Microbiology Chapter 5

The initials used for cytopathic effects are ______________.

CPEs

Which of the following term describes the total nucleic content of a virus? a. DNA b. mRNA c. Chromosome d. Gene e. Capsid f. Genome

Genome

The viral process of attaching to the host cell receptor for the virus is called ____________.

adsoprtion

Which of the following describes the various viral "parts" coming together to produce virus particles? a. absorption b. penetration c. release d. assembly

assembly

During the release stage of the viral multiplication cycle, enveloped viruses leave their host cells through ______________, or exocytosis.

budding

Viral DNA polymerase genes are expressed during the __________ stage of the synthesis phase of the viral life cycle. a. early b. late

early

Comparing viral and bacterial genomes, viruses have _______ genes. a. more b. fewer c. the same number of

fewer

A geometric viral form having 20 faces and 12 corners is called a(n) ____________.

icosahedron

The persistence of bacteriophages within host cells is called _____________.

lysogeny

Which of the following terms is used to describe a viral RNA genome which CANNOT be immediately translated into protein? a. transcription b. negative sense c. neutral sense d. positive sense

negative sense

The term for a virus that can cause tumors is _____________.

oncovirus

Which of the following would you expect to see from bacteriophage propagation? a. multinucleated cells b. plaques c. clumping of cells d. lesions

plaques

Phage DNA that is latently incorporated into the bacterial host genome is called a ______.

prophage

Capsomeres are composed of ___________.

proteins

Viruses are classified based on genetic makeup, chemical composition, and ______________ . a. pathogenic potential b. geographic potential c. structure

structure

The term for a large multinucleated cell that forms when a virus induces multiple cells to fuse is a(n) ____________.

syncytium

Which of the following are properties of bacterial cells but not viruses? Check all that apply a. are responsible for many infectious diseases b. contain ribosomes for protein synthesis c. are able to make ATP for energy d. nucleic acid is double stranded DNA

-contain ribosomes for protein synthesis -are able to make ATP for energy

Identify all the methods that a virus can use to gain entry into an animal cell. check all that apply a. fusion of the viral envelope and the cell membrane b. engulfment/ phagocytosis of the virus c. injection of viral nucleic acids across the cell membrane

-fusion of hte viral envelope and the cell membrane -engulfment/ phagocytosis of the virus

A virus with a rod shaped capsomere has a(n) ____________ capsid, while a virus with a capsid arranged as a multifaceted polygon has a(n) _______ capsid.

-helical -icosahedral

Capsids of ____ helical viruses are rigid and tight, while capsids of _______ helical viruses are flexible and loose.

-naked -enveloped

Order the following microbes from smallest size to largest. a. yeast cell b. polio virus c. streptococcus cell

-polio virus -streptococcus cell -yeast cell

In which of the following ways are enveloped animal viruses released from the host cell? Check all that apply a. released from the endoplasmic reticulum b. lyse cell by releasing lysosome contents c. bud off the cell membrane d. burst the membrane after making holes

-released from the endoplasmic reticulum -bud off the cell membrane

Which of the following are cytopathic effects in virally infected animal cells? Check all that apply. a. prions b. syncytia c. inclusion bodies d. viroids e. virus associated proteins

-syncytia -inclusion bodies

_________ phages enter the prophage state, while _____ phages burst the host cell. a. temperate, lytic b. lytic, temperate

-temperate -lytic

Which of the following is the term for an animal virus that has integrated its DNA into the DNA of a host cell? a. latent virus b. provirus c. indirect virus d. prophage

Provirus

List the correct order of a viral life cycle phases, starting with the first at the top. a. adsorption b. penetration/uncoating c. release d. synthesis e. assembly

adsorption penetration uncoating synthesis assembly release

New virions are built from their components during the ___________ phase of the viral life cycle.

assembly

Any virus that specifically infects bacteria is called a(n) ____________

bacteriophage

During the release stage of the viral multiplication cycle, enveloped viruses leave their host cells through _________________, or exocytosis.

budding

The structure directly surrounding the viral nucleic acid is the _____________, a coat of proteins.

capsid

Which is closest in physical proximity to the nucleic acid of a virus? a. envelope b. spike c. capsid

capsid

Which of the following is considered a monomer (a single unit) of a capsid? a. phospholipid b. capsidomer c. capsomer d. amino acid

capsomer

Which of the following is the monomeric unit of a viral capsid? a. fiber b. facet c. capsomere d. protein e. amino acid

capsomere

Mad cow diseases can be transmitted to humans through _____________ of infected beef. a. consumption b. handling c. cooking

consumtion

In the disease condition known as bovine spongiform encephalopathy, what does "bovine" mean? a. brain b. cow c. liver d. a region of the spine

cow

Syncytia and inclusion bodies are two types of __________ effects in virus infected cells.

cytopathic

Most RNA viruses will assemble the virion within the host cells ____________.

cytoplasm

Most bacteriophages contain which type of nucleic acid? a. dsRNA b. dsDNA c. ssDNA d. ssRNA

dsDNA

The best method to visualize viruses is __________ microscopy. a. phase contrast b. light c. electron d. fluorescence

electron

The 2 principal processes by which viruses penetrate host cells are ___ (engulfment) and direct fusion.

endocytosis

The type of penetration that occurs when viruses are taken into the cell followed by engulfment in a vacuole or vesicle is called ______________.

endocytosis

Naked viruses do not possess a(n) ___________.

envelope

Naked viruses do not possess a(n) _____________.

envelope

A virus that has a membranous layer external to the nucleocapsid is called a(n) _____________ virus.

enveloped

True or False: The viral envelope and the capsid are the same thing?

false

True or false: Antibiotics are an effective treatment for most viral infections.

false

True or false: Most bacteria engulf bacteriophages as part of the phage replication strategy

false

The total nucleic acid content of a virus can be referred to as the viral _______________.

genome

Viral transformation by oncogenic viruses implies that the ___________. a. viral capsid and/or spikes are changed b. virus bring exogenous DNA c. host cell is changed d. viral genome is changed

host cell is changed

Which of the following is a term used to describe the different host cells which a virus can infect? a. spread b. host range c. virus range d. compatible range

host range

If the term "dead" is used to describe a particular bacterial cell then the term _______________ would be used to describe a virus in a similar condition.

inactive

Viruses are best described as _____________ rather than "dead". a. attenuated b. inactive c. alive

inactive

Which of the following is a mass of viruses or damaged organelles caused by viral infection of a cell? a. inclusion body b. syncytium c. giant cell

inclusion body

A prophage is activated and enters the lytic cycle through the process called _____________.

induction

Lysogeny is best described as _________. a. replication of virions b. lysis of the host cell c. fragmentation of the host chromosome d. integration of the viral genome into the host chromosome

integration of the viral genome into the host chromosome

The term used to describe the physical rupture of a cell is ___________.

lyse

When a bacterium acquires a new trait from its temperate phage it is called __________. a. cytopathic effects b. oncogenic transformation c. lysogenic conversion d. prophage expression

lysogenic conversion

Which of the following describes a process of bacteriophage infection which could result in a new disease trait (such as a toxin) in the infected bacterium? a. lysogenic conversion b. latency c. exocytosis d. lysogeny

lysogenic conversion

A nonenveloped virus is also called a(n) ___________ virus. a. naked b. helical c. icosahedral

naked

Pick the size unit which is best applied to the viruses. a. micrometer b. meter c. picometer d. nanometer

nanometer

At minimum, all viruses are composed of _______. check all that apply a. nucleic acids b. carbohydrates c. lipids d. proteins

nucleic acids and proteins

Together, the capsid and nucleic acid of a virus are called the ___________.

nucleocapsid

Where are most DNA viruses replicated and assembled within the host? a. nucleus b. cytoplasm c. rough ER

nucleus

All viruses must infect a host cell to replicate, and therefore, they are referred to as ______________ intracellular parasites.

obligate

Viruses that lead to cancer in infected hosts are called ______________

oncogenic

Viruses which can lead to cancer are called _________. a. oncoviruses b. carcinoviruses c. persistent viruses d. cancerviruses

oncoviruses

Viruses have tropisms that is they can infect _______________. a. all cells in certain organisms b. cells that are already infected c. both animal and plant cells d. only cells of a certain tissue type

only cells of a certain tissue type

Which of the following best describes the relationship between viruses and their host cell? a. commensalism b. parasitism c. mutualism

parasitism

Infections in which cells harbor the virus but are not immediately lysed are called _________ infections.

persistent

A clear area where virus-infected monolayers of cells have been disrupted or destroyed is called a(n) ___________.

plaque

An infectious agent made up of only protein and associated with spongiform encephalopathies in a(n) ___________.

prion

Toxins of the bacteria responsible for diphtheria, cholera, and botulism are actually produced by __________. a. co-occurring bacteria b. prophages c. viruses d. protozoan hosts

prophages

Capsomeres are composed of _____________.

protein

Prions are composed entirely of what molecule? a. protein b. nucleic acid c. neither protein nor nucleic acid

protein

Because it synthesizes DNA directly from RNA using reverse transcriptase, HIV is described as _____________________.

retrovirus

In some viruses, including HIV, transcription of RNA into DNA is carried out by the enzyme ______________ ______________.

reverse transcriptase

Which of the following is an enzyme found in HIV that is responsible for converting its RNA genome into a DNA genome? a. reverse transcriptase b. reverse polymerase c. retro transcriptase d. auto convertase

reverse transcriptase

A noncellular infectious agent that depends on other viruses for replication is known as a(n) ____________ virus.

satellite

When individual viral genes exist on separate pieces of genomic RNA, the genome is said to be _____________. a. segmented b. retroviral c. positive sense d. negative sense

segmented

Viral glycoproteins that protrude from the viral envelope and attach to host cell receptors are termed _____________.

spikes

Which disease is characterized by brain tissue pathology due to prions? a. Hepatitis B b. acquired immunodeficiency syndrome c. spongiform encephalopathy

spongiform ecephalopathy

Which of the following diseases are caused by prions? a. rocky mountain spotted fever b. spongiform encephalopathy c. rheumatoid arthritis d. pneumonia

spongiform encephalopathy

Which of the following is a multinucleated mass of cells caused by viral infection. a. syncytium b. oncovirus c. inclusion body

syncytium

Unlike cellular organisms, viruses are unable to ___________. a. cause true disease b. replicate within a host cell c. synthesize their own proteins d. attack cells of the human immune system

synthesize their own proteins

The complete set of viruses that are associated with the human body is termed the human ____________. a. viroid b. virome c. genome d. bacteriophage

virome

What is the term for a type of virus that parasitizes other viruses infecting the same host cell? a. lysogen b. bacteriophage c. oncophage d. virophage e. prophage

virophage

Which of the following is true regarding viruses? a. viruses are single celled b. viruses are not cellular c. though not strictly cellular, viruses are very similar to cells in their structure

viruses are not cellular

Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding viruses and yeast cells? a. viruses are smaller than yeast cells b. yeast cells are smaller than viruses c. viruses and yeast cells are similar in size

viruses are smaller than yeast cells

Which facts best support he position that viruses are not living organisms. Check all that apply a. Viruses are not prokaryotic b. viruses cannot reproduce on their own c. viruses do not have any means of independent metabolism d. viruses are small e. viruses are agents of disease

- viruses cannot reproduce on their own -viruses do not have any means of independent metabolism

Viruses can cause cancer by _________. Check all that apply a. remaining dormant in the chromosome b. causing a loss of growth regulation c. causing syncytia to form in some cells d. introducing oncogenes to a host cell

-causing a loss of growth regulation -introducing oncogenes to a host cell

The uncoating step in a viral life cycle, where the genome is released from the capsid, is not required in a bacteriophage because ___________. a. phage capsids are much less sturdy than animal virus capsids b. the phage genome is directly injected into the cell cytoplasm c. phage capsids are resistant to the degradative effects of lysosomes d. phage don't have membranes on the outside of their capsid to be removed

the phage genome is directly injected into the cell cytoplasm

Which term describes the effect of an oncogenic virus on host cells ? a. lysogeny b. transduction c. transformation

transformation

Positive-sense RNA is RNA that can be immediately ______________. a. replicated into negative sense RNA b. translated into protein c. replicated into positive sense RNA d. reverse transcribed into DNA

translated into protein

True or False: bacteriophages can increase the pathogenicity of their bacterial host.

true

True or false: Viral nucleic acid may be single-stranded or double stranded DNA or RNA.

true

True or false: Viruses can contain either DNA or RNA, but not both.

true

A bacteriophage that does not immediately lyse or change the appearance of host cells is called a(n) ______________ phage.

temperate

A bacteriophage that incorporates itself into the host genome as a lysogenic prophage is called a(n) ______phage.

temperate

What name is give to a phage "type" which can incorporate itself into the host genome as a lysogenic prophage? a. temperate b. lysogenic c. lytic d. latent e. prophage

temperate

True or false: bacteriophages can contain double stranded DNA or single stranded DNA or RNA.

true

Which term describes the process of a virus losing its capsid (and envelope, if it has one) and exposing viral nucleic acids to the immediate environment. a. absorption b. uncoating c. release d. shedding

uncoating

A fully formed infectious virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell is referred to as a ____________. a. serotype b. hapten c. virion d. prion

virion

An infectious agent that lacks a capsid and merely consists of a strand of RNA is called a(n) ---------------------

viroid

Naked strands of RNA, lacking a capsid and cost of any type, are called ____________.

viroid

Which of the following is composed of only RNA? a. virus b. bacterium c. viroid d. prion

viroid