Mic-exam 2 ques.
Acute bacterial meningitis can begin with an infection caused by ____ that develops into a blood infection that then invades the meninges.
-N. meningitidis -H.influenza
Which of the following may result from untreated STDs in females?
-Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) -ectopic pregnancy -infertility
Swimmer's ear is commonly seen in children from swimming pools in the summer. It is often caused by _____.
-Streptococcus -Pseudomonas
Which one of the following pairs is matched?
-TSS-skin peeling -Gonorrhea-urethritis -Cat scratch fever-swollen lymph nodes
Which are types of anthrax infection?
-inhalation -intestinal -cutaneous
All the following are associated with hemolytic disease of the newborn
-it may occur if an Rh (-) female conceives a child who is Rh (+). -it involves a reaction between red blood cells and antibodies. -it can be prevented by using RhoGAM.
Which of the following are autoimmune diseases?
-myasthenia gravis -type I diabetes -systemic lupus erythematosus -rheumatoid arthritis
Often it may be necessary to add a substance to a vaccine to improve its ability to stimulate the immune system called a/an ____.
Adjuvant
Clostridium tetani grows in a/an _____ environment.
Anaerobic
Cases of rheumatic heart disease have decreased in recent years because of
Antibiotic treatment for strep throat
Hyperimmune serum is serum with a higher than normal level of _____.
Antibodies
Passive artificial immunity occurs in the body when a/an _____ is injected into the body.
Antibody-rich serum
_____ cells secrete antibodies that perform receptor functions by binding to antigen
B
The adaptive immune response consists of humoral immunity maintained by _____ and _____, and cell-mediated immunity controlled by _____.
B cells, antibodies, T cells
An early symptom of infection with ________ is a spreading bulls-eye rash at the site of a tick bite.
Borrelia burgdorferi
The cytotoxic T cells have a_____ co-receptor while the helper T cells have a _____ co-receptor.
CD8, CD4
What is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States?
Chlamydia
Gas gangrene is caused by which Clostridial species?
Clostridium perfringens
Diphtheria is caused by ______ diphtheriae.
Corynebacterium
The newest and safest vaccines under development are _____.
DNA vaccines
DTaP is a toxoid vaccine that prevents ______.
Diphteria
Hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome are associated with
E. Coli
________ is a tickborne pathogen that inhabits human leukocytes.
Ehrichia chaffeensis
Traveler's diarrhea is most often caused by a species of _____.
Escherichia
T/F A principal criterion for the diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis is observation of bacteria in a sample of urine.
FALSE
T/F Pertussis is most prevalent in individuals in 20-29 years of age
FALSE -10-14 YEARS OLD
T/F The causative agent of tuberculosis is a gram-negative rod that grows in lung tissue.
FALSE -BACTERIUM IS ACID-FAST
T/F An interesting aspect of Legionnaires' disease is that the bacterial cells exist in food.
FALSE -CELLS EXIST IN WATERBORNE PROTOZA
T/F The organism of meningococcal meningitis is a gram-positive diplococcus that is spread by respiratory droplets.
FALSE -IT IS GRAM NEGATIVE
Infections caused by rickettsias have a characteristic set of symptoms, including
Fever and rash
Botulism is an example of a _____.
Foodborne intoxication
Shigellosis is primarily a disease of the _____.
Gastrointestinal tract
Which of the following organisms cause necrotizing fasciitis, or the flesh-eating disease?
Group A streptococcus
The _____ cell contains on its surface a CD4 coreceptor protein that enhances binding to the macrophage.
Helper T
_____ implies that if enough people in a population are immunized against certain diseases, then it is very difficult for those diseases to spread.
Herd immunity
Which of the following has a conjugate vaccine combined with tetanus or diphtheria toxoid?
Hib
_____ is an exaggerated or inappropriate immune defense that is causing the problems in an affected individual.
Hypersensitivity
Resistance to disease in the passageways of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract is dependent on antibodies in the class _____.
IgA
The colostrum, or first milk of a nursing mother, contains _____ that is transferred to the nursing child.
IgA
The _____ class of immunoglobulins is the principal component of a secondary antibody response.
IgG
The maternal _____ antibodies remain with the child for approximately three to six months after birth providing immunity after birth.
IgG
Of the five classes of immunoglobulins,_____ and_____ are primary disease fighters, while secretory _____ is found on body (mucosal) surfaces.
IgG, IgM, IgA
The danger of attenuated vaccines is they should not be given to _____.
Immunocompromised patients
The bound naive helper T cell secretes _____ to help activate itself when it is bound to a macrophage.
Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
Which one of the following applies to the disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
It is often accompanied by a butterfly rash.
Which organism is found in the acidic vagina of women of reproductive age?
Lactobacillus
______ causes the most wide-spread zoonosis.
Leptospira interrogans
Which one of the following parts of the body is not associated with listeriosis?
Lungs
The formation of _____ by_____ directly lyses and kills pathogens.
Membrane Attack Complexes, complement
All forms of immunity depend on an exposure to antigens and a subsequent response by _____ cells.
Memory
Booster immunizations are used to raise the antibody level by stimulating the _____ cells to induce the secondary antibody response.
Memory
Antibodies produced by a single clone of myeloma cells are referred to as _____ antibodies.
Monoclonal
All the following are among the opportunistic organisms that may cause nosocomial disease
Mycobacterium leprae.
_____ acquired _____ immunity usually follows an obvious illness or it may follow a subclinical illness.
Naturally; active
The _____ is/are the most commonly infected region(S) of the respiratory tract.
Nose
If a serum is given to prevent a disease it is called a ______.
Prophylactic
Which of the skin microbiota is responsible for most cases of the inflammatory condition of acne?
Propionibacterium
An attenuated vaccine is one that
Provide life long immunity, contains live microbes or viruses, and is closest to natural pathogens
_____ T cells prevent autoreactive T cells from attacking self.
Regulatory
Which is a form of plague?
Relapsing
________ is characterized by periods of fever and chills when many spirochetes are present in the blood.
Relapsing fever
Streptococcus pyogenes is highly transmissible by _____.
Respiratory droplets
______ follows streptococcal diseases and appears to be consequences of immune complex formation in the kidneys or heart.
Rheumatic fever
Epidemic and endemic typhus and rickettsialpox are caused by different species of _____.
Rickettsia
Which one of the following genera is not associated with a foodborne intoxication?
Salmonella
Some strains of Streptococcus carry toxins that cause a pink red rash. This is called _____.
Scarlet fever
The cells of Leptospira interrogans, the causative agent of leptospirosis, have which cell shape?
Spirochete
Which of the following can be a cause of food poisoning?
Staphylococcus aureus
Impetigo is a skin disease caused by
Staphylococcus aureus.
Antigens that bind and crosslink an MHC protein and T cell receptor without any processing are known as _____.
Superantigens
Which of the following STIs start with a chancre, then a rash and if untreated results in gummas and death many years later?
Syphilis
T/F Acute sinusitis is commonly caused by members of the regions's indigenous microbiota
TRUE
T/F Cases of diphtheria often are accompanied by accumulation of a pseudomembrane in the upper respiratory tract.
TRUE
T/F Microbial colonization of the respiratory tract is usually limited to the upper respiratory tract.
TRUE
T/F Scattered patches of pneumonia in the respiratory passageways is referred to as bronchopneumonia.
TRUE
T/F The mortality rate for Q fever is generally low and treatment with doxycycline is effective.
TRUE
T/F The organisms that cause primary atypical pneumonia differ from other pneumonia organisms because they have no cell wall
TRUE
Which of the following is a soilborne disease?
Tentanus
_____ responds to, distinguish between and remember specific pathogens previously encountered.
The adaptive immune response
____ becomes activated to eliminate "nonself" cells, such as virus-infected cells or cancer cells.
The cell-mediated immune response
Why should you get a new influenza vaccine every year?
The viruses change rapidly
Why are inactivated vaccines safer than attenuated vaccines?
They can't mutate and cause disease
Lyme disease is transmitted by _____.
Ticks
T/F When the bacterial chromosome is being replicated, one new strand requires more activity of the primase enzyme than the other
True
Cases of cholera are caused by _____ cholerae.
Vibrio
_____ is a pathogen now endemic in the southwestern US in gophers and prairie dogs, and causes an ancient human disease.
Yersinia pestis
The condition known as pseudomembranous colitis is associated with
a response in the intestine to excessive antibiotic use.
An essential element of all allergy reactions is the
accumulation of IgE on the surfaces of mast cells and basophils.
A vaccination would be an example of _____ immunity that is ______ acquired.
active, artificially
It has been discovered that Helicobacter pylori is the major cause of ______.
acute gastritis, gastric ulcers and stomach cancer
Hashimoto disease and Graves disease are similar in that both
affect the thyroid gland.
Exercise sometimes also causes allergies, usually in the form of _____.
an asthma attack.
During the course of a Type IV, cellular hypersensitivity response,
an induration (skin thickening) and erythema may form
Systemic _____ is the most dangerous form of a Type I Hypersensitivity.
anaphylaxis
Conditions seen with the development of dental caries
buildup of plaque, dietary carbs, acidogenic bacterial species
Organisms that normally inhabit the body
cause endogenous diseases.
One could make a case for _____ being the most extensive diarrheal disease.
cholera
An infection of the bladder is termed
cystitis.
The transfusion reaction that arises from the mixing of incompatible blood types illustrates a/an
cytotoxic hypersensitivity
Which of the following is a cause of a secondary immunodeficiency?
damage after an infection, where the virus resembles self cells
What is the most common infectious disease today?
dental caries
Newborns exposed to Chlamydia trachomatis from an infected mother may experience
disease of the eyes or lungs.
The adaptive immune response usually involves protein receptors on B and T cells that recognize discrete regions of the antigen called _____.
epitopes
Brucellosis can be an occupational hazard of _____.
farmers, veterinarians and dairy workers
What are some of the initial symptoms in about 70% of people infected with HIV within the first few weeks?
flu-like symptoms, of fever, chills
A hyperbaric oxygen chamber may be used to treat a patient suffering from _____.
gas gangrene
The majority of bacterial species that cause foodborne and waterborne illnesses in humans are _____.
gram-negative rods
Bacillus anthracis cells are described as rod shaped cells which are
gram-positive spore forming
Antibodies contain two identical_____ chains, and two identical _____ chains.
heavy, light
The immune system originates with a primordial cell in the fetus known as the _____ stem cell.
hematopoietic
The scalded skin syndrome is generally associated with
high mortality rates in untreated cases.
The most important preformed mediator of allergic reactions is/are _____.
histamine
Which is the most common food causing infant botulism?
honey
_____ is a widespread and highly contagious staphylococcal skin disease with thin-walled blisters oozing a yellowish fluid that forms a crust.
impetigo
The rapid plasma reagin test and VDRL test are both used _____.
in the diagnosis of syphilis.
Which group of people would be more susceptable to intestinal infections?
infants
What is the advantage of a recombinant subunit vaccine?
it cant cause disease, adverse reactions are rare b/c only the important subunits of the antigen are included, and the vaccine is not made from blood fragments
Currently, the most common arthropodborne disease in the United States is _____.
lyme disease
DiGeorge syndrome and X-linked (Bruton) agammaglobulinemia differ in the
lymphocytes that the body fails to produce.
The major histocompatibility complex antigens may be found
on the surface of body cells
What is the best treatment for cholera?
oral rehydration
Cytotoxic T cells release which 2 toxic proteins as they fight target cells?
perforin and granzymes
In the body's immune system, _____ are the major producers of secreted antibodies.
plasma cells
Severe combined immunodeficiency disease refers to a condition wherein a patient cannot
produce T and B cells.
Tularemia is also called _____ fever.
rabbit
Which of the following is NOT a way to prevent food from being contaminated?
re-freeze food after cooking
In Type I hypersensitivity the first dose of antigen is the _____.
sensitizing dose
antimicrobial defense mechanisms in the urethra
shedding of cells in the mucosal lining and bacteria with urination
Two methods for transmitting leprosy are
skin contact and respiratory droplets.
In which disease does the toxin act at the neuromuscular junction, preventing the release of neurotransmitters needed to inhibit muscle contraction.
tetanus
All the following apply to trachoma
the agent of the disease is Treponema pertenue.
Where do the indigenous microbiota come from to repopulate the gut after diarrhea?
the appendix
Of the hemolytic groups of streptococci, _____ is the most dangerous because the organisms completely destroy red blood cells.
the beta hemolytic group
Ehrlichiosis is transmitted by _____ and infects _____.
ticks; leukocytes
The unique sets of proteins that present antigens on the surfaces of body cells are
toll-like receptors
Which one of the following would not be recognized as an antigen?
toxin, virus, bacteria cell
A/an _____ vaccine contains inactivated toxins.
toxoid
An example of infection allergy is the _______
tuberculin test positive response.
John Snow was able to correlate the spread of cholera with a contaminated _____ in London in 1866.
water pump