in untreated cases.

The most important preformed mediator of allergic reactions is/are _____.

histamine

Which is the most common food causing infant botulism?

honey

_____ is a widespread and highly contagious staphylococcal skin disease with thin-walled blisters oozing a yellowish fluid that forms a crust.

impetigo

The rapid plasma reagin test and VDRL test are both used _____.

in the diagnosis of syphilis.

Which group of people would be more susceptable to intestinal infections?

infants

What is the advantage of a recombinant subunit vaccine?

it cant cause disease, adverse reactions are rare b/c only the important subunits of the antigen are included, and the vaccine is not made from blood fragments

Currently, the most common arthropodborne disease in the United States is _____.

lyme disease

DiGeorge syndrome and X-linked (Bruton) agammaglobulinemia differ in the

lymphocytes that the body fails to produce.

The major histocompatibility complex antigens may be found

on the surface of body cells

What is the best treatment for cholera?

oral rehydration

Cytotoxic T cells release which 2 toxic proteins as they fight target cells?

perforin and granzymes

In the body's immune system, _____ are the major producers of secreted antibodies.

plasma cells

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease refers to a condition wherein a patient cannot

produce T and B cells.

Tularemia is also called _____ fever.

rabbit

Which of the following is NOT a way to prevent food from being contaminated?

re-freeze food after cooking

In Type I hypersensitivity the first dose of antigen is the _____.

sensitizing dose

antimicrobial defense mechanisms in the urethra

shedding of cells in the mucosal lining and bacteria with urination

Two methods for transmitting leprosy are

skin contact and respiratory droplets.

In which disease does the toxin act at the neuromuscular junction, preventing the release of neurotransmitters needed to inhibit muscle contraction.

tetanus

All the following apply to trachoma

the agent of the disease is Treponema pertenue.

Where do the indigenous microbiota come from to repopulate the gut after diarrhea?

the appendix

Of the hemolytic groups of streptococci, _____ is the most dangerous because the organisms completely destroy red blood cells.

the beta hemolytic group

Ehrlichiosis is transmitted by _____ and infects _____.

ticks; leukocytes

The unique sets of proteins that present antigens on the surfaces of body cells are

toll-like receptors

Which one of the following would not be recognized as an antigen?

toxin, virus, bacteria cell

A/an _____ vaccine contains inactivated toxins.

toxoid

An example of infection allergy is the _______

tuberculin test positive response.

John Snow was able to correlate the spread of cholera with a contaminated _____ in London in 1866.

water pump