Microbiology Final Review

enzymes that speed up a chemical reaction in a cell are usually comprised of _____________

proteins

algae and protozoa are also referred to as ________________

protists

synthesis reaction

reactants are combined to form a product

decomposition reaction

reactants are separated to make multiple products

without microorganisms, substances required for human life such as O2 and organic nitrogen would _____________

run out

molecules that pass freely through a lipid bilayer can move across the cytoplasmic membrane by ________________ diffusion

simple

antiseptics are used to decrease the number of bacteria on __________ to prepare for invasive procedures

skin of the patient

although stocks of the causative agent still exist, humans have eradicated which of the following diseases -aids -smallpox -cholera -bubonic plague

smallpox

in the name escherichia coli K12, the part after the species is the __________ designation

strain

DNA is a double-stranded helical structure; the backbone of each strand is a series of alternating __________ and _________ units

sugar and phosphate

lactose

sugar naturally present in milk

describe the transition step and the tricarboxylic acid cycle

the transition step converts the pyruvate from glycolysis into acetyl-CoA the TCA cycle oxidizes a 2-carbon acetyl group to release two molecules of CO2 together they generate the most reducing power of all the central metabolic pathways

the human microbiome project __________

used DNA sequencing to characterize microbial communities that inhabit the human body

rank the following from highest to lowest magnifying capability -light microscope -atomic force microscope -electron microscope

-atomic force microscope -electron microscope -light microscope

which microorganisms lack a membrane-bound nucleus

-bacteria -archaea

which of the following are found in DNA nucleotides -deoxyribose -thymine -guanine -ribose -uracil -adenine -cytosine

-deoxyribose -thymine -guanine -adenine -cytosine

which of the following are groupings of cells resulting from the division process -grape-like clusters -chains -coccobacilli -diplococci -cubical packets

-grape-like clusters -chains -diplococci -cubical packets

algae are ________

-single-celled, photosynthetic eukaryotes -multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes

unlike the term microorganism, the word microbe also includes __________

viruses

which of the following is/are true regarding viruses -viruses can only multiply within host cells -viruses are composed of cells -outside of host cells, viruses are inactive

-viruses can only multiply within host cells -outside of host cells, viruses are inactive

RNA differs from DNA in which ways

RNA has uracil instead of thymine and RNA has the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose

what enzyme binds to a DNA promoter region to initiate transcription

RNA polymerase

ozone

a strong oxidizing agent

the critical site of an enzyme to which a substrate binds by weak forces is called _________ _________

active site

polyadenylation

adenine derivatives at the 3' end

polypeptides are chains of ________ that have been joined together by peptide bonds

amino acids

when a molecule other than O2 serves as the terminal electron acceptor for the ETC, the organism is utilizing _____________ respiration

anaerobic

is Cl- a cation or anion

anion

as a general rule, proteins from thermophiles _______________

are not denatured at high temperatures

what term is used to describe organisms that use CO2 as a carbon source

autotrophs

which of the following are medically relevant endospore-producing genera -bacillus -mycobacterium -clostridium -escherichia

bacillus clostridium

unlike other organisms, most ___________ have cell walls that contain peptidoglycan

bacteria

which of the following are manufactured by microbial fermentation -beer -ice cream -cheese -yogurt -fresh milk

beer cheese yogurt

using microorganisms to degrade toxic chemical spills is an example of __________

bioremediation

maltose

breakdown product of starch

is Na+ a cation or anion

cation

an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in england was controlled by ____________

destroying millions of pig, sheep, and cattle

describe respiration

electrons extracted from glucose are transferred to the ETC the ETC uses the electrons to generate a proton motive force that can be used to generate ATP

what is true regarding forms of energy

energy can be changed from one form to another

a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA can result in a change in the ____________

folding of a polypeptide amino acid sequence of a protein

an endospore can survive harsh conditions and _________, or exit the dormant stage

germinate

an extreme ____________ specifically requires a high concentration of salt for growth

halophile

bacteria such as staphylococcus that can tolerate high salt concentrations found on human skin are _______________

halotolerant

john tyndall's experiments in the 1800s showed that microorganisms remained in some broths even after boiling for 5 hours. he later realized that the results of his experiment were due to the presence of endospores. pasteur might have had results similar to tyndall's if he had used which materials to make his broths?

hay soil

it is important to minimize the number of pathogens in health-care settings due to the risk of ____________ - associated infections

healthcare

an organism that must consume organic matter is called a(n) ___________________

heterotroph

mesophile

human body

phospholipids have a polar phosphate head that is __________ and a non-polar lipid tails that are ___________

hydrophilic hydrophobic

order of events of transcription

initiation elongation termination

describe a petri dish

it is a two part covered container made of plastic or glass, it excludes airborne contaminants, and a culture medium in a petri dish can be referred to as a plate of that medium

autotrophs use CO2 to synthesize organic compounds; describe the process

it often involves the calvin cycle called carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, the process is called the light-independent reactions

___________ phase describes the initial phase after bacterial cells are placed into a new environment and are gearing up for cell division, but their numbers have not yet increased

lag

the outer membrane of a gram-negative cell is a lipid bilayer that contains ______________

lipopolysaccharide

the series of sequential chemical reactions in a cell that converts a starting compound to an end product is called a ____________ pathway

metabolic pathway

cap

methylated guanine derivative at the 5' end

which of the following are characteristics of protozoa -multicellular eukaryotes -microscopic -possess a rigid cell wall -single-celled eukaryotes

microscopic single-celled eukaryotes

modern-day bacterial endosymbionts in eukaryotic cells have similarities to ______________

mitochondria and chloroplasts

a concentrated culture of cells will take ___________ time to kill than a dilute culture of the same organisms

more

compared to a typical prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic cell is generally much ________

more complex larger

electron

negatively charged particle

what microbes are highly resistant to chemical control methods

non-enveloped viruses bacterial endospores protozoan cysts and oocysts mycobacterium species

organisms that populate the human body and which protect it from disease are termed _______________ _________________

normal microbiota

the class of molecules that encode the genetic information of the cell is called ___________ ______________

nucleic acid

all DNA nucleotides contain the same deoxyribose and phosphate group but different ....

nucleobases

the _______ sequence of DNA encodes the ________ sequence of protein

nucleotide; amino acid

___________ is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

osmosis

a __________ is the term used for any disease-causing microorganism

pathogen

the chemical bond between the carbon and nitrogen of two amino acids is specifically referred to as a(n) ___________ bond

peptide

the strength of the bacterial cell wall is due to the layer of _____________

peptidoglycan

an autotrophic organism that uses light for energy and carbon dioxide as a carbon source is termed a _____________

photoautotrophs

a _________ is a circular DNA molecule that is smaller than the chromosome and typically encodes non-essential characteristics that can be advantageous to a cell

plasmid

protron

positively charged particle

in living organisms, carbohydrates play important roles in all of the following EXCEPT -energy source and storage -primary structure of the cell membrane -component of genetic material -carbon source for biosynthesis -structural component of cell walls

primary structure of the cell membrane

psychrotroph

refrigeration

what term is used to describe a group of microbes co-existing in polymer-encased communities

biofilm

microorganisms are useful in the study of higher life forms for which of the following reasons -there are fewer species of microorganisms, so studying them is simpler -microorganisms have the same basic metabolic mechanisms -microorganisms multiply quickly -microorganisms lack cells, making them easier to observe with a microscope -microorganisms are cheaper to study -microorganisms have the same fundamental genetic properties

-microorganisms have the same basic metabolic mechanisms -microorganisms have the same fundamental genetic properties -microorganisms multiply quickly

when viewed using a microscope, the object is magnified by a factor equal to the product of the magnifying powers of the _________ lens and the _________ lens

ocular and objective

why are cells sometimes difficult to see in a wet mount

some are transparent some move quickly

what happens to glucose inside a cell

some glucose might be oxidized to CO2, generating the maximum amount of ATP glucose can be used in catabolism to yield energy, or the precursor metabolites generated from its breakdown can be used in anabolism some glucose might enter glycolysis, only to be siphoned off as a precursor metabolite for biosynthesis

when an extensive amount of experimental evidence supports a hypothesis, the explanation may become a scientific _____________

theory

the first shell of an atom can hold a maximum of ______ electrons

two

neutron

uncharged particle

which of the following pairs conform to the base-pairing rules -G/C -A/G -T/C -A/T

-G/C -A/T

which of the following are molecules but NOT compounds -N2 -O2 -H2O -CH4 -NH3 -H2

-N2 -O2 -H2

order the stages of the growth curve

1. lag phase 2. lor or exponential phase 3. stationary phase 4. death phase 5. phase of prolonged decline

rank the steps in the scientific process in order -communicating the methods, results, and conclusions -develop an explanation and then devise an experiment to test this explanation -make an observation about something and ask a question about the situation -collect data from this experiment and draw a conclusion

1. make an observation about something and ask a question about the situation 2. develop an explanation and then devise an experiment to test this explanation 3. collect data from this experiment and draw a conclusion 4. communicating the methods, results, and conclusions

RNA polymerase synthesizes a strand of RNA in the ________ direction

5' to 3'

because less than 1% of microorganisms can currently be grown in the laboratory, most of what we know about the other 99% comes from _____________

DNA sequencing

what are important electron carriers for a cell

NAD+/NADH FAD/FADH2 NADP+/NADPH

why are cells growing in a colony on solid media likely to be in many more different phases of growth than cells growing in liquid culture

cells in liquid culture experience a relatively uniform environment, so they are much more likely to be in the same phase of growth unlike cells on the edge of a colony, those in the center of a colony face depleted levels of nutrients and O2 yielding different phases of growth

proteins involved in folding newly synthesized proteins into functional structures

chaperones

a _________ bond is a link formed when two atoms share, donate, or accept electrons

chemical

which term describes organisms which acquire their energy from chemical compounds

chemotrophs

sucrose

table sugar from sugar cane and beets

the region of DNA that signals the end of an RNA transcript is the _______ sequence

termination

a regular light microscope has sufficient resolving power to distinguish ___________

the general morphology of a prokaryotic cell

what is true about glycolysis

the pathway splits glucose and oxidizes it to form two molecules of pyruvate the pathway provides the cell with a small amount of ATP, some reducing power, and six precursor metabolites

explain the events leading to plasmolysis

the solute concentration of the medium is greater than that in the cell, causing water to diffuse out of the cell due to osmosis

describe an exergonic reaction

the starting compounds have more free energy than the products the reaction releases energy as it proceeds

in photosynthesis, what do the light reactions, or light-dependent reactions accomplish

they capture radiant energy and convert it to chemical energy in the form of ATP

why were louis pasteur's experiments with swan-necked flasks so important in helping disprove the theory of spontaneous generation

they ended arguments that a "vital force" was necessary for spontaneous generation, while preventing contamination from microbes in the air

certain intermediates of catabolic pathways, called precursor metabolites, are important because

they serve as carbon skeletons from which subunits of macromolecules can be made

what two essential cellular processes directly involve DNA

transcription DNA replication

the process of decoding the information carried by mRNA to synthesize a protein

translation

which of the following is a difference between archaea and bacteria -archaea are generally rod-shaped whereas bacteria are generally round -bacteria are found in extreme environments whereas archaea are not -archaea have a nucleus and bacteria do not -bacteria possess peptidoglycan in their cell walls whereas archaea do not

bacteria possess peptidoglycan in their cell walls whereas archaea do not

psychrophile

cold arctic regions

thermophile

compost heap

pasteur is famous for his experiments that contradict spontaneous generation. consider this set up: after showing that the fluid in the swan-neck flasks remained sterile even when exposed to air, pasteur tipped the flasks so that bacteria could enter the fluid. he demonstrated that nothing in his original set-up prevented bacteria from growing in the flask. what part of the scientific method does this represent

control

a chemical bond that involves the sharing of pairs of electrons between two atoms is a ____________ bond

covalent

a disaccharide is composed of two monosaccharides joined together by which type of bond

covalent

what acts as a selective barrier between the interior and exterior of the cell

cytoplasmic membrane

long protein structures responsible for most types of prokaryotic motility are called ____________

flagella

what is true regarding freezing

freezing is a common method used to preserve stock cultures of bacteria freezing is a good method for preserving foods for long-term storage

what are the effects of increasing the pressure of water in an autoclave

increases the temperature at which steam forms increases the boiling point of water