Microscopic Anatomy Slides - LP1

Thymus

- a bilobed organ that is located in the superior mediastinum and functions in T-lymphocyte maturation. - quite large in infants and young children and continues to grow until puberty when it reaches max weight - Cells regress after this point and much of the thymic tissue is replaced by adipose CT

Anterior Pituitary

- aka adenohypophysis - partitioned into three distinct areas; pars distalis, pars tuberalis, and pars intermedia - connection between hypothalamus and this part of the pituitary involves two capillary plexuses (network of vessels) interconnected by a portal vessel which is any vessel located between the two capillary beds - Primary plexus (associated with hypothalamus - Secondary plexus ( associated with anterior pituitary) - Blood is drained from the primary plexus and transported to secondary plexus by hypophyseal portal veins - blood vessel network called hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

Posterior pituitary

- aka neurohypophysis, a neural part of the pituitary - Composed of a round lobe called the pars nervosa and infundibulum. - Axons from groups of neurons extend from the hypothalamus to the pars nervosa, the axons and dendrites of the these neurons are within the hypothalamus. Unmyelinated axons from these neurons extend through the infundibulum as the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract. The ends of the axons, including the synaptic knobs are within the pars nervosa - Two specific hypothalamic nuclei, paraventricular and supraoptic

Pancreas

- has both endocrine and exocrine functions - endocrine cells produce and secrete hormones such as insulin and glucagon - exocrine cells (acinar) produce pancreatic juice to assist with digestive activities - contains modified simple cuboidal epithelial cells called acinar cells that are arranged in saclike acini. These cells are arranged into large clusters termed lobules. Acinar cells produce and release digestive enzymes. Small ducts lead from each acinus into larger ducts that empty into larger pancreatic ducts that lead to the duodenum - the simple cuboidal epithelial cells lining the pancreatic ducts have an impt function in regulated HCO 3- fluid.

Thyroid

- largest structure in body devoted entirely to endocrine activities - produces Thyroid Hormone which increases metabolic rate and body temp - under control of hypothalamus via the anterior pituitary - Each follicle appears as a ring of cells surrounding one thyroglobulin colloid (pale pink region). Follicle cells remove iodide from the blood and use it to form T3 and T4 thyroid hormones. In the process, each follicle also stores large amounts of T3/T4 precursor in the form of thyroglobulin. Parafollicular cells (C cells) lie just outside of the follicle cells (some are shown near the bottom of the image) and produce calcitonin.

Lymph Node

- small round or oval encapsulated structures which are located along the pathways of lymph vessels where they serve the main lymphatic organ - function in the filtering of lymph and removal of unwanted substances - located both superficially and deep with in the body and typically occur in clusters that receive lymph from selected body regions - Some examples are cervical lymph nodes (head and neck), axillary lymph nodes in the armpit that receive from the breast, axilla and upper limb, and inguinal lymph node that receives from the lower limbs and pelvis

Adrenal Gland

- suprarenal glands, are paired pyramid-shaped endocrine glands anchored on the superior surface of each kidney - Each adrenal gland is a two part gland that secretes stress-related hormones. - The adrenal cortex produced mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids from its different zones - adrenal medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

Spleen

- upper left quadrant of abdomen, near 9th and 11th ribs, "wraps" partially around stomach - secondary lymphatic structure - Filters blood; where immune response is initiated against a substance in the blood; removed aged erythrocytes and platelets; serves as erythrocyte and platelet reservoir

Leukemia

A malignancy (cancer) in the leukocyte-forming cells. Several categories exist but all are marked by abnormal development and proliferation of leukocytes, both in the bone marrow and circulating blood. Represent a malignant transformation of a leukocyte cell line, and as abnormal leukocytes increase in number, the erythrocytic and megakaryocytic lines typically decrease in number because the malignant cells overtake the marrow and leave no room for normal cells. This decrease in erythrocyte and platelet production results in both anemia and bleeding which are often the first symptoms

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Lack of Erythrocytes - A common type of anemia (condition in which blood lacks adequate healthy red blood cells, red blood cells carry oxygen to the body's tissues) - due to insufficient iron - Without enough iron, your body can't produce enough of a substance in red blood cells that enables them to carry oxygen (hemoglobin). As a result, iron deficiency anemia may leave you tired and short of breath.

Adrenal Gland

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Cardiac Muscle Slide 400x

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Erythroblastosis

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Iron Deficiency Anemia 400x

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Leukemia 400x

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Lymph Node 100x

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Pancreas 100x

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Pernicious Anemia 400x

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Pineal Gland 100x

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Pituitary Gland

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Sickle Cell Anemia Slide

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Spleen 100x

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Thymus 100x

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Thyroid Slide 400x

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Anterior Pituitary & Posterior Pituitary Posterior - bottom Anterior - top

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Pineal Gland

Note the concretions, "brain sand," an identifying feature of the pineal gland. These are lamellated bodies with calcium carbonate and phosphates. There are two cell types in the field which can't be clearly distinguished here. They are the pinealocytes and glial (interstitial) cells. Pinealocytes are argyrophilic (attracts silver), with a lobulated nucleus and prominent nucleolus. They produce melatonin. The glial cells have a longer, more deeply staining nucleus. The gland is thought to influence the onset of gonadal development

Erythroblastosis aka hemolytic disease of newborn

The abnormal presence of erythroblasts in the blood, esp. in the fetus or newborn as a result of an Rh incompatibility between mother and baby. A new born typically presents with anemia and hyperbilirubinemia (increased bilirubin in the blood) due to erythrocyte destruction. In severe cases, infant may develop heart failure and must be given a blood transfusion to survive.

Sickle Cell Anemia

autosomal recessive anemia that occurs when a person inherits two copies of the sickle cell gene. Erythrocytes become sickle-shaped at lower blood oxygen concentrations, making them unable to flow efficiently through the blood vessels to body tissues and more prone to destruction (process called hemolysis) Characterized by rigid sickle-like shape that can hinder their passage through diminutive capillaries, resulting in oxygen deficiency to certain tissues as blockages form. Sickled red blood cells are unusually fragile and prone to breakage, so they only survive in the bloodstream for about a tenth of the time that normal erythrocytes remain in circulation, increasing the effects of anemia. Among the most common symptoms of sickle cell anemia are fatigue, breathlessness, joint pain, delayed growth, jaundice, rapid heart rate, increased susceptibility to infections, and sporadic attacks of pain (often termed crises) in the abdomen or other areas of the body. Complications of the genetic disease may include ulcers, damage to the eyes, strokes, and seizures.

Pernicious Anemia

chronic progressive anemia of adults caused by failure of the body to absorb vitamin B12. This vitamin is found in fish and meat, so most individuals receive enough in their diet. A defec in the production of intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein secreted by stomach lining cells to protect B12 in the stomach and enhance B12 absorption in the small intestine leads to this type of anemia. Individuals who have this anemia do to defective intrinsic factor production must receive B12 intramuscular or subcutaneous injections, since they are unable to absorb supplements

Cardiac Muscle

heart only, pumps blood through blood vessels medium sized branching cells with one or two centrally located nuclei, striated; t-tubles, intercalated discs

Normal Blood 400x

rounded, biconcave shape that is flexible enough for the small cells to squeeze through even the smallest of blood vessels